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(1) Seal script
There are two types of seal script: large seal script and small seal script.
1. Large seal script
(1) Oracle bone inscriptions. It is the earliest written text. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties (3,000 years ago), the ancestors predicted bad luck and good fortune, recorded divination, sacrifices and other activities, and were engraved on turtle bones and animal bones. Oracle bones were once lost in history. It was not until 1899 AD that it was discovered by scholars in the traditional Chinese medicine "dragon bones". Later, a large number of discoveries were made in the ruins of the ancient Yin capital in Anyang, Henan Province. There are more than 100,000 pieces of dragon bones. Among the more than 4,600 oracle bone inscriptions, it has been More than 1,700 were identified.
(2) Zhong Dingwen. It is an inscription cast on bronze vessels during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Bronze Age, also known as gold inscriptions. Bells represent musical instruments and tripods represent ritual vessels. During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, a Taishi named Zhou compiled the writings at that time. Zhouwen refers to Zhongdingwen, which is the real seal script.
(3) Shiguwen. It is a carved stone from the Qin State during the Warring States Period. There are ten stone drums, which are shaped like drums and are now stored in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
2. Small seal script. Li Si carved stone.
Early writing was in its infancy, especially oracle bone inscriptions were not yet standardized. There were many ways to write a character, and there were many pictographic elements in the characters, such as the character "horse".
After Qin Shihuang unified the writing system, the writing style of Xiaozhuan became unified. The structure of small seal characters is vertical, the white cloth is symmetrical, the center of the pen is rounded, and the thickness of the lines does not change much. It has a strong and round beauty. It is called jade chopsticks, which resemble jade chopsticks.
According to legend, there were several types of seal characters in the Qin Dynasty. There are seal scripts with bird, insect and snake heads. The shapes of birds, insects and snake heads are drawn at the beginning of these seal scripts. The art of calligraphy is not a concrete representation of objective things, but an abstract art. Therefore, this type of calligraphy can only appear briefly in history and cannot become a true calligraphy art. As far as the art of seal script is concerned, the structures of Zhongdingwen and Shiguwen are unique and ancient. They incorporate the simple beauty of the ancestors and are even more loved by future generations. The "Mao Gong Tripod" written by King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty has 32 lines and 497 words of inscription, which is the best among the bronze inscription works. In addition, "Big Yu Ding" and "Sanshi Pan" are also excellent works in bronze inscriptions.
(2) Official script
The representative works of official script mainly include: Han "Zhang Qian Stele", "Ritual Vessel Stele", "Shi Chen's Back and Back Stele", and "Yi Ying Stele" , "Ode to the Stone Gate" and so on. As early as before the Qin Dynasty, there were preliminary forms of official script on bamboo slips. After a long period of evolution, when paper was invented and used in the Han Dynasty, writing was no longer restricted by the narrow and long bamboo slips. The performance of the brush was fully utilized, and official script broke through the Qin Dynasty. Seal script has a single center stroke, and the writing techniques are very rich. Center and side strokes, square strokes and round strokes, hidden strokes and exposed strokes all show their magical powers. The strokes have the beauty of waves and waves, and the most representative ones are the strokes of "silkworm head" and "swallow tail". Such lines indicate that calligraphers at that time wanted to break away from the monotony of uniformity and pursue lively diversity. In terms of the structure of the characters, it changed the tendency of the small seal script to be raised horizontally and vertically, and the characters stretched horizontally. The mature Han Li was an important turning point in the history of calligraphy, establishing the basic form of Chinese characters. The overall style of official script is strict, majestic, yet flexible and flexible.
(3) Cursive script
Cursive script is divided into Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao.
1. Zhang Cao's representative works include Wu Huangxiang's "Jijiu Zhang", "Civil and Military Generals' Team Tie", Jin Suojing's "Yue Yi Tie"
Cursive script is a calligraphy style earlier than regular script. It began in the process of the evolution of seal script into official script. Official script had a greater influence on Zhangcao, so Zhangcao is also called cursive official script. Representative figures of Zhang Cao: Shi You, Du Du, Cui Yuan, Zhang Zhi, Zhang Xu, etc. in the Han Dynasty, and Huang Xiang, Suo Jing and others in the Three Kingdoms.
2. There are many representative works of Jincao, the most famous ones are "Seventeen Posts" by King Xizhi of Jin Dynasty, "Book Book" by Sun Guoting of Tang Dynasty, etc. Jincao is derived from Zhangcao. Zhang Zhi in the Han Dynasty played a great role in the creation of Jincao and was called the "Sage of Grass". It is a pity that there are no traces of his ink today. The name "Jincao" was given in the Jin Dynasty to distinguish it from Zhangcao. Many famous calligraphers in the past dynasties are good at Jincao. Huang Tingjian, Zhao Meng, Xian Yushu, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Xu Wei, Zhang Ruitu, Fu Shan, Wang Feng and other calligraphy masters have left many calligraphy treasures.
The strokes of cursive script are omitted and overlapped with each other, making it easy to write quickly. Symbols are used to replace radicals, which is both standardized and highly flexible. It is the best style of writing to express the writer's emotions.
3. The most famous Kuangcao scripts include Zhang Xu's "Four Ancient Poems" of the Tang Dynasty and Huaisu's "Self-Reported Tie" of the Tang Dynasty
The writing method of Kuangcao is the same as that of Jincao. It is written wildly, with more concatenations and omissions, which best reflects the wild temperament of the writer. It is known as "Bian Zhang Zui Su" in history. It is said that Zhang Xu and Huai Su often used their pens and ink to dance when they were drunk. .
(4) Running script
It is divided into running script and running script. ??
1. Regular script. For example: Many of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy inscriptions found in the "Lanting Preface" by Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty are not his original works. They are mostly copied or collected by later generations. Most of Wang Xizhi's original remains are buried in the tomb of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. Tang Li Yong's "Lushan Temple Stele", Song Dynasty Huang Tingjian's "Songfeng Pavilion Poems", Song Mi Fu's "Tiaoxi Poems", Yuan Zhao Meng's "Luo Shen Fu", Ming Wen Zhengming's "The Drunkard Pavilion", etc.
2. Cursive writing. For example: Jin Wang Xianzhi's "Yatou Wan Tie", "Mid-Autumn Tie", Tang Yan Zhenqing's "Memorial to Nephew Manuscript", running script is the most suitable style between regular script and cursive script, and those that are close to regular script are called Xingkai. Something close to cursive is called running cursive. Running cursive calligraphy is a calligraphy style created by Wang Xianzhi, and "Yatou Wan Tie" is his representative work of running cursive writing. The original is now in the Shanghai Museum. There are many inscriptions in running script.
(5) Regular script
Regular script is the latest font to be formed, starting in the late Han Dynasty. Han Zhongyao's "Declaration Table", Zhong Yao's "Recommended Ji Zhibiao", Northern Wei Dynasty's "Zhang Menglong Stele", Jin Dynasty's "Cuan Baozi Stele", Jin Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Lun", Jin Wang Xizhi's "Huang Ting Jing". Regarding the Huangting Sutra, there is a legend: A Taoist priest from Shanyin knew that Wang Xizhi loved geese, so he exchanged the white goose for the "Huangting Sutra", so this post is also called "Exchanging the Goose Post". "Thirteen Lines of Luo Shen Fu" presented by the King of Jin Dynasty, "Cuan Long Yan Stele" of the Southern Dynasty, Tang Ouyang Xun's "Jiucheng Palace Liquan Inscription", Tang Yan Zhenqing's "Qinli Stele", Tang Liu Gongquan's "Shence Army Stele" and "Mysterious Tower Stele" 》. Zhong Yao played an extremely important role in the creation of regular script. The original work of Zhong has long been lost. The "Declaration Table" was copied by people in the Jin and Tang Dynasties. The pen is simple and vigorous, graceful and natural. The body posture still retains the meaning of being subordinate. The Wei Stele, Cuan Baozi Stele and Cuan Longyan Stele are all early regular scripts, mainly using square scripts, creating a strong and simple style. Regular script was perfected by the Jin Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty standardized regular script. Tang Kai script was rigorous and the knots were dignified. Dignity is not rigid horizontal and vertical. Careful appreciators can see the subtle and coordinated changes of the calligrapher. For example, Ouyang Xun's "Jiucheng Palace Liquan Inscription" contains rich connotations.