Jin Zhangzong was born in the prosperous Jin Dynasty when Sejong was in power. Since childhood, he was deeply influenced by his grandfather's literary skills and was proficient in Confucian culture. After he succeeded to the throne, he followed his grandfather's "benevolent policy" and tried his best to imitate Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty's improved sinicization reform, which denied the old system of his own people, and no longer followed Sejong's retro approach. Constantly improve various political and economic systems to realize the complete feudalization of the Jurchen nationality.
In February of the 29th year of Dading (1 189), Zhang Zonggang ascended the throne, which solved the historical problem that slaves in the Jin Dynasty were also called "two-tax households". These slaves have to pay taxes to the state and rent to the temple, which is the lowest status. With the development of feudalism, the existence of slavery has become a serious obstacle to the development of production, and through Zhang Zong's efforts, the vast majority of slaves have become civilians.
For the Jin Dynasty, Meng 'an Moke system with unique jurchen characteristics played a decisive role in the history of Daikin Kingdom's expansion of territory and the elimination of Liao and Song Dynasties. Zhang Zong inherited some rectification measures from Sejong and formulated many new regulations. These regulations have effectively stopped the unprofessional work and freedom of a certain subject in Meng 'an. Later, Zhang Zong deprived Mon Monk of the privilege of hereditary system by law, and eliminated a number of mediocre and incompetent Mon Monk, thus improving the overall quality of Mon Monk.
After Zhang Zong ascended the throne, Daxing County studied, advocated Confucianism, further adopted the etiquette and costumes of the Han nationality, and advocated the intermarriage between the Jurchen nationality and the Han nationality, which promoted national integration.
During this period, nomadic tribes such as Mongolia and Tatar in the north invaded the south continuously. He sent troops to conquer the ministries of Mobei and defeated Mongolia and Tatar. In order to prevent the invasion of nomadic tribes in the north, a border trench was built on the northern border. In A.D. 1206, Han Tuozhou, Prime Minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent troops to the Northern Expedition of Jin, and Zhang Yanmen and Wanyan Mine defeated the Northern Expedition of the Song Dynasty, forcing the Song Dynasty to kill Han Tuozhou and make peace. However, Jin Guo also suffered huge losses.
At the same time, the Yellow River burst three times, which caused great difficulties to the rulers' financial and economic development. In order to get out of trouble, Zhang Zong issued a lot of money. At the same time, we will increase taxes by means of general inspection, pushing and discharging, and accepting fields. But these practices had no effect, and the rulers began to decline.
Zhang Zong was the emperor with the highest cultural level in the Jin Dynasty. He wrote many poems and liked calligraphy and painting. He founded a painting and calligraphy institute in North Korea, collecting lost books and famous paintings.
A.D.12081year, Zhang Zong died of illness, and the testamentary edict said, "I have no children. Jia Shi and Fan Shi are pregnant and will give birth soon. If a boy is born between two concubines, I will become emperor immediately. "
After the death of Wan Yanjing, the name of the temple was posthumous title.
During the Zhang Zong period, the Jurchen society experienced the feudal process of the Jin Dynasty from top to bottom and from outside to inside. On the basis of the rapid development of agricultural economy, handicrafts and commerce have also been greatly developed, fiscal revenue has been increasing, and wealth accumulation has reached an unprecedented level; In the second year of Ming-Chang (1 19 1), the state treasury of Jin received more than 200 taels of gold 1200, and 552,000 taels of silver. As a result, the fiscal revenue continued to increase and the tax revenue reached a record. Jin Dynasty was in its heyday.
In the last few years in Zhang Zong, border disputes continued, and Tatars and Mongolian soldiers in the north constantly rose up against gold. The Song Dynasty in the south also launched a war against Jin. Although it won the war, it also suffered heavy losses. In the years of frequent wars, from the 29th year of Dingding (1 189) to the 5th year of Mingchang (1 194), the Yellow River burst three times and was flooded. A large number of farmers died in floods or fled. The tax revenue of the Jin Dynasty dropped sharply, but the military expenditure for foreign operations increased day by day, which led to the financial deficit and the issuance of a large number of paper money, which also caused social and economic disorder. Therefore, although the Zhang Zong period was the heyday of the Jin Dynasty, it was also the turning point of the Jin Dynasty from prosperity to decline.
Jin Zhangzong received a good education in Jurchen culture and China culture since childhood. When he was crowned king, Sejong, who insisted on the Jurchen tradition, was really moved by his thanks in Jurchen language. However, he was the most sinicized monarch among the Jin emperors, and the sinicization of the Jurchen nationality was finally announced. In this respect, he played many roles.
The measures to improve the Han system promulgated by Zhang Zong are a summary of the sinicization of the Jurchen nationality, which is of positive significance in the process of the feudal Jurchen nationality in the Jin Dynasty. It is not allowed to call jurchen "fan" now, but I am the son of heaven of the Han family now. He is good at the calligraphy and painting works of Han literati, and he has also studied Song Huizong's thin gold style. He also established a painting and calligraphy institute, and ordered Wang Tingjun, a Han Chinese, to supervise Hanlin's calligraphy style and appraise Wang Xizhi's and Gu Kaizhi's paintings and calligraphy for him. Zhang Zong has profound attainments in China's poetry, and there is a saying: "The curtains of the 36 th Palace are all rolled up, and the east wind is everywhere." Although his poetic style is delicate, it is a beautiful sentence with great artistic conception.
Socioeconomically, Zhang Zong was also the last finisher of the feudalization of Jurchen.
Zhang Zong Ming Chang Cheng An period was the heyday of social economy in Jin Dynasty. In the seventh year of Taihe, the number of registered households in China reached the highest level in the history of Jin Dynasty: 7684438 households, 458 16079. Zhang Zong's tax revenue also reached the highest figure in the golden history. Therefore, The History of Zhang Zong praised: "Zhang Zong has been in power for 20 years, and he was ruled by Sejong for a long time. His family is well-off, just etiquette, criminal law and officials. "
System, cultural relics laws and regulations suddenly became a generation of rules and regulations. "
However, Zhang Zongchao was also the turning point of the Jin Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and the reasons for its decline were various.
The sinicization of the Jurchen nationality and the feudalization of the Jin Dynasty society are of course historical progress and social development, but they have also brought serious negative effects. On the one hand, after the sinicization, the Jurchen nobles gradually lost their original habit of being brave and good at fighting. They are keen on dancing and writing, taking the examination of Jinshi as the highest honor and taking the hereditary military attache system as a great shame. On the other hand, with the feudal process of General Meng 'an Mokedingtian, the fighting capacity of the Nuzhen army in the war against northern Tatar was obviously weakened, and laziness and neglect of management in front of the army were not isolated phenomena, which must be stopped by laws and regulations. In the struggle against the Mongolian cavalry that rose later, the Jurchen army not only did not have the glory when it destroyed Liao and attacked Song, but also had an insurmountable fear of Mongolia, which was constantly beaten and passive, and it was bound to be related to the complete sinicization of Jurchen. It can be said that he is also from China and not from China.
Time seems to be unkind to Zhang Zong. During his reign, floods, droughts and locusts occurred frequently in the Central Plains, and the Yellow River burst its banks three times, which made it a foregone conclusion that the river regime moved southward to seize the Huaihe River and the economy of the Jin Dynasty was in a slump. This is because: on the one hand, farmers on both sides of the strait have been displaced, agriculture in the Central Plains has been seriously damaged, and central tax revenue has been greatly affected. On the other hand, large-scale disaster relief and flood control have worsened the financial situation of the rulers. In the year of Zhang Zong's accession to the throne alone, more than 4.3 million workers were employed to repair the riverbank, with a salary of 150 and a daily official fee of 50, one and a half liters of rice. As you can imagine, the expenditure is huge.
Externally, the Zhang Zong period was not as favorable as Naizu Sejong. The northern Tatar ministries maintained a long-term relationship with the Jin Dynasty. However, from the sixth year of Zhang Zong Ming Chang (1 195) to the third year of Cheng 'an (1 198), it invaded the border of Jin Dynasty from time to time. Zhang Zong adopts the strategy of both offensive and defensive. On the one hand, Oracle bones, Wan, were sent to the Northern Expedition many times, and suffered heavy losses. On the other hand, Wan personally supervised the soldiers and dug a 900-mile-long dividing line between (now southeast of Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia) and Taizhou (now northeast of Heilongjiang). According to archaeological investigation, Hao Jie is three to four meters deep and more than ten meters wide, and there is also a castle inside. This is a huge fortification. Although the southern invasion of Tatar's ministries broke the tranquility of Ming Chang's rule, fortunately, Mongolian ministries have not yet unified into a powerful and invincible nomadic military empire, and have not yet formed a real great threat to the rulers.
Zhang Zong has always been committed to maintaining peace in the Song Dynasty, but Han Biaozhou, a powerful minister in the Southern Song Dynasty, took the initiative to provoke war and launched the Jubilee Northern Expedition. The rulers were forced to fight back and forced the Southern Song Dynasty to conclude the Jiading Peace Conference under the favorable situation of winning across the board. Although the war on the North-South Line ended with the ruler gaining the upper hand, a large amount of military expenditure made the ruler unable to make ends meet.
As a peaceful emperor, Zhang Zong also squandered more and more money, not as frugal as Sejong. He rebuilt the furnishings of the palace, using 1200 embroidery workers every day, which took two years to complete. With the improvement and expansion of the bureaucracy, the number of officials in the last years of Zhang Zong tripled compared with that in the Sejong period, and these expenses must also be included in the state financial expenditure. Coupled with the disaster relief, river defense and military expenditure just mentioned, Zhang Zong is deeply embarrassed financially.
In order to make up the fiscal deficit, the rulers began to issue paper money indiscriminately. The people refused to use this devalued paper money and traded it privately with copper coins, even if the court upheld the paper money law by administrative order, it would not help. Some situations can explain the seriousness of the devaluation of paper money: when Zhang Zong was alive, Wanguan paper money could only buy one biscuit; Two years after his death, 84 wagons were used to transport and pay military awards.
In a word, during the Ming Chang and Cheng 'an years in Zhang Zong (1 190- 1200), the social economy of the Jin Dynasty entered its heyday. During the Taihe period (120 1- 1208), the social economy of the Jin dynasty gradually began to decline from prosperity, and inflation was both the most direct consequence and the most obvious sign.
In terms of national affairs, Zhang Zong can also be divided into two periods. In the early stage, the country was vigorously governed, and most of the laws and regulations of sinicization and feudalism were promulgated at this stage. Although some measures were taken in this regard in the later period, they did not make progress, were content with the status quo, pursued extravagance, and built palaces, which eventually led to consorts and villains entering politics one after another, which made the political situation of the Jin Dynasty violently turbulent behind them and accelerated the process of decline.
Jin Zhangzong was the emperor with the highest culture in Jin Dynasty. He wrote many poems and liked calligraphy and painting. He founded a painting and calligraphy institute in North Korea, collecting lost books and famous paintings.
During the reign of Zhang Zong, the reform of the official system was strengthened and many new institutions were established to meet the situation and needs. At the same time, Zhang Zong has made great achievements in the construction of legal system, which has played a great role in consolidating political power, stabilizing society, developing economy and safeguarding the interests of the ruling class.
Zhang Zong inherited the prosperity of Sejong, and finally completed the feudalization of Jurchen society. This is the most prosperous period of the Jin dynasty, with developed economy, increasing population, rich treasures and rich world. Historians evaluate it as "a well-off society in the room".
Jin Zhangzong was the most populous period in Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year of Ming Chang (1206), there were 7223400 households with 48490400 people in Khitan, which was more than 1623700 households compared with the twenty-seventh year of Sejong Dading (187). Zhang Zong Taihe has the largest population, with a total population of over 56 million. The population is growing so fast that it is difficult to maintain it without a prosperous economy as the foundation.
During the Zhang Zong period, the Jurchen society experienced the feudal process of the Jin Dynasty from top to bottom and from outside to inside. On the basis of the rapid development of agricultural economy, handicrafts and commerce have also been greatly developed, fiscal revenue has been increasing, and wealth accumulation has reached an unprecedented level; In the second year of Ming-Chang (1 19 1), the state treasury of Jin received more than 200 taels of gold 1200, and 552,000 taels of silver. As a result, the fiscal revenue continued to increase and the tax revenue reached a record. Jin Dynasty was in its heyday.
Historical evaluation
Jin Zhangzong Wan Yanjing reigned for 20 years, inherited Sejong's legacy for a long time, and was well-off at home. So he took an examination of rites and music, revised the criminal law, formulated the official system, and the legal system was dazzling, which became a model of making a clean break.
I have asked ministers many times whether Xuanmo's comprehensive evaluation is consistent with the methods of famous ministers and examiners in the Tang Dynasty. I really want to surpass the Liao and Song Dynasties and be on an equal footing with the Han and Tang Dynasties. I can also be said to be a person who is interested in governing the country.
However, the handmaiden monopolized the state affairs, and the heir was not established, alienating the suspicious imperial clan and the succession was not correct.
In the past, the so-called maintenance and rectification for a long time was just a dead letter. Sun Zun, the son of later generations, was not used, and the Jinyuan family declined from then on.
In the past, Yang Xiong said: "The official of Qin violates the law of Qin, and the law of Qin violates the law of saints." There's probably a reason. -"Biography of Jin Zhang Shizong"