According to the Complete Works of Tan Sitong * Records of Writing by Shi Juying, Liu (48 1-539), a writer in the Southern Dynasties, is proficient in the voice of flat tones, and his poems are fresh and natural. He once prefaced the collection of Prince Zhaoming, resigned in his later years, refused to receive visitors, and asked himself, "Close the door and celebrate the hanging." The language is simple, which expresses the author's leisure mentality of hating official entertainment and not dealing with dignitaries. His third sister, Liu Lingxian, is famous for her beautiful writing style. She also responded with union: "The fallen flowers are still together, and the jungle is resurrected." The antithesis of brothers and sisters in the literary world, a perfect combination, is very famous in Jiangnan. "There are pavilions and pavilions, without exception." These are the earliest two couplets in Nanjing that we know, which are more than 450 years earlier than the inscription "Happy New Year in Qing Yu". Changchun written by Meng Changjun, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties in 964.
Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in couplets
In the early Ming Dynasty, due to the vigorous advocacy of the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, most of them posted Spring Festival couplets to welcome the new year, from officials to ordinary people's homes. According to Chen's Miscellaneous Notes on Mao Yunlou in Qing Dynasty, "Spring Festival couplets began in". At that time, the imperial capital Jinling suddenly issued a decree, and on New Year's Eve, officials and scholars had to add a pair of Spring Festival couplets to their homes. An imperial edict pushed the Spring Festival couplets in Ming Dynasty to a new climax.
"Tianzi" Zhu Yuanzhang not only asked others to write Spring Festival couplets, but also personally wrote couplets. According to Jinling Trivia, Zhu Yuanzhang gave Xu Da, the founding hero and Zhongshan king, a pair of couplets: "Breaking the enemy is the first person in ancient and modern times; When you go out, you will go to chinese odyssey. " It is recorded in the history books. Ming Taizu saw that Tao An, the minister, used books as pillows, so he wrote the first part of the book, "Pillow the scriptures, with many sages on his head". Tao An used his quick wits, and made the second part of "Fan Emperor", "Fan Writing Jiangshan, Holding Unity and Doing Kun". Later, Zhu Yuanzhang also presented him with a pair of couplets, "chinese odyssey Ce, the first article in Hanyuan", in appreciation of Tao An's literary talent.
Due to Zhu Yuanzhang's preference for couplets, some folk couplets named after Zhu Yuanzhang have appeared, such as "the breeze and the bright moon are priceless, and there are feelings near the water and distant mountains" (Yu Jintang in Mochou Lake), "Things are like chess, and we are fighting for eternal things; Tender as water, when the spring water flows in the Six Dynasties (the seventh floor), is true or false, and now there is no license to test.
There are also many anecdotes about couplets by Zhu Yuanzhang and others, such as street talk about "splitting the road of life and death with both hands, cutting off the root of right and wrong with one knife", folklore such as "Ten-year-old children are horses, ten-year-old emperors sit in Long Ting" and 65,438 +00-year-old children, as well as word games such as "bending the west arm and winning the heart with seven fists".
Scholars in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to couplets.
In order to attract intellectuals, the ruling class in Qing Dynasty paid special attention to parallel prose, and from the imperial court, the government to the people, they all attached great importance to antithetical sentences in poems and songs. Under the emperor's advocacy, literati naturally paid more attention to couplets. In Nanjing, Cao Xueqin, Yuan Mu, Wei Yuan, Gong Xian, Tao Hao and other famous couplets appeared, and many exquisite couplets became famous.
The couplets in A Dream of Red Mansions seem handy, but in fact they have profound implications. The Shibei Square described in 1 set is engraved with a couplet "True and false, true and false are hard to distinguish, doing nothing and doing nothing." There is a couplet on the fifth Zhongning Mansion, which says that "everything is learned when things are clear, and articles are written when people are clear", which contains philosophy and is thought-provoking. The second time, there was a couplet in Zhongtong Temple: I forgot to put my hand behind me, but there was no turning back ahead. This couplet is an excellent summary to compare the rise and fall of Jiafu.
Wu, the author of The Scholars, lives in Shuige, Qinhuai, Nanjing, and has several beautiful couplets, which are intriguing. "Three rickety houses and a house for transferring water from South to North" is the epitome of Wu's poor life in that year. Although poor, Wu still loves Nanjing deeply. "Reading well, ploughing well, and studying well is good; It is difficult to start a business, to stay in a business, and to advance despite difficulties "is Wu's representative couplet, which has profound implications."
In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), Yuan Mu lived in Nanjing. In xiaocang mountain, there are two narrative couplets, which are novel and unique: "if you don't do public office, you are lazy unless you have good news;" It is difficult to become a fairy Buddha, and love flowers for articles. " "Every rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea is indispensable except for immortals; Filial piety, loyalty, courtesy and sincerity, there is no copper money to do. " Simplicity contains truth.
There were some experts who wrote couplets in Qing Dynasty, such as Li Yu, Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Gong Xian and Peng Yulin. They also left many couplets in Nanjing, so I won't go into details here.
The "Red Cyclone" of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
When the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established Nanjing as its capital and even built the imperial palace, there were many activities of couplets, which was inseparable from the love of the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan for couplets.
After the Taiping Army captured Nanjing, it swept the "red whirlwind" of writing couplets in yamen all over the country. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, Rowen reopened the land of Yao and Shun, praising the invincible warriors of Taiping Army and establishing a brand-new "paradise on earth". Tianwang also wrote a title: "single-handedly, reorganizing Daming's new atmosphere; Dan Xin serves the country and sweeps foreigners' old clothes. " "The weather is popular and the rain is deep; Ruled by Chaogang, running Gankun ","Destiny punishes demons, Wan Li naturalized rivers and mountains; Wang Hess was angry and flew into a rage. completely discredited, the real armor of the Sixth Army.
The words used in Wangfu couplets are unconventional, sonorous and melodious, reflecting the characteristics and style of that era. Interestingly, the East, Wing, North and Henan all used the methods of "sealing the cabinet" and "fitting in", which showed the different political achievements and status of the kings. Their couplet is "Oriental princes, representing heaven; Wang Ji is a thousand miles away and the land has no boundaries. " "Wing Wei Deming, contemptuous aunt is a child, and Yu Zhou can be regarded as the same flesh and blood; Tomb loyalty. Abandoning Xiang Yu as our palace, knowing Liu Ji's hero ","Yuzhou is in the world, and Wanfang is constitutional; Wang Jue was above feudalism, "merged into one" with the hundred monarchs and Qin, and was listed as the North King, leading a large number of troops to turn around the kingdom of heaven; There is a rear guard, often a group of stone. " Hong Xiuquan also wrote an inscription for loyal Li Xiucheng, "Get it right away, treat it right away, build the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom for hundreds of millions of years, between the bow blade and dysprosium, clean and healthy; Expedition to the east and the west to save innocent citizens in 2 1 province was called "benevolence" at the fire and water meeting, and various historical allusions were skillfully used to praise the achievements of Tianwang.
The couplets of the Royal Government of Tian Ping are easy to understand and have the characteristics of peasant rebels. In Nanjing in the late Qing Dynasty, a beautiful cultural landscape of couplets was formed. Even if Li Xiu, the loyal monarch, became an elegy written by the fallen soldiers of the Taiping Army, his tone was solemn and touching: "The soul returns, and the Sanskrit is still broken; Sad autumn, one flower and one world, the words of national mourning for new recruits and five sheep. "
Celebrities in the Republic of China love Yong Lian.
During the Republic of China, Nanjing's couplet activities were mostly concentrated in the upper classes of society. Government officials and social dignitaries like to recite couplets to express their political ambitions or praise the actions and achievements of their comrades-in-arms. Some brilliant couplets are carved in famous mountains and ancient temples.
The most brilliant is Sun Yat-sen's elegy of Song Dynasty: "Three-foot sword, a thousand words, beautiful rain and European style do not wear, heaven and earth are righteous, heroes are caged for decades, primary school students have a pen;" Wuzhangyuan, a pile of earth, Wolong leaps, and our capital is crowded with nosy people. When you are lonely, helpless and poor, sprinkle some Changhong blood and tears to summon Qu Zi's soul. "
Poetry, prose and calligraphy are elegiac couplets presented to Sun Yat-sen by Yu Youren, a famous veteran of the Kuomintang, with deep feelings: "Forty years of hard work is really a lifetime of serving the people and wholeheartedly serving the world, and the punishment in the process is regarded as dust; I shed tears for the people of Wan Li, only to know that it came for a reason, and its life also has its own reasons. After I close my eyes, my spirit and courage are still as good as the world. "
Nanjing couplets are always closely related to historical events. Although some couplets were not written by famous writers, there are many records in them, that is, Sanlian denounced the traitor Wang Jingwei for treason and defection. A couplet said: "The country is not long, more than 80 days; How narrow the border is, two or three lanes are pseudo-regimes. " The League will mock the present with the help of the past and laugh at Wang's puppet regime, but it will only affect a few streets and lanes, and it will be as short-lived as Yuan Shikai.
194 1 On New Year's Eve, Wang Jingwei shamelessly posted a couplet at the entrance of Wang Mansion: "The great ambition of establishing national civil rights and people's livelihood is a great cause for the party to report the country and the people." Originally, I wanted to flaunt my grand plan, but people can't fool me. That night, someone added "eccentricity" to the couplet, which made the meaning of the couplet completely opposite. The ambition of "establishing people's rights life and opening up the great cause of pseudo-party, pseudo-country and pseudo-public" exposed the ugly face of traitors to the world and everyone spurned it!
1942 May 12, Wang Jingwei celebrated his 60th birthday. Shu Yishou, a fake police chief in Nanjing, said: "There used to be great virtues, but now talents are rare." At first glance, I think I am praising Wang's virtue and talent. After careful reading, I found that "unparalleled" and "rare" in couplets are homophones of "damn" and "traitor", which are concise and ingenious, and can be read at a glance! 1945, 14 In August, the Japanese aggressor troops surrendered unconditionally, and the whole country rejoiced. Someone recorded this incident in the history of couplets and became a household name: "China, Czech Republic, Japanese, Nanjing, Chongqing, Chengdu." Although this couplet is not outstanding, and "Czech Republic" can't replace the hardships of the eight-year anti-Japanese war, it is natural and appropriate for Nanjing to celebrate becoming the capital again, which shows the author's uniqueness.
Nanjing place names are directly embedded in couplets, which belongs to a word game: "Before the lights are lit in winter night, Xiahou reads the Spring and Autumn Biography; On the east gate, Nanjing people sing "North West Chamber". "It is said that it is the second couplet of Nanjing people, which shows its exquisiteness and uniqueness.
Jinling has beautiful scenery and good connections.
Since ancient times, there have been many good couplets in scenic spots. They highly summarize the landscape characteristics and human history, make the finishing point, and become bright pearls embellishing places of interest.
Many ancient temples in Nanjing have left many excellent couplets. For example, in Xingjiao Temple, a cool Dojo was built for Li Yu's palace in the Southern Dynasties, with an ancient couplet: "There are mountains on all sides, facing the ancient temple; One day, the wind and rain send autumn. " In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi built a Mid-level Temple in his home, and Xue inscribed a couplet: "Zhongfu Jianxiu, Qingxi Branch Source, near the building, sighing that the Forbidden Garden is empty; Stay in this temple; Fu Xie Qitai, Gong Jing's first residence, is a mirage. Ask who will return to Gudun when he dies. " The ancient spirit Xiangyun was moved to the Ming Dynasty. "
Painters Guo Ren, Wen Zhiming, Wen Boren and Gao Cen in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties successively painted Eight Scenes of Jinling, Eighteen Scenes of Jinling and Forty Scenes of Jinling. Poets and couplets writers also sang couplets, which produced many excellent works, such as the poem Mochou Lake Couplet in the Qing Dynasty: "The scenery is widely spread and won the name of a generation, Qian Yue; It's a lot of fun, and look at this half lake with ten hectares of lotus flowers. " Xue, who gave a lecture at Chongwen Academy, wrote a couplet for Xuanwu Lake: Fang Ce still exists for 300 years, only a few seagulls are left, and sometimes smoke clouds show up; There are still 40 miles in Kunming. Listen to Brother Ling fishing without playing drums and horns. "Enthusiastically praised the natural scenery of Nanjing.
In modern times, many celebrities are also associated with scenic spots in Nanjing. Liang Qichao, the leader of the reformists in the late Qing Dynasty, said: "Mountains and rivers overlap and compete for eyes; Wind and rain broke into the building. "Tan Sitong, a former magistrate of Jiangsu Province, wrote an inscription for Mochow Misty Rain, which is also affectionate:" As a person of the Six Dynasties, he is still happy in his country, so whoever teaches him is in a hurry; Yes, I live here, by the river. In order to remember the misty rain in Dongting, I am sorry to have traveled in the past year. "Lin Sanzhi, known as the contemporary sage of grass, wrote a couplet for Mochou Lake:" The tiger lives in the dragon plate, and Zhongshan is king; Kites fly and fish jump, girl Mochow. "
1April, 983, seven units including Nanjing Weekend Newspaper and Jiangsu TV jointly launched the activity of "Comment on the New Appearance of Jinling", and * * * won more than 30,000 scenic couplets, which were as beautiful as clouds. In the end, 79 couplets won the first, second and third prizes. So far, there are 40 new scenes in Jinling. For example, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum: "Abolish the imperial system for two thousand years, and the first meaning belongs to the forerunner;" Forty years of experience, the last words enlighten the successors. " Ming tomb Lian: "The emperor has been depressed, leaving the Xiaoling Mausoleum lush and the stone statues towering, and the resort revisits the previous history; China is finally changing. I like to see Zhong Rong. The people are liberated and are proud to innovate. " Yangshan Monument Material Association: "The deep valley is well managed, but the sea has not been reclaimed; It is difficult to use overqualified materials and let them make up for the sky. " Yuhuatai Lotus: "Shi Guidan's heart is easy to inch, and people worship green blood for thousands of years."