China’s five thousand years of splendid civilization and unparalleled rich written records have been recognized by the world. In this extensive and profound history, the art of Chinese calligraphy and painting has been reproduced with its unique art form and artistic language. This diachronic transformation process. The sister art of calligraphy and painting has interpreted the connotation of China's traditional culture with its complementarity and independence in the evolution of history. Because the tools and materials used in calligraphy and painting creation are consistent. When talking about the origin of ancient characters and pictures in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties", he said: "At that time, calligraphy and painting were of the same body without being separated. The image system was created but still sketched. There was no way to convey its meaning, so there were books; there was no way to see it. Shape, so there is painting." Although calligraphy and painting have the same origin and are comparable, their subsequent development has developed and changed in a complementary and independent manner. The formation and development of Chinese calligraphy art are inextricably linked to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. So what exactly is "calligraphy"? We can understand it from its nature, aesthetic characteristics, origin, and unique expression techniques. Calligraphy is an abstract symbolic art with four-dimensional characteristics based on Chinese characters and written with a brush. It embodies the basic law of "unity of opposites" in all things and reflects the spirit, temperament, knowledge and cultivation of human beings as the subject. Chinese writing originated very early, and it has developed the writing quality of writing to an aesthetic stage - integrating the concept, thinking, and spirit of the creator, and can stimulate the aesthetic emotions of the aesthetic object (that is, the formation of a true calligraphy ). There are records that can be tested between the late Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties (about the second half of the 2nd century AD to the 4th century AD). However, this does not mean to ignore, downplay or even deny the artistic value and historical status of the previous calligraphy art form. The origin of Chinese writing and the production of early artistic works all have their own particularities and characteristics of the times. As far as calligraphy is concerned, although early writing - oracle bone inscriptions and pictographic characters - the same character has different traditional and simplified versions, and the number of strokes is different. But it already has the laws of symmetry and balance, as well as some regular factors in the use of pens (knives), knotting, and composition. Moreover, the organization of lines and the changes in the beginning and end of strokes already have the meaning of ink writing and the meaning of brushwork. Therefore, it can be said that the emergence and existence of previous calligraphy art not only belong to the category of calligraphy history, but also are important examples that can be used for reference and reflection in the development and evolution of art forms for future generations. China's historical civilization is a diachronic and linear process, and Chinese calligraphy art shows its own development under such a large background of the times. In the budding period of calligraphy (from the Yin and Shang Dynasties to the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms), writing evolved in sequence from oracle bone inscriptions, ancient inscriptions (bronze inscriptions), large seal scripts (Zhen inscriptions), small seal scripts, official script (eight points), cursive script, running script, and real script. . During the Ming Dynasty of calligraphy (from the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties), the art of calligraphy entered a new realm. From seal script to simple cursive script and real script, they became the mainstream style of the period. The emergence of the great calligrapher Wang Xizhi made the art of calligraphy shine. His artistic achievements spread to the Tang Dynasty and were highly praised. At the same time, a group of calligraphers emerged in the Tang Dynasty, such as Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and other famous calligraphers. Each has its own merits and styles in calligraphy. The calligraphy theory of the Tang Dynasty was more sophisticated and perfect based on the Three Kingdoms, Two Jin Dynasties, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. For example: Sun Guoting's "Book Book", Zhang Huaiguan's "Book Break", "Book Yi" and Zhang Yanyuan's "Fa Shu Yao Lu" were all regarded as standards by later generations and had a profound impact on the creation of calligraphy theory in later generations. The calligraphy of the Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties is a recollection and inheritance of the calligraphy of the Jin and Tang dynasties. This period presented a complicated situation due to wars and political instability. Calligraphers turned to the track of expressing personal emotions and interests through calligraphy. There emerged the "Four Song Schools" of the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty. The theory of calligraphy has also developed, with publications such as: "Mo Chi Pian", "History of Calligraphy", "Xuanhe Calligraphy", "Han Mo Zhi", "Guangchuan Script", "Fa Shu Kao", "Hanlin Yao" "Decision" and other theoretical works. It provided reference styles and theoretical guidance for the artistic creation of calligraphers at that time and later generations. The art of calligraphy in the Ming Dynasty basically followed the study of calligraphy in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and then developed it. Nowadays, when people talk about calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty, they usually divide it into two periods based on "Tie Xue" and "Stele Xue", roughly taking the period of Jiaqing and Daoguang as the dividing point. That is to say, the period before the 1820s was the Tie Xue period, and the period after that was the Steleology period. Whether this division is reasonable is another matter. However, after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the so-called era of inscriptions and calligraphy centered on the calligraphy of the two kings has reached its lowest ebb. However, the number of authors who studied seal script calligraphy before the Han and Wei dynasties has gradually increased. This is an undeniable fact.
At this time, famous people emerged in large numbers, each leading the way. At this time, the theory of calligraphy was more successful than that of the previous generation. Theoretical works such as "Shu Raft", "Yi Zhou Shuang Ji", "Shu Gong", and "Guang Yi Zhou Shuang Ji" were produced one after another. The calligraphy works of the Ming and Qing Dynasties have been handed down from generation to generation just like paintings, and many of them have been left behind. There are currently many on the market. Chinese calligraphy and painting works, at least since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, have been collected as works of art by the courts and people of all dynasties, and have become people's spiritual food. However, during the circulation, the issue of authenticity of the works has arisen, which has puzzled collectors and collectors. Connoisseur. There have been official cases of counterfeiting in history. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the development of industry and commerce in some coastal cities, the demand for calligraphy and painting increased day by day, and the production of fakes came into being in the Ming Dynasty. The so-called "Suzhou movies", "Made in Henan", "Made in Hunan", and "Made in the back door" are overwhelming and pervasive. This is also a problem that troubles collectors and connoisseurs. Although many works of the Ming and Qing Dynasties have been circulated, there are also many works by those who are confused and superficial. Therefore, collectors and collecting circles in the current art market should maintain a cautious attitude when purchasing and collecting these works. Era Overview of calligraphy Famous calligraphy works and style characteristics of major calligraphers Pre-Qin Ancient times BC 221 The founding period of calligraphy style. The pottery inscriptions in Dawenkou, Shandong, and the symbols in Xi'an Village during the Yangshao Culture period are the earliest relics of Chinese calligraphy. From then on, when the Qin Dynasty unified writing, Chinese characters went through the primary stage of continuous creation, the mature stage of bell and tripod seal script, the stage of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods with similar and different shapes, and finally unified into small seal script. 1. The writing style of oracle bone inscriptions is thin and straight, with square folds and round curves; the structure is uniform in density, symmetrical and balanced, and natural in size; the composition is varied and varied, with the virtual and the real complementing each other, echoing Gu Pan. 2. The bronze inscriptions (also known as bell and tripod inscriptions) have direction in their circulation, and are cautious in their sparseness. The shapes of the characters are uneven, but they are naturally distributed and full of magnanimity. Famous works include the inscriptions of the "Big Yu Tripod" in the Kangwang period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the "Zongzhou Bell" inscriptions in the Zhaowang period, the "Guo Gongzi Baipan" inscriptions in the Yiwang period, and the inscriptions of "Dake Ding", "Xiaoketing" and "Sanshi Plate" in the Li Wang period. , the inscriptions of "Maogong Tripod" in the Xuanwang period, the inscriptions of "Qin Gonggui", "Qin Gongzhong" and "Chu Gongzhong" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, etc. 3. The large seal script (called Zhenwen) is powerful and profound, simple and natural, dignified and interesting. His famous works include "Shiguwen" and so on. 4. Calligrapher: Cangjie (historian of the Yellow Emperor). Shi Zhou (Taishi of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty). Qin Dynasty 221 BC 206 BC An important stage in the history of books. First, unify the script, changing from large seal script to small seal script; second, promote official script. There are eight types of Qin scripts: large seal script, small seal script, engraving script, insect script, imitation script, signature script, Shu script, and official script. The styles include carved stone, carved characters, edicts, edicts, edicts, tiles, bamboo slips, etc. 1. Li Si (?---208 B.C.) was proficient in large seal script and was the ancestor of small seal script. He wrote "Cangjie Pian". His famous works include "Yishan", "Taishan", "Langyatai", "Zhifu", "Jieshi" and "Kuiji" seal script. The general characteristics of stone are: the painting is like iron stone, the characters are like flying, the structure is rigorous, strong and round. 2. Zhao Gao (? - 207 BC) wrote the "Yuan Li Pian" and carved the talisman book. 3. Hu Wujing wrote "Erudition Chapter". 4. It is said that Cheng Miao, the ancestor of official script, wrote three thousand characters of official script during his ten years in prison. 5. "Bamboo Slips from the Tomb of the Qin Dynasty in Yunmengsuihudi" integrates seal script with official script, showing cleverness in clumsiness and innovation in ancient times. 1. Li Si's "On Using the Brush" Han Dynasty 206 BC 220 The official script flourished, but Xiaozhuan was still in use. Line and cursive scripts emerged, and regular script sprouted. Tablets, bronze inscriptions, brick inscriptions, seal inscriptions, and silk scripts are all available, as well as seal script, official script, regular script, and cursive script. The bamboo and wooden slips are rich and colorful. Taking people by books is one of the national systems. 1. Shi You is good at Zhang Cao. In "Jijiuzhang", the muscles and muscles are well balanced and the body is stable. 2. Cao Xi is good at seal script. There are "hanging needle method" and "hanging dew method" in the book. 3. Cui Yuan (77-142) was good at Zhangcao and was known as "Cao Xian" in history. There is a seal script "Zhang Pingzi Stele" handed down from generation to generation. 4. Zhang Zhi (? - about 192), the founder of Jincao, is known as the "Sage of Cao" in history. His calligraphy is full of energy and magic. His famous works include "Champion Post" in cursive script, "News Post" in cursive script. 5. Cai Yong (132-192) was good at official script, and the "Jiaping Stone Classic" has a neat and regular structure. 6. Shi Yiguan is good at official script, capable of both large and small tasks. His famous works include "Di Qiu Stele" and 7. Seal script steles include "Yuan An Stele". "Yuan Chang Stele" and other works are stable and magnificent, and are among the elites of Han seal script.
8. Official script steles ① Junjie category: "Ritual Vessel Stele", "Yang Shugong's Broken Stele"; ② Yongrong Stele: "Huashan Stele", "Yiying Stele", "Shichen Stele"; ③ Jinzhi Type: "Baoxie Road Carved Stone" ” "Pei Cen's Monument of Merits"; ④ Escape categories: "Ode to the Stone Gate", "Yang Huai Biao Ji", "Stone Engraving on the Death Day of the Three Elders" ⑤ Indulgent Category: "Jingjun Monument", "Chi Yang Ling Zhang Jun's Monument"; ⑥ Fengmei Category; "Xia Cheng Monument" and "School Official Monument"; ⑦Shaomei Category: "Cao Quan Monument" and "Chaohou Xiaozi Monument"; ⑧Dian Chong Category: "Zhang Qian Monument", "Hengfang Monument" and "Zhang Shou Monument" "Xianyu Huang Stele"; 9. Simple categories: "Lai Zihou's Stone Carvings" and "Wuliang Ancestral Hall Portraits and Inscriptions": 10. Dense categories; "Ode to Fenglong Mountain" and "Ode to the Pavilion". 9. The Han bamboo slips are mainly official scripts, retaining the cursive style of Qin seal scripts, and also have the prototype of regular script. Famous works include "Slips Falling from the Quicksand", "Yinqueshan Bamboo Slips", "Mawangdui Bamboo Slips", "Juyan Bamboo Slips", etc. 1. Xiao He's "On the Power of Calligraphy" 2. Cui Yuan's "On the Power of Cursive Script" and "Eight Methods of Yin and Yang's Slow Speed" 3. Zhang Yi's "On the Heart of the Brush". 4 Zhao Yi's "Fei Cursive Script". 5 Cai Yong's "Bi Lun" and "Nine Potentials". 6 Cao Xi's "Bi Lun" Three Kingdoms and Two Jin Dynasties 220 420 Completed the evolution of Chinese calligraphy style, connecting the past and the next. A batch of excellent seal scripts and official products that emphasize tradition have been produced. Regular script, running script, and cursive script are all in perfect shape. Created Zhong and Wang Erjie. The Jin Dynasty was the golden age of calligraphy, and the style of calligraphy was "wonderful in rhyme" and "high in degree". 1. Zhong Yao (151-230) studied regular script carefully and created a new look from official script to regular script. Its regular script is flat, with charming strokes and dense structure. Famous works include "Recommendation of Seasons", "Declaration of Statements", "Limitation and Destiny", "Kida Bingshe" and other posts. 2 Wei Dan (179-253) wrote many books, especially his inscriptions, but unfortunately no written traces have been handed down to the world. 3. The emperor's elephant seal grass is fascinating, including "Jijiuzhang", which has a calm attitude; the official script is wonderful, such as "The Monument of Emperor Wu", which has a simple and simple temperament; the seal script is fascinating, such as "The Monument of Tianfa God's Prophecy", which is strict and vigorous. 4. Lu Ji (266-303) was good at using a bald pen with dry peaks. Below the center, the pen was light and thick. His famous work "Pingfu Tie" is between today and Zhangcao, which is simple and elegant. 5 Wei Guan (220-291) was good at cursive calligraphy, elegant and unrestrained, and wrote "Dunshou Hungry People's Poster" and so on. 6 Wei Heng (? - 291) is good at ancient Chinese and official script, including "Huang Lai Tie" and so on. 7. Suo Jing (239-303) was good at Zhang Cao, with strong character and strong writing power. He wrote "Yue Yi", "July", "Ji Ji Zhang" and other posts. It is said that Zhang Cao's "Ode to the Master" was also written by him. 8 Wang Xizhi (321-379) is known as the "Sage of Calligraphy" in history. He has established his own family method and is the highest in ancient and modern times. The cursive script is dense and eclectic. The regular script is clever and dense, while the running script is charming and vigorous, ever-changing and pure and natural. The famous calligraphy passed down from generation to generation is "Lanting Preface" in running script, "Seventeen Posts" in cursive script, and "Le Yi Lun" in small regular script. The running script "Sang Luan", "Kong Shi Zhong", "Kuai Xue Shi Qing" and "Feng Ju", the cursive script "Xing Rang", "Yuan Huan" and "Han Qie", and the small regular script "Huang Ting; Sutra" and "Oriental Painting Praise" are also famous. 9. Wang Xianzhi (344-386) was good at regular script, running and cursive script, and used his pen to draw outwards. He was majestic and elegant. He wrote "Yatou Wan" and "Song Li" in cursive script, "Mid-Autumn Festival" and "Dihuang Tang" in small regular script and "Luo Shen Fu" in cursive script. "Thirteen Lines" and other famous posts. 10. Wang Xun (350-401), whose calligraphy is vigorous and elegant, with simple brushwork, has famous calligraphy works such as "Bo Yuanxing" in running script and "March Tie" in cursive script. 11 Jin stele is simple and interesting. The Jin Dynasty banned the erection of steles, and there are very few stone carvings. The only ones that survive are: "The Stele of Nanxiang Prefect Yong Xiu", "The Stele of Mrs. Sun, the Prefect of Rencheng", "Wangbiao of the Taigong of Qi", "The Epitaph of Liu Tao, the Marquis of Guanzhong", "The Brick Anniversary of the Nanny" and "The Stele of the Lord of Zhiyang Mansion". "Cuan Baozi Monument". 1. Cheng Gongsui's "official script style". 2. Wei Heng's "Four-body Calligraphy". 3. Suo Jing's "Cursive Script". 4. "Bi Zhen Diagram" by Mrs. Wei. 5. Wang Xizhi's "Mrs. Tiwei's Brush Formation Diagram", "On Calligraphy", "Twelve Chapters on Brushwork Theory and Preface", "Using Brush Writing" and "Recording the Calligraphy Secrets of Mr. Baiyun". 6. "Cursive Fu" by Yang Quan. 7. Wang Min's "Executive Statement". 8. Liu Shao's "Fei Bai Shi Ming" Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty 386 618 Two major schools of calligraphy were formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are many inscriptions in the Southern Dynasty and many steles in the Northern Dynasty. Posts should be written in cursive script, and flowing beauty is the key; tablets should be written in regular script, and strict order is the key. Generally speaking, calligraphy in the Southern Dynasties is graceful, elegant, and elegant; calligraphy in the Northern Dynasties is majestic, simple, and heroic. Most of the calligraphers are unknown, and the style of calligraphy is the best among them. The calligraphy of the Sui Dynasty achieved unification, integrating the north and the south into one furnace, ushering in the style of the Tang Dynasty. 1. Yang Xin (370-440) was good at official script, including the cursive script "Bi Jing Tie" and so on. 2. Wang Sengqian (426-485) was good at regular calligraphy and was very charming. He wrote "Wang Yantie" and so on. 3. Xiao Yan (464-549)'s calligraphy has strong imagery and dense structure, and his regular script "痗 Crane Inscription" is one of his calligraphy works. 4. Zheng Daozhao (?--515) has a high-spirited calligraphy style and vigorous writing power. He is most famous for his regular script "Zheng Wengong Stele". 5. There are stories about Zhiyong’s “Bi Zhong” and “Iron Gate”.
His calligraphy is round and vigorous, with a combination of subtlety and subtlety. It is extremely refined and capable, but is sparse and sparse. There are ink inscriptions "Zhengcao Thousand-Character Monument" and stone inscriptions "Zhengcao Thousand-Character Monument" handed down to the world. 6. The steles of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, "Cuanlong Stele" and "Lingmiao Stele Yin" are majestic and majestic; "Shimen Inscription", "Zheng Wengong" and "痗 Crane Inscription" are elegant and solemn; "Diao Bigan Inscription" and "Lingta Inscription" are thin, hard and majestic. "Zhang Menglong", "Jia Sibo" and "Yang" are majestic in body; "King Shixing" and "Li Zhongxuan" are handsome and neat; "Jing Xianjun" and "Zhu Junshan" are quiet and dense; "Huifu Temple" and "Ode to Hot Spring" are rich and dense; "Zhang Xuan's Epitaph" and "Ma Ming Temple" are both severe and dull; "Gao Zhi" and "Zang Zhi" are vigorous and simple; "Li Chao" and "Huangfu Zuo" have handsome bodies and bones; "Yang Dayan" and "Wei Lingzang" are strong and majestic. ; "Diao Zun's Epitaph" and "Gao Zhan's Epitaph" are virtual and peaceful. 7. The Sui Dynasty steles "Longzang Temple" and "Su Xiaoci" are tall and thin; "Dong Meiren's Epitaph" is steady and graceful. 1. Wang Min's "Ancient and Modern Texts". 2. Jiang Shi's "On Book Tables". 3. Yang Xin's "Collecting Ancient Names to Write People's Names" and "Continued Writing Formation Diagram". 4. Yu He's "On Calligraphy" and "Praise for Writing". 5. Tao Hongjing's "Discussing the Qi of the Book with Emperor Wu of Liang" and "On the Qi of the Book". 6. Yuan Ang's "Ancient and Modern Book Reviews". 7. Xiao Yan's "Twelve Meanings of Guan Zhongyao's Calligraphy", "Cursive Script", "Reply to Tao's Essay on Calligraphy in Seclusion", "Comments on the Pros and Cons of Ancient and Modern Calligraphers". 8. Yu Jianwu's "Shu Pin", 9. Shi Zhiguo's "Xin Cheng Ode". Tang Dynasty 618-907 The heyday of calligraphy, especially regular script. Calligraphers emerged in large numbers, and the four famous calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty were prominent. Lu Gong stood tall and distinguished, and Xu Su Kuangcao was outstanding. The calligraphy style is mainly "appreciating the law". The rulers attached great importance to calligraphy. They followed the Zhou Dynasty in using calligraphy as a teaching method, followed the Han Dynasty in using calligraphy to recruit scholars, and imitated the Jin Dynasty in setting up doctors of calligraphy. They also established a "calligraphy school" dedicated to cultivating calligraphy talents. On the one hand, calligraphy directly inherits the tradition of the Six Dynasties, and on the other hand, it highlights, innovates, and develops, forming a spectacular situation that is broad, profound, and brilliant. 1. Yu Shinan (558-638), whose books are sharp but not dazzling, have strong connotation and smooth color. His famous works include "Confucius Temple Monument" in regular script and "Epitaph of Princess Runan" in running script. 2. Ouyang Xun (557-641) had strong penmanship, thin and hard writing, precise and elegant ideas, strict laws, and extraordinary things. His regular scripts include "Inscription on the Pagoda of Huadu Temple", "Inscription on Liquan of Jiucheng Palace", "Stele of Yu Gonggong Wen Yanbo" ""Huangfu's Birthday Monument", etc.; in running script, there are "Zhang Han", "Bushang", "Meng Dian" and other posts. 3. Chu Suiliang (596-659) was gentle and elegant in regular script, sparse, thin and vigorous. There are regular scripts such as "Yique Buddhist Niche Stele", "Yanta Sacred Preface", "Fang Xuanling Stele", "Meng Master Stele", biographical ink "Copy Lanting Preface" and regular script "Ni Kuan Zan". 4. Xue Ji (649-713) used a slender pen with smooth knotted characters. There are regular scripts such as "The Monument of Prince Shengxian" and "The Monument of Zen Master Xinxing" in regular script. 5. Li Shimin (590-649) obtained the method of the two kings and was good at copying ancient calligraphy. He wrote "Hot Spring Inscription" and "Jinci Inscription" in regular script, which were round, vigorous and smooth, and his writing was smooth and smooth. 6. Li Yong (678-747), whose calligraphy style is low on the left and high on the right, powerful, sharp and clear, has famous works such as "Ye Youdao Stele", "Yuelu Temple Stele" and "Yunhui General Stele" in regular script. 7. Lu Jianzhi (583-638) wrote "Toutuo Temple Stele" and "Wuqiu Dongshan Stele" in regular script at that time, and his "Wen Fu" and "Lanting Poems" in regular script and ink were leisurely and full of writing power. 8. Sun Guoting (648-703) was good at cursive calligraphy. His ink writing on "Book Book" became more complete with his pen, and the more complex it became, the more graceful and calm the characters became, and the more graceful and vigorous he became. 9. Zhang Xu is good at Cao Jingkai. The cursive scripts are endless and ever-changing, including "Tie of Belly Pain" and "Four Posts of Ancient Poems"; regular script "Records of Stone Pillars of Lang Guan" is upright, rigorous and well-regulated. 10 Li Yangbing is known as the "pen tiger". The famous seal script "Three Tombs" is powerful and bold, while "Yiting Ming" is also famous for its thin strength. 11. Li Bai (701--762) The title of the book is concealed by the title of the poem. The cursive "Poetic Notes on the Balcony" is majestic, romantic and grand. 12 Yan Zhenqing (709--786) has high calligraphy, strong and dense calligraphy, simple and simple, good at using external extension brushwork to create an enveloping force, rich in seal character, "broken hairpin stock", "house leak mark" and "imprint" It is both "painting sand" and has a strong flavor of the times and a distinctive personality. The regular scripts include "Li Xuanjing Stele", "Yanjia Temple Stele", "Yan Qin Li Stele", "Magu Immortal Altar", "Oriental Painting Praise Stele", "Information Post" and "Duobao Pagoda Stele". "My Nephew's Manuscripts" and "General Pei's Poems" are the most distinctive. 13. Zhong Shaojing's "Ling Fei Jing" in small regular script has round and vigorous strokes and exquisite fonts. 14. Huaisu (725-785) was a master of calligraphy, with a superb and self-satisfied style. His wild cursive brush strokes were like dragons and snakes, swimming and flying. His famous works include "Autobiography", "Bitter Bamboo Shoots", "Dacao Thousand Character Essay", etc.; the grass is plain and solemn. , mature and rich, famous works include "On Calligraphy", "Donngling Holy Mother's Calligraphy", "Tibetan True Law Public Calligraphy", "Xiaocao Thousand Character Essay" and so on.
15 Liu Gongquan (778-865) had a beautiful talk about "Bi Jian", fine regular script, fresh and thin, clear water chestnuts, crisp and straight, winning with bones. His famous works include "Li Sheng Stele", "Mysterious Tower Stele", "Fu Lin" "Stele", "Diamond Sutra" and "Shence Army Stele"; he also works in cursive script, including "Lanting Poetry" in cursive script and "Mengzhao Tie" in cursive script. 1. Ouyang Xun's "Eight Secrets", "Thirty-six Methods", "Teaching Secrets" and "On Using the Pen". 2 Yu Shinan's "On the Writing Method" and "The Purpose of the Calligraphy" 3 Li Shimin's "The Secret of the Writing Method", "On the Calligraphy", "Referring to Meaning" and "The Biography of Wang Xizhi". 4 Sun Guoting's "Book Book". 5 Li Sizhen's "Shuhoupin". 6 Zhang Huaiguan's "Calligraphy Appraisal", "Calligraphy Instruments", "Book Interpretation", "On Characters", "On Six Types of Calligraphy", "On Ten Methods of Using the Brush", "Yutang Forbidden Scripture", "Using the Brush", "Book Jue" and "Essay on the Medicine and Stone of Commentary". 7. Dou Quan's "Shu Shu Fu" and "Shu Shu Fu Yu Ji Zi Ge" 8. Cai Xizong's "Lun of Dharma Calligraphy". 9. Xu Hao's "On Books". 10 Yan Zhenqing's "Twelve Meanings of Zhang Changshi's Writing Method" and "Ode to the Eight Methods". 11. "Nine Classical Characters" by Xuandu of Tang Dynasty. 12 Li Hua's "Two Zi Jue". 13 Lu Yu's "Shi Huaisu and Yan Zhenqing discuss cursive script". 14 Han Fangming's "Teaching the Pen". 15 Lin Yun's "Preface to Setting the Stirrup", 16 Han Yu's "Preface to the Master Gao Xian". 17 Lu brought "Linchi Jue". 18 Shi Yaqi's "On Books" 19. Wei Xu's Fifty-six Kinds of Books and Preface. 20. Zhang Yanyuan's "Book of Dharma Essentials". Five Dynasties 907 960 Calligraphy retains the legacy of the Tang Dynasty and inherits the remnants of the late Tang Dynasty. The general trend is decline. Yang Ningshi is the backbone of this period. 1. Yang Ningshi (873-954) used a bold and expressive pen, with strong lyricism. The running script of "Leek Flower Calligraphy" is powerful and the writing style is sparse; the running script of "Lu Hong Caotang Book and Postscript" is vigorous and powerful, and the brushwork is thick and thick; cursive script "Tie of the Immortal's Daily Life" and "Tie of the Summer Heat" are wild and wild, full of paper and smoke, strange and ancient, and far-reaching in meaning. 2. Xu Xuan (?--991) is a master of seal script, which contains vigorous power in its elegant and elegant style, and a flying appearance in its dignity. His famous work "Grand View of Seal Script" is extremely exquisite. 1. "Shu Shu" by Li Yu. 2. "Eight Methods of Yongzi" (Anonymous) Song Dynasty 960 1279 Calligraphy was not as prosperous as the Han, Jin, and Tang Dynasties, but calligraphy became popular, producing "Chunhua Pavilion Calligraphy" and other collections of calligraphy. The writing style is "Shangyi". Su, Huang, Mi, and Cai are versatile and highly valued. In the Song Dynasty, there was a trend of tending to the powerful, so it was difficult for calligraphy to make great progress. 1. Li Jianzhong (945-1013) wrote in regular regular script. The characters in "Tong Nian Tie" and "Tu Mu Tie" are written in a vertical posture, with a graceful and graceful look. 2. Cai Xiang (1012-1067) wrote solemn and majestic regular scripts, such as "Zijintang Ji" and "Wan'an Bridge Ji" in large stone inscriptions. His running script is simple and graceful, such as "Du Changguan's Tie" and so on. 3. Su Shi (1037-1101)'s books conveyed wonderful principles in addition to boldness, and created new ideas in legal regulations. "Tie of Dark Clouds in the Sky", "Ode to Kunyang City", "Ode to Spring Scenery in Dongting", "Ode to Pine Mush in Zhongshan", "Tie to Cold Food", regular script "Poem to Spring Post", "Drunkard Pavilion", "Fengle Pavilion" and "Red Cliff Ode" The "Ji Dao Wen", "Li Zi Dan Stele" and "Biao Zhong Guan Stele" are the most famous. 4. Huang Tingjian (1045-1105) was good at cursive, cursive and regular scripts such as "Songfeng Pavilion", "Su Shi Hanshi Postscript", "Hua Yan Shu" and "Fu Jing Bo Shen Ci Poems" stretching vertically and horizontally, stretching and spreading; the cursive script "Hua Qi" "Poems", "Texts on the Top", "Poems on Bamboo Branches" and "Poems on Li Bai's Reminiscences of Old Travels" are full of ups and downs and full of joy. 5. Mi Fu (1051-1107) wrote calmly and cheerfully, with a one-sided attitude, attacking from all sides, and rich writing techniques. His famous works include "Shu Su Tie", "Tiaoxi Poems", "Hongxian Poems", "Yanshan Inscription" in cursive script, "Cao Script Tie" and "Yuanri Tie" in cursive script. 6. Zhao Ji (1082-1135) created the "Thin Gold Style" calligraphy, which is unique, including "The Thousand-Character Classic in the Official Book" and "The Thousand-Character Classic in the Dacao". 1. Ouyang Xiu's "Written Examination" and "Collection of Ancient Records". 2. Su Shi's "On Books". 3. Zhu Changwen's "Sushu Shuan" and "Mochi Bian". 4. Huang Bosi's "Dongguan Yulun". 5. Huang Tingjian's "On Books". 6. Mi Fu's "Haiyue Quotes" and "Book History". 7. Zhao Gou's "Han Mo Zhi". 8. Chen Chang's "Negative Xuan Ye Lu". 9. Jiang Kui's "Sushu Pu". 10. Hong Shi's "Li Shi". 11. "Li Yun" by Liu Qiu. 12. Chen Si's "The Essence of the Book Garden" and "Small History of the Book". 13. Lou Ji's "The Origin of Han Li Zi". 14. Dong Geng's "Shu Lu" 15. "Twenty-Four Tips on the Use of Writing in Hanlin Secret Theory" (Anonymous). 16. "Xuanhe Shupu" (Anonymous) Yuan Dynasty 1271 1368 Song Xiyan was popular in calligraphy. At the beginning, it was the Tang Dynasty, and later it was the Jin Dynasty. The general trend is to develop slowly along the path of inheritance. Yuan Shu "Shangqi". The highest achievements can be achieved with regular script, regular script, and cursive script. 1. Zhao Mengfu (1254-1322) was capable of all styles, especially regular script. His books are rich, beautiful and graceful.
Famous works include "Inscription on Qiu E's Tombstone", "Sanmen Ji", "Dangba Stele", "Yufu Stele" in regular script, "Ji An's Biography", "Guo Qin Lun", "Du Ren Jing" and "Tao Te Ching" in small regular script; "Er Lu Wen Fu" in running script "Postscript", "Ji Kang's Letter on Broken Relationship", "Lanting Thirteen Postscripts", "Wei Suzhou Poems". 2. Xian Yushu (1256-1301) used round and smooth cursive writing and expressed his artistic conception, including "Seven Rhymed Poems of the Tang Dynasty", "Quetrains of the Tang Dynasty" and "Xiangyang Song"; his regular script is beautiful and smooth, such as "Shu Laozi's Tao Te Ching" "; the running script is round and vigorous, including "Su Shi's Haitang Poems" and so on. 3. Kang Li Cuncong (1295-1345) was good at cursive calligraphy, with a loose structure and round strokes. His famous works include "The Fisherman's Ci", "Yan Lu Gong Lun Calligraphy" and "Lin Shiqi Calligraphy". 4. Yang Weizhen (1296-1370) had wild cursive writing and clear and vigorous running script. His famous works include "Yiyue Xuan Ji" and so on. 1. Zheng Piao's composition and Liu Youding's annotation "Combined Notes on "Yanji"" 2. Chen Yizeng's "Essentials of Hanlin" and "Calligraphy Samadhi". 3. Tao Zongyi's "Book and History". 4. Sheng Ximing's "Fashion Test". Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 The study of calligraphy flourished and the transmission and engraving of Dharma calligraphy was active. Produced "Dharma Tie of Tingyun Pavilion", "Dharma Tie of Zhenshangzhai", "Dharma Tie of Xihongtang" and so on. Many calligraphers followed from the Yuan and Song Dynasties to the Tang and Jin Dynasties. The beauty of bamboo slips almost surpasses those of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Mingshu "Shangzi". 1. Song Ke (1327-1387)'s regular script "Qi Ji Zhi" has strong writing style and a familiar structure; cursive script "Du Fu Zhuang's Travels" is uneven and natural. 2. Shen Du (1357-1434) is good at regular script and scribe. The regular script "Four Admonitions" is skillful and graceful; the running script "Yong Yong Weng Shu" is elegant and elegant, and is full of romance. 3. Zhu Yunming (1460-1526) was proficient in small regular script, and his "Xu Copybook" and "Qian Chu Shi Biao" were rigorous and simple, with strong writing power. He was also good at cursive script, such as "Poems of Falling Flowers in Tang Yin" and "Eight Poems by Du Fu in Autumn", which are full of spirit and emotion. 4. Zhang Bigong's cursive script is full of strange and dramatic strokes, and his writing is round and round. There are "Last Year Nanjun Appreciated the Lantern Festival" Cursive Scroll and ""The Bell Farewell Chicken at Dusk" Cursive Script Scroll". 5. Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) was careful and steady in regular script, and is famous for his famous work "Li Sao"; his calligraphy is vigorous and powerful, and full of spirit, such as "Chibi Fu" and "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion". 6. Xu Wei (1521-1593) whose calligraphy was more rhyme than law and deliberately sought novelty. The regular script "Praise to the Buddha Transformed into Pig Teeth Blood" is quaint and elegant; the cursive script "Scroll of "The Autumn Breeze of the Shogunate Enters the Night" is bold and unrestrained, full of artistic conception. 7. Dong Qichang (1555-1636) was a master of studying ancient times. "Pipa Xing" in running script is round, vigorous and graceful; "Pipa Xing" in cursive script is full of emotion; "Zhuan Zan" in regular script is grand and lively. 8. Zhang Ruitu (?--1644)'s books are innovative and full of personality. "Hou Chibi Fu" in cursive script has wide lines, dense character spacing, and a sharp tone. 9. Ni Yuanlu (1594-1644)'s calligraphy has innovative ideas. The running script "The Book Scroll of "Has Been Made Not Roosting Crows"" is compact and has strong bones and muscles. 1. Xie Jin's "Miscellaneous Notes on Spring Rain". 2. Chen Jiru's "Ni Gu Lu". 3. Fengfang's "Shu Jue". 4. Xiang Mu's "Calligraphy and Elegance". 5. Yang Shen's "Mo Chi Suo Lu". 6. Dong Qichang's "Essays on Painting a Zen Room". 7. "The Continuation of the Book and History Society" by Zhu Mounai. 8. Tu Long's "The Rest of the Examination". Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 Calligraphy was revived and there were many calligraphers. Before Jiadao, it was the Tie term, and there would be a series of engraved Tie, including "Kuaixuetang Dharma Tie" and "Sanxitang Dharma Tie"; after Jiadao, it was the Bei term. The stele period is divided into two; the turn between Jiadao and Jiaqing is the Tang stele period. From the period of Xian Tong to Guangxuan, it was the Northern Stele period, when Bao Shichen and Kang Youwei wrote about the stele and wrote about it. Great achievement in seal cutting. The cursive style of calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty declined, seal script and official script flourished, and stele learning flourished. 1. Wang Duo, known as "Shanbi", has a stone carving of "Mountain Garden Tie". Its running grass is lush and majestic, and its momentum is magnificent. His famous works include "Shihu Poetry Notes", "Five Character Rhymed Poetry Banner", "Yi Guo Zhong Tiao Yu" and so on. 2. Fu Shan (1607-1684) advocated "Four Nings and Four Unfortunate Things". The small regular script "Xiaoyaoyou" captured the essence and changes of Yan Shu; the running script "Danfeng Pavilion Ji" is vigorous, elegant and delicate; the running script "Collection of Ancient Plum Blossom Poems" uses pen Neat and clear, the spirit is clear and spiritual; the cursive script "The Poetry Axis of "The Universe Is Only This Matter"" combines strength with softness, and is as powerful as a swimming dragon. 3. Zheng Yun (1622-1673) was good at official calligraphy and won with his posture. His poems on wine in Weizhuang of Tang Dynasty, "Ejunzi Yue people's song" and "Huanxi Sand" have the grassy meaning in the official script, which is mellow and elegant. 4. Zheng Xie (1693-1765) was a strange man and a bookworm. He was proficient in the Eight Methods. His books were like a street paved with stones, well-proportioned, large and small, full of oblique interest. He called himself "Six and a Half Books". His famous works include "Rare Confusion", "Shu Qijue Fifteen Volumes", "On the Book of Poems", "Run Ge", etc. 5. Jin Nong (1687-1764)'s writing is tightly structured and sideways. The official script "Records of Famous Virtues of the Six Dynasties" is long horizontally and short vertically, with a side posture. "Records of Famous Virtues of the Six Dynasties" in official script is long horizontally and short vertically, with a slightly slanted posture; "Poetry for Eliminating Cold" in regular script is elegant, clumsy, simple and thick, with square and thick strokes.
6. Liu Yong (1719-1804) had rich and quiet calligraphy with profound taste, including "Minangong Poetry Calligraphy" and cursive calligraphy fans, and also engraved "Qing Aitang Calligraphy", which is a collection of calligraphy studies in the Qing Dynasty. who. 7 Deng Shiru (1743-1805) was skilled in all styles, but was especially good at seal script. Together with Li Si and Li Yangbing, he was one of the three peaks in the history of seal script. His seal script is simple, thick and majestic, with vertical and horizontal lines, such as "The Couplet of "Dragon Jumping at the Heavenly Gate and the Tiger Lying in the Phoenix Pavilion"", "Four Screen Praise" and "Praise to Shun's Dance with Qian Qi"; "The Poetry of the World", "Ao Tao Sun's Poetry Screen" and "Yellow Crane Tower Poetry Scroll"; its cursive script is thin and unfolding, and the writing style is majestic. There are running scripts such as "Poem Scroll Looking at Junshuang Tower at Night", "Happiness to the Yellow Sea Poetry Scroll", cursive script "" The sea is the dragon, the world is the sky, and the sky is the home of the crane." His regular script does not lose the ancient method, and has a strong flavor of gold and stone, such as "Taishan Songyue Poetry Scroll" and so on. 8. Yi Bingshou (1754-1815) was the best at official calligraphy, with a square body and round strokes, and a heroic temperament. His famous works include the couplets "Han and calligraphy are related to the old, smoke and clouds are suitable for offerings", "Wen is more literate than Han Gong, poetry is after Du Lao and turned to many teachers", "Changing temperament and cultivating spirit", etc. 9. He Shaoji (1799-1871) created the "Hui Wan Technique", in which all the bodies work together, showing condensation in the looseness, and elegance in the strength. Famous works include regular script "Illustrated Notes of the Elegant Collection of the West Garden" and "Su Dongpo's Poems", running script couplets "Retired Scholars Live Their Life with Quinoa and Amaranth and Scattered Thousands of Miles in Jianghu Tian", "Fan Writing on Returning to the Fields and Fu Ping Zhangchu Snow Garden", and official script couplets "From the beginning to the end if there is a little gain" "Profound and forgetful of fatigue", seal script couplet "The sound of mangroves and wild geese as the sunset, the Yellow River poetry and thoughts ***Autumn high" and so on. 10 Wu Xizai is good at seal script and official calligraphy. His seal script couplets are "The cup of tea tastes in silence, and the book is still in the middle", and the official calligraphy couplet is "Promote filial piety, promote integrity and general talents are selected, and become benevolent, immortal, righteous, happy and ambitious." The writing style is strong and vigorous, rich in epigraphic meaning. 11Yang Yisun is good at seal script and official script. The seal script "Sacrificing Tuna and Corydalis and Picking Lotus Roots" has regular characters and contains the meaning of inscriptions; the official calligraphy couplet "Because the tree is a house, there is wine and honor" is charming and steady, with well-proportioned flesh and bones. 14. Zhang Yuzhao is good at regular script, has a broad physique and a clear mind. His famous works include "Tengwang Pavilion" and so on. 15 Zhao Zhiqian (1829-1884) had a strong writing power. The official script couplet "Sweeping the floor and burning incense will bring you peace and happiness, and the coarse tea will be drunk enough" and the regular script couplet "Out of Shanshui County Reading Pine Guilin" are powerful and have a strong stele flavor; the seal script "Modern People" The inscription is beautiful and lively. 16 Yang Shoujing (1839-1915)'s regular script "Recording Wen Xin Diao Long" is well-organized and square in structure; his running script "Studying Zhu Dian Zhouyi, Drinking and Pottery Poems" is simple and natural. 17 Wu Changshuo (1844-1927) was a master of calligraphy and painting. His seal script is ancient, clumsy, vigorous and powerful, and his famous works include "Linshiguwen", "Recording Three Chapters of Xiaorong's Poems", "Zhang Jifeng Bridge's Night Mooring Poems", etc. The running grass is strong and graceful, and the momentum is unrestrained. His famous works include "Tianchi Painting and Tanxi Inscription on a Pavilion" and "He Sheng Bojun's Poetry" and so on. 18 Kang Youwei (1858-1927) wrote his books casually, with flat and long strokes, many round turns, and grand spirit. His famous works include "Writing Old Works" in running script, "Playing the Qin and Listening to Political Principles, Forgetting the Mountains and Feeling of Immortality", and the three-character "Shimen Road" in regular script. The benefits of writing calligraphy: Refining the body and mind, the four hearts: meditation, patience, comfort, and peace of mind. 7