Yang, whose real name is Hard Rock, was born in Quantang Village, Qili Township, Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province on October 27th. Yang was born in a poor family. His father died when he was five years old. He relied on his second and third brothers to teach to maintain his family life. He didn't enter school until he was over 8 years old, but he worked hard. /kloc-graduated from high school at the age of 0/8, with a good knowledge of literature and calligraphy. Later, I graduated from Hangzhou A-level industrial school by working. 1924, President Xu Bingkun introduced him to work as a meter reader in the public works unit of Hangzhou Youli Electric Company. At this time, Sun Yat-sen established a revolutionary government in Guangzhou, and all the young people rejoiced and welcomed the arrival of the revolutionary climax. 1927 After the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered Hangzhou at the beginning of the year, Yang joined the propaganda team of the political department of the East Route Army. Later, he returned to work in the electric company, joined the China Production Party in March, and was elected as the vice chairman of the trade union, actively working for the party. Later, because of the white terror, he left Hangzhou on July 1927 and went to Tokyo, Japan via Shanghai, losing contact with the party organization.
After studying Japanese for a short time in Tokyo, Yang was admitted to the Agricultural Department of Imperial University with the ideal of saving the country through science. During my study, I lived in extreme poverty, mainly relying on translation fees as an economic source. Because of his hard work and excellent grades, he is highly valued by Japanese teachers. After graduating from agricultural practice, he was left in the breeding laboratory to engage in research work. 193 1 After the September 18th Incident, out of national indignation, he resolutely refused to let his teacher Mantarro stay and politely declined, and returned to the motherland in the winter of the same year.
1In the spring of 932, Yang was hired as a teacher of Zhejiang Autonomous College in Hangzhou, teaching Agronomy and other courses, and began to try to plant double-cropping rice in Hangzhou.
1In the spring of 935, Mr. Jin Shanbao introduced him to be a professor at Chongqing Rural Construction College in Sichuan, teaching rice and wheat, and put forward suggestions on reforming paddy field farming system in Sichuan, planting double-cropping rice and upland rice, and continuing the research on double-cropping rice and ratooning rice.
1In the autumn of 936, Yang was transferred to Chengdu Sichuan University as a professor to teach rice science and preside over the work of the rice laboratory, which began the most difficult and successful period of his life.
When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, Yang was the Minister of Agriculture Department of Sichuan University, and soon he served as the Vice President of Agricultural College of Sichuan University. 1956 Sichuan agricultural college was established independently, and he served as the principal. In the heavy administrative work, Yang still insisted on teaching and continued rice research. Sichuan Agricultural College was built in Ya 'an, located at the junction of plain and mountainous area. He believes that we should make use of such a favorable natural condition to develop our own characteristics and make due contributions to the development of agriculture in mountainous areas of China. He actively planned to establish a mountain agricultural research institute and organized teachers to visit Erlang Mountain and Baoxing Mountain.
Yang was hired as a member of the Academic Committee of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences on 1957, and was elected as the first vice chairman of China Crop Society at the end of 196 1. He was also elected as a member of Chengdu CPPCC, a representative of the First People's Congress of Sichuan Province, a standing member of Sichuan CPPCC, a special member of China People's Political Consultative Conference and a representative of the Second National People's Congress. Vice Chairman of Sichuan Science and Technology Association. As a representative of a contributing scientist, he was invited to attend the Supreme State Conference convened by President Mao Zedong in 1957. 1927 After the failure of the Great Revolution, Yang went into exile in Japan. According to the situation at that time, after repeated thinking, he decided to take the road of saving the country by science. He originally graduated from the electrical engineering department of A-type industrial school and studied engineering. However, when he thought that China was founded on agriculture and the streets were full of oceans and seas, he gradually deepened his understanding that developing the vast land and agriculture in the inland of the motherland was the foundation of the country's prosperity, so he entered Tokyo. After returning to China, he immediately devoted himself to agricultural education and scientific research. At that time, he thought it would take a long time to improve crop varieties, while it would take a short time to improve cultivation techniques and get quick results. While teaching conscientiously in Zhejiang Autonomous College, he tried to plant double-cropping rice in Hangzhou, where he had never planted double-cropping rice, and achieved success. 1935, when Yang entered Sichuan, he saw that the winter paddy fields with bends and dams were not used. What a pity! Therefore, the development and utilization of thousand mu of winter paddy field and the improvement of rice yield became his first research topic. After some investigation and analysis, he put forward the suggestion of reforming paddy field farming system and planting double cropping rice and upland rice on a trial basis. Since then, he has devoted most of his time and energy to the research of rice. The research content is extremely extensive, including the basic growth and development law of rice and the influence of environmental conditions on it, cultivation theory and technology, variety selection, rice market, rice farming economy and so on. The research on developmental morphology, developmental ecology and developmental physiology of rice is concentrated and in-depth; In addition, he made the most outstanding contribution to the study of tillering characteristics of double-cropping rice, ratooning rice and rice. He has published more than 20 important papers, such as Research on Rice Tillering, Research on Regenerated Rice, Research on Double Cropping Rice Varieties and Cultivation Period, Sichuan Double Cropping Rice Cultivation, and Late Cropping Rice Varieties in the Yangtze River Basin. Yang actively advocated the reform of winter paddy field farming system in Sichuan; He was the first person in Sichuan Province to study and advocate the cultivation of double-cropping rice. The research on ratooning rice was first carried out in China. More than 0/0 rice varieties have been bred, among which "Chuanda Japonica Rice" was once listed as a national excellent variety, and "Yuejin No.3" and "Yuejin No.4" are both excellent varieties of continuous cropping late rice, which have been widely planted in Sichuan Province.
Yang's agricultural scientific research has a wide range, and he has spent a lot of energy on exploring and studying wheat, potatoes, flowers and wild oil plants, and achieved certain results. In particular, the study of flowers occupies most of his spare time. More than 300 new varieties of chrysanthemum have been cultivated. In the years around 1950, I went to the campus of Sichuan University to see Yang's chrysanthemum exhibition once a year, which was pleasing to the eye. When his chrysanthemum exhibition was publicly displayed in Chengdu People's Park, it caused a sensation in the whole city. Through the selection of hybrid offspring and natural mutants, he also cultivated a new gladiolus strain with outstanding bright flowers and big flowers. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae is a wild oil plant he found in the mountainous area of western Sichuan. It was found that its oil content was as high as 52%, and its pH value and viscosity were similar to those of castor oil. The research on its cultivation techniques and yield has also made progress. Due to the limited conditions at that time, this promising oil plant was not developed. What is more regrettable is that the research data and seeds of these flowers and Euphorbia lathyris disappeared in a series of storms after 1957.
Yang has also done a lot of work to popularize agricultural science and technology. In addition to promoting science and technology in rural surveys, many popular science articles have been published in newspapers and periodicals, such as "Talking about the Cultivation of Regenerated Rice", "Talking about Tillering and Transplanting", "How to Advance and Postpone the Flowering Period of Crops" and "Telling sweet potatoes to listen to us before they can grow". Yang is the earliest researcher and advocate of rice field reform and planting double-cropping rice in Sichuan. He has done a lot of fruitful experimental research and put forward many guiding suggestions. He came to Sichuan with the successful experience of planting double-cropping rice in Hangzhou. Firstly, meteorological data such as temperature and rainfall are collected and compared. It is found that some natural conditions in Chongqing and the areas along the Yangtze River are even better than those in Wenzhou and Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and are suitable for planting double-cropping rice. He visited the countryside during his vacation, and then did experiments on campus, and decided that double-cropping rice could be planted in parts of Chongqing and Sichuan. After he arrived in Sichuan, he wrote his first paper, Current Plan for Increasing Rice Production in Sichuan Province, which was published in mimeograph in February, 1936. Professor Yang Yunkui, who was in charge of Sichuan rice and wheat improvement farm at that time, read his article and adopted his suggestion, so he focused on the experimental study of double-cropping rice in Lu Xian County, southern Sichuan. After the successful demonstration planting, it was gradually popularized in rural areas, which took the first step of rice field reform in Sichuan and laid a good foundation for changing from one-season rice to double-season rice in the future.
In order to make double-cropping rice get more benefits and promote the smooth development of rice field reform, Yang has conducted long-term research on varieties, optimal flowering period, temperature index, sowing date, seedling stage, planting density and fertilization of double-cropping rice. During the period of 1936- 1938, he used early-maturing and late-maturing varieties in Lu Xian county for continuous cropping cultivation, which was often troubled by late heading, poor seed setting and unstable yield of late rice. In order to ensure a certain yield, it is necessary to sow early, which brings problems such as long seedling age, late transplanting and poor growth. To cultivate old and strong seedlings, it is necessary to increase the area of the seedling farm, and the management technology is not easy to master. In order to solve these problems, he used a large number of varieties to sow by stages for many times, and studied the changes of growth period and economic characters of these varieties under different light and temperature conditions. It is preliminarily considered that in order to obtain high and stable yield of continuous cropping late rice in Sichuan, early and middle maturity varieties must be selected, and the average temperature before September of 15 should be above 23℃ (japonica rice can be slightly lower than 1-2℃) to obtain better results. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, on the basis of summarizing the previous research experience of rice field reform, he used more than 200 early, middle and late-maturing varieties with good performance to carry out experiments in Chengdu on 1955 and in Ya 'an on 1956. The results showed that continuous cropping of late rice with early and middle maturity varieties could delay sowing date, cultivate healthy seedlings of appropriate age and cultivate healthy seedlings. In 1957, he summarized the shortage of late rice seeds in Sichuan province the previous year. Some farmers used local early and middle maturity varieties as successful experiences in double-season late rice cultivation, and conducted experiments on sowing date and seedling age of double-season late rice with 43 varieties with different maturity. 1958 repeated experiments with 37 varieties, and finally determined the early and middle maturity varieties for double cropping. From 65438 to 0959, he presided over the investigation of double-cropping rice in the Yangtze River basin, summarized the application of double-cropping rice varieties in various provinces, and wrote the article "Double-cropping Rice Varieties in the Yangtze River Basin", which clearly put forward the suggestion of using early and middle-maturing varieties as continuous cropping late rice varieties in the Yangtze River basin. Then, the article "Talking about the Development of Rice Varieties from the Selection of Growth Period and Introduced Seeds" was published, which further expounded the possibility and superiority of using early and middle mature seeds as continuous cropping late rice in theory. At the second meeting of the Second National People's Congress, Yang put forward this opinion in the form of a proposal, which was adopted by the meeting in the form of a suggestion, and instructed the agricultural scientific research departments of the provinces in the Yangtze River basin to further organize the appraisal. The cultivation practice of double-cropping late rice in the future proved that Yang's opinion was correct, and the main cultivated variety of double-cropping late rice in the Yangtze River basin, especially in Sichuan Province, was the middle-maturing variety. The mid-mature japonica rice varieties "Yuejin No.3" and "Yuejin No.4" bred by him were the main varieties in production at that time. Yang used early and middle maturity varieties as the guidance of double-cropping late rice varieties, and pushed the planting of double-cropping late rice to the north of 30 degrees north latitude or even further, so that continuous cropping late rice obtained relatively stable yield.
Yang also put forward many pertinent opinions on the development of double-cropping rice in Sichuan. He believes that Sichuan province has a vast territory, different climatic conditions and different planting levels, so double-cropping rice can only be gradually popularized. 1956 Double cropping rice suddenly increased from 80,000 mu in the previous year to more than 5 million mu. Due to insufficient material conditions and technical preparation, the result is not satisfactory and the steps are too big. When he learned that Sichuan Province had made a plan to plant double-cropping rice 1957 mu, the dual sense of responsibility of scientists and people's representatives made him fidgety. 1956 10 At the Sichuan Provincial People's Congress, Yang made a systematic speech on "double cropping rice planting in Sichuan Province", thinking that it should be developed steadily, and suggested that winter paddy fields in areas with "remarkable achievements, reliable yield, conditions and preparation" should be appropriately expanded, and areas without other conditions, unstable yield and insufficient experience should be appropriately reduced or not planted. This heartfelt remark was denounced as "conservative" by a responsible comrade in the province. Yang Li sent his speech to the Ministry of Agriculture, which supported his opinion and immediately published it in China Agricultural News. Later practice proved that his foresight was correct. Regenerated rice is the rice harvested again by using axillary buds on rice stubble after the first harvest, which is called "holding grandchildren's millet" by Sichuan farmers. Chinese farmers have used ratooning rice for more than 1000 years, but most of them are left to fend for themselves, so the yield is very low, and no one deliberately studies it. Yang began to study double-cropping rice in Sichuan in 1935. At the same time, he thinks that ratooning rice can be harvested 60-70 days after harvesting the first season rice, which is time-saving and labor-saving, and it is of practical significance to increase the yield of winter rice fields in areas where double-cropping rice is immature or early-middle rice, so he systematically studied ratooning rice of indica rice varieties. He clearly pointed out: first, the number, life and death, distribution and panicle differentiation of dormant buds on rice stalks are closely related to the varieties of rice in the first season, the node position and period on rice stalks, and also related to cultivation techniques; With the process of heading and maturity, the number of live buds on rice stems gradually decreased, and the second and third nodes had the most live buds, the highest germination rate and the fastest elongation. Dormant buds and young panicles began to differentiate into young panicles about 20 days after the differentiation of young panicles of mother stems. Dormant buds of upper nodes (especially the second and third nodes) grow rapidly, and the ear differentiation is early and orderly. Secondly, the position, quantity and yield of regenerated tillers are not only related to dormant buds on rice stalks, but also closely related to the harvest time and stubble height of the first season rice. The earlier the harvest of one-season rice, the higher the stalk, the higher the number and efficiency of regenerative tillers, and the better the growth and yield. However, the yield of ratooning rice is the highest when the first season rice is harvested from yellow maturity to full maturity. Therefore, first of all, we should choose varieties with high yield of one-season rice and ratooning rice; In cultivation techniques, it is necessary to leave high piles and 2 or 3 buds to keep the vitality of dormant buds and promote their germination; The key to maintain the vitality and germination of dormant buds lies in fertilization management before harvest of one-season rice. He has written more than 10 research papers on ratooning rice.
At the rice science and technology conference held in Wuhan from 65438 to 0957, he made a paper report on the study of ratooning rice, which was unanimously affirmed by the experts attending the conference. He not only opened up a new field of rice research in China and proposed a new way to increase production, but also was one of the earliest scholars who systematically studied ratooning rice in the world. His series of papers are also systematic and complete works in the world so far. During the period of 1986, the experts in charge of ratooning rice in the International Rice Research Institute expressed admiration when they saw the papers published by Yang that year. Its research results are still instructive today. In recent 10 years, some ratooning rice researchers and extension workers have successfully applied some basic theories of Yang to hybrid rice to cultivate ratooning rice, which has deepened the cultivation techniques of ratooning rice, promoted the development of ratooning rice and increased rice production. For example, since Sichuan planted 698,000 mu of ratooning rice in winter in 1986, the area has been expanded year by year. In 1989, 6.756 million mu of ratooning rice was planted, with an average yield per mu of/kloc-0.05 kg and a high yield of 300 kg/mu, and rice/kloc-0.42 million kg was increased in four years. In some areas, ratooning rice has become a part of paddy field farming system. Mr. Yang is knowledgeable under the spring, and he should be happy with his research results. After Yang returned from Japan, it was the critical period when Japan invaded and tried to monopolize China. Soon, the China people's all-round War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, and the country's economy was in difficulty, with little education funds. Under the condition of limited funds and poor equipment, he cultivated the teaching field with the spirit of hard work and firm goals, and won the admiration of teachers and students with his serious and responsible attitude of teaching and educating people and scientific research achievements. 1946 In May, when Sichuan University held a commemorative meeting of 10 for two professors, such as Yang Yunkui, president of Agricultural College, wrote an article praising Zhuangzi's "enduring prosperity" and said, "How to be a gentleman who lived in troubled times and worked hard to stick to his post for 10 years?" People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. He studied the basic theory of Marxism-Leninism, constantly improved his ideological level, actively carried out teaching reform, and tried to integrate dialectical materialism and patriotism into teaching. 195 1 was awarded the teaching model of Sichuan university in. He constantly explores new teaching methods, arouses students' initiative in learning and inspires them to think independently. From 65438 to 0954, after summing up the experience and shortcomings of teaching rice science in the past, he wrote: crop cultivation is an agricultural science, and the essence of crop growth and development should be expounded by the laws of biological science; At the same time, it is a science directly related to production, and we should also pay attention to discussing its present and future development direction with socialist economic laws, so that crop cultivation becomes an empty theory that lists phenomena and is divorced from reality. He advocated that the laws of biological science, production and cultivation techniques and socio-economic relations should be integrated into the teaching process of crop cultivation; He took the lead in refining the teaching content, and taught 12 class hours in the part of crop cultivation of rice, focusing on four techniques: timely sowing, good planting of Miao Zhuang, rational fertilization and close planting with few seedlings. The students' feedback is very enlightening and easy to master, and both theory and practice make people eager to try. In 1956, he further pointed out that natural conditions such as crop growth and development laws and meteorology are objective and belong to the primary nature, while farming systems and technical measures are actions after people know the objective laws through long-term practice and belong to the secondary nature. The latter is restricted by natural and social conditions, so the primary and secondary can not be separated or isolated. He opposed the past practice that crop cultivation first talked about general so-called biological characteristics, and then talked about a set of cultivation techniques; I don't agree with the three-stage teaching method of studying the national economic significance, biological characteristics and cultivation techniques of the Soviet Union, especially against following the book, and advocate that the objective law of crop growth and development and its relationship with the external environment should be clarified first. In this way, students can understand the causes of the current crop distribution and which areas are likely to grow this crop, and they can also well understand and master what cultivation techniques and measures can be taken to obtain high yield. He advocated and practiced in this way and received good teaching results. He attached great importance to the innovation of teaching content, critically inherited China's rich agronomy heritage, and paid great attention to learning the latest domestic experience. Every year, he collects experimental research reports and production summaries from agricultural scientific research units and agricultural management extension departments all over the country, analyzes and sorts them out, and constantly enriches the teaching contents, striving to make them not only suitable for the reality of China, but also reflect the advanced level of the world and the universal law of things development. Because of his unique teaching system and teaching methods, his lectures are always the most popular with students. The rice cultivation system he established has been highly praised by the Ministry of Higher Education, and his teaching experience articles have also been exchanged throughout the country. Therefore, in 1960, the Ministry of Agriculture entrusted Sichuan Agricultural College to hold a training course for crop cultivation teachers. Besides giving demonstration lectures, Yang also gave a special report on the basic problems of crop cultivation. In his report, he once again stressed that crop cultivation must be reformed and jump out of the old system; Crop cultivation must come from practice and go back to guide production practice. Crop cultivation should not only study cultivation measures, but also pay attention to the study of basic characteristics such as crop development physiology, nutrition physiology and water physiology, so as to continuously enrich and improve the teaching content and level of crop cultivation and better guide production. 196 1 winter, Yang was lying in a hospital bed, and personally drafted the teaching plan "On the Phased Measures of Rice Cultivation-Discussing the Relationship between Cultivation Measures and Physiological Changes and External Environmental Conditions according to the Growth Period", which divided rice cultivation into seedling stage, tillering stage, jointing (round stalk) differentiation stage, heading, flowering and fruiting stage, mature harvest stage and so on. Unfortunately, he died because he couldn't hear his lecture. However, his spirit of continuous exploration and never satisfaction in teaching still shines in people's hearts.
Assist Ding Ying in editing Rice Cultivation in China.
Yang wanted to write a complete book "Rice Science in China" with China's materials a long time ago, and began to draft some first drafts, but he still lacked many basic materials. He made up his mind to do some basic experimental research, such as annual germination test of seeds, annual sowing test, overwintering test of seedlings, tillering characteristics and so on. But after all, I feel that the strength of individuals and units is limited and it is difficult to achieve the goal. 1958 Professor Ding Ying was very excited when he decided to be the editor-in-chief of Rice Cultivation in China. He believes that Ding Lao is highly respected, involved in extensive rice research and has profound attainments. He is the most suitable editor-in-chief, so he actively participated in it and wrote two chapters on seedling raising and reasonable close planting. After each manuscript was printed, he took it back to the school for the comrades in the rice research room to read carefully. On the one hand, he studied and improved, on the other hand, he guided everyone to pay attention to this matter. 196 1 In March, he went to Beijing to review the whole book for the last time, regardless of the low back pain caused by cancer. After more than 20 days, he relied on painkillers and sleeping pills to relieve pain. After returning to Chengdu, he was bedridden in the hospital. Rice Cultivation in China was published at the end of 196 1. He said with excitement and emotion: What I wanted to do for many years was finally accomplished with collective efforts. Although there are still some shortcomings, this is a high-quality book written with our own materials. Then I added: I hope that the comrades in the rice workshop will continue to work hard and study hard, and must make up the missing information and data, improve it at a higher level and become an unsung hero group. Yang's academic attitude and moral demeanor are highly praised by people. He is practical and realistic, rigorous in his studies and never careless. He used a large number of materials as samples or investigated a large number of data in experimental research, and always tried to discover similarities and regularity from the diversity of a large number of materials, so as to make the conclusion more accurate and in line with objective reality. He often said: It is necessary to study and draw conclusions that can withstand scrutiny and historical test. Even if the problem of using early rice and middle rice as double-cropping rice varieties is the result of repeated experiments for many years, it must be verified by repeated experiments in production practice. He never does what others say. When 1956 was criticized as "conservative" for advocating the steady development of Sichuan double-cropping rice, he insisted on his own views. Under the situation that agriculture was full of "high-yield satellites" during the Great Leap Forward, agricultural scientists, especially famous rice experts like him, were under great pressure, but he did not give up his viewpoint based on scientific theory and practical experience. The student wanted to make a satellite field with 25,000 kilograms of double-cropping late rice, and asked him if he could do it. Knowing that you can't do it, you can't directly deny it. You can only smile and say: You should take more measures to see. However, his heart is very uneasy. After several struggles, he finally wrote down in his notebook his determination to "move mountains and pour the sea, rather than lead an old donkey" and expressed his belief in seeking truth from facts.
He emphasizes hands-on and hard work, and hates people who just talk and don't do it. In the past, he led assistants or technicians to investigate and measure a lot of experimental research work. No matter how busy he was later, he always tried to participate in the investigation and sort out the materials in order to master more first-hand information. He makes various reports to the teachers and students of the whole school, and he writes his own outline and lecture notes. Although he has talked about rice cultivation several times, he still carefully prepares lessons and repeatedly scrutinizes the content, order and method of the lecture. I was too busy to prepare lessons during the day, so I got up at three or four in the morning to prepare lessons.
He was proud of simplicity and set an example for educating cadres and children. As a professor and dean, I went to the Xishi Farm in Yaoqiao, 7 kilometers away, to guide the assistants there to carry out research projects and participate in field investigations, all of which were carried out by bicycle under the scorching sun. The last time he went to Beijing was to finalize the book Rice Cultivation in China. Although he was suffering from cancer and had a bad backache, he went to the transportation company station and took a bus to Chengdu. In the past, although my family was not well off, I saved money and donated money to run a school in my hometown. Most of the royalties he received were donated to primary and secondary schools. He also gave generously to help teaching assistants with financial difficulties.
(Author: Fu Danru)