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China began to build Buddha statues on a large scale.
With the gradual spread of Indian Buddhism, its artistic methods of shaping Buddha statues were also introduced to China, and it was integrated with the ancient sculpture art with a long history in China, forming a model of Buddha statues in China. By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism was very popular, and China began to shape Buddha statues on a large scale. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhist teachings began to be combined with China's traditional ethics and religious concepts, and were widely spread. Buddhists went to Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to build Buddhist temples and make bronze buddhas. After the Three Kingdoms, Luoyang in the north and Jianye (Nanjing) in the south were both important Buddhist towns. Unfortunately, the works of more than ten Buddhist temples in Luoyang could not be preserved at that time, and it was impossible to investigate the situation of Buddha statues. In the tenth year of Wu Chiwu (247), Shaman Kangsanghui, who had settled deeply, arrived in Jianye and set up a statue to preach. Sun Quan, the Lord of Wu, built a temple for him, and systematic Buddha statues began to appear in Wu. By the time of the Three Kingdoms, China had created a large scale of Buddha statues. In addition, Tianzhu's method combined with China's inherent technology created a kind, loving and appreciative Buddhist model in China. In the process of localization of Buddha statues, we gradually established our own unique carving methods, which made this art mature.
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Metaphysics came into being
Metaphysics is a real ontological philosophy. There were basically temple theory, social philosophy, mathematics and theology in the Han Dynasty, and the emergence of metaphysical ontology was a great event in the history of China's philosophy. In contrast, the Taoist ontology before Confucius and Temple Theory is much more naive, and it is a semi-intuitive and semi-artistic philosophy. Although metaphysics was deeply influenced by Taoist thought in its production period, it formed a unique conceptual system and paradigm in its development. When "culture" becomes the dominant concept, metaphysics is no longer an empty talk, but a real philosophy. The "transformation" and "self-nature" of metaphysics are consistent with the spirit of advocating nature and individual in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Metaphysics, compared with Taoist ontology and Confucius' Great Harmony World, is an individualistic and realistic philosophy. Its birth color is actually an anti-social and anti-civilization eschatological consciousness. Yanhe and Wang Bi are the founders of Zhengshi Metaphysics. They listed Laozi, Zhuangzi and Yi as founding schools with Confucianism. Their most striking thing is to replace Tao with nothingness, and to discuss nothingness on the premise of uniqueness in body and use, putting the cart before the horse. Their focus is nothingness, but they pay attention to grasping nothingness in existence. In the philosophy of life, their theory of inaction, temperament and naturalism were deformed under the social and political oppression at that time. They discussed the hot topic at that time: the relationship between words, images and meaning, and used it to explain the Book of Changes, demanding that words, images and meanings be abandoned. Therefore, this essentially puts forward the significance of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties (the metaphysical category of verve). They only ask whether there is a relationship, and the system still has the characteristics of Laozi and Han Dynasty, failing to put the image on the level of meaning.
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Jian 'an style
During the Jian 'an period (196 ~ 220), seven talented writers gathered in Cao Cao's ruling group. They are Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen, who are called the seven sons of Jian 'an. Together with Sancao, they created moderns in the history of China literature and their unique literary style-"Jian 'an Style". Although Qizi's literary creation has its own characteristics due to personality differences, it has certain similarities, which constitutes the characteristics of the times of Jian 'an literature. Liu Xie summed up the causes of this style in Wen Xin Diao Long, and thought that this impassioned literary work was caused by social disorder and decadent customs. In this case, literary works are profound, implicit and meaningful, and generous. This argument is incisive. This literary style, which is rich in ideological depth, rich in meaning, generous and tragic, is known as "Jian 'an Style" or "Jian 'an Style" and is the outstanding contribution of the seven sons of Jian 'an and Cao Shi to the history of China literature. Later literary innovation movement also advocated Jian 'an style, and Chen Ziang took it as a banner, which formed a torrent and pushed the poetry creation in the Tang Dynasty to the peak.
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Cao Zhi's Literary Achievements
Cao Zhi (192 ~ 232), Zi Zijian, brother of Cao Pi. His poetry creation surpassed his contemporaries in quantity and quality, and was the highest at that time. Cao Zhi's life is divided into two periods: complacency and frustration. In his early years, he was deeply loved by Cao Cao and lived the life of a noble son in a relatively stable environment. Later, he lost power and was suppressed in the battle with Cao Pi for the Crown Prince. His poetry creation is also divided into early and late periods, with different content characteristics. Cao Zhi's early poems are represented by "White Horse" and "Mingdu", which express his ambition to make contributions, vigorous and powerful; His later poems mainly express his anger and grievances that are hard to pay for his ambition. His representative works include White Horse Wang Biao, Continuation, Noda's Huangque Tour, etc. Among them, "White Horse Wang Biao" is a masterpiece written with emotion because Cao Pi persecuted his brothers and sisters. There are also many excellent works in Cao Zhi's prose and ci-fu, such as A Letter with Yang Dezu, Luo Shenfu and so on. In artistic expression, Cao Zhi is the highest achievement of Jian 'an poetry. He is good at playing the tune and using metaphors, and often has epigrams, such as "Hate too many trees on the platform, the sea makes waves" and "The wind blows in the daytime, and the scenery flows west". In addition, he pays attention to the refinement, duality and harmony of words, and his poems are full of passion and literary talent. Shi Pin describes the artistic style of his poems with "high tolerance and Hua Mao's words".
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Seven sages of bamboo forest gather in Yang Shan.
The seven sages of bamboo forest are the collective names of the seven celebrities in the Three Kingdoms and the late Wei Dynasty. They are proper fruit, Ruan Ji, Hanoi, Xiang Xiu,, Liu Chen, Ruan Xian and Lang Xie. They had close contacts and once got together under the bamboo forest in Yang Shan (now Xiuwu, Henan), and were known as the seven sages of bamboo forest in the world. After Gao Ping Ling's coup, the ruling Sima clique advocated Confucianism, brutally separated themselves from others, and stepped up its efforts to usurp the Wei regime. However, some celebrities are still unwilling to cooperate with Sima. They hate Sima's hypocritical morality. Seven sages are the representatives of these celebrities. Their ideas are roughly the same, but slightly different. Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ruan Xian have always been obedient to Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. The more famous they are, the more natural they are. In Dan Tao and Wang Rong, Laozi and Zhuangzi are dominant, while Confucianism is miscellaneous. Xiang embroidery advocates the integration of Buddhism and Taoism with nature. In essence, they did not oppose Zoroastrianism, but advocated natural Zoroastrianism, and their political attitudes in the later period were quite different. Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Liu Ling took an uncooperative attitude towards Sima Group, which was in power and coveted Wei regime. Xiang Xiu was forced to be an official after Ji Kang was killed; Dan Tao was initially "invisible" and became an official after the age of 40; Become a senior official of Sima's regime; Wang Rong is the most famous; After Ruan Xian entered Jin, he served as assistant minister of Sanshui. The literary achievements of the seven people are quite different. Ruan Ji has 6 works, 9 essays and more than 80 poems. His poems are all short stories, or chanting things or narrating stories, with different contents. Biography of Mr. Adult is his longest and best prose work. Ruan Ji's poems represent his major literary achievements. Ji Kang's literary achievements are mainly reflected in his poems. His prose is the most famous, such as "The Theory of Health Preservation" and "The Theory of Indifference". Breaking Up with Juyuan Mountain is the representative work of Ji Kang's prose. Xiang embroidery only has nostalgia, and Liu Ling has an ode to wine virtue, which is light in writing and refined in language, reflecting the spiritual outlook of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties who advocate xuanhu and are passive and decadent. Ruan xian is proficient in temperament, but his writing is not handed down from generation to generation. Dan Tao and Wang Rong don't seem to be parents.