1. Please tell me about the allusion of the word art
Speaking of the beginning of "art", I always think that human beings are also ignorant and slowly summarize their various behaviors that correspond to nature. Summed up into various categories we see today.
Therefore, the word art slowly changes its connotation with human understanding, and subsequently changes its definition corresponding to that period. When I carefully analyzed the ancient meaning of art, I found that the changes of the times of the word art are quite huge.
We can also feel the increasingly sophisticated and advanced development process of human spiritual emotions from this change. After reading a lot of information, the word "planting" that left the deepest impression on me is the word "planting", which was originally associated with "art". As long as you remember "planting", you can get a rough idea of ??the meaning of art in ancient China. Outlined.
Everyone knows that the word "yi" for art was written as "忿" and "埶" in ancient times, and these two words were used to express the behavior of "planting" at the beginning of human creation, so their original meaning is It’s “skill, art, cultivation.” In ancient times, there were "six arts", skills that the scholar-bureaucrat class must learn. "In the Zhou Dynasty, the six sorghum covers were also called sorghums. Confucianists were like the tree sorghums of farmers in terms of etiquette, music, archery, chastity, calligraphy, and numbering." Here, art The word "yi" means planting, and the word "shu" means "technique", so art means "planting technology".
From the research of Duan Yucai, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, we can also see that ancient art meant planting. "Shuowen Jiezi Annotation" said: "忿嶶" is connected, "忿忶是树也, and tree species have the same meaning." "But some scholars believe that the meaning of "planting" is not just purely agricultural behavior. According to that sentence, it is understood as "planting the seeds of empirical value within the human spirit and allowing it to grow." technology".
I think this makes sense. It can also be seen from here that the meaning of "art" has undergone a leap from the original state to the conscious state in Zhou Shi. The process is from the original meaning of "planting" to the extended meaning. Art also generally refers to skills, because human beings can only be aware of the surface of their actions at the beginning, and cannot clearly feel the deeper things inside. Therefore, in ignorance, they refer to art as skills, but as people understand slowly As it improves, the rich connotations hidden underneath will gradually become apparent, and the meaning of art will naturally change accordingly.
This is like when you first discover a new thing, you need to put a label on it to distinguish it from other things. The more I understand it, the richer and clearer its meaning becomes. Since art is generally referred to as skill, all categories of skill are included in the scope of early art.
For example, musicians, kabuki, or musicians, kabuki workers. Here "ji" refers to "skill".
Zhuangzi considered the skill of the cook to untie the ox as art in "The Cook and the Cow." This is easy to understand. According to the broad sense of art, life is full of art, so it is logical that all walks of life can be related to art.
We will discuss the narrow and broad meanings of art next time. Of course, because the ancients' expression of art perception was still in the initial stage, there was considerable ambiguity in the literal meaning, and this ambiguity also caused many later generations to have one-sided views with little knowledge or pretentiousness. Art is technology, and many people’s understanding of art only focuses on expression techniques, but cannot rise to a higher spiritual level.
This has also led to many social prejudices, thinking that people who study art only need good skills, and culture does not need to be valued. Even since the founding of the People's Republic of China, society has long neglected culture for people studying art, resulting in art. After the education level of people in the department generally declined, resulting in the quality of works declining year by year, so that no real masters of art could emerge, they thought that people who studied art were just trash who couldn't read well. Most of these people are indeed rubbish, but please remember: art is not rubbish! The social environment that caused this result is the real garbage generator. At a certain stage in China, art was innocently cast a layer of humiliation.
The word "art" in the ancient West was the same early state of mankind. Westerners' initial definition of art was also vague. However, the most obvious difference from China is that the Western meaning of art and religion There is a close relationship. Therefore, if you grasp the word "religion", you can also roughly understand the basic outline of early Western art. In the eyes of Westerners, art is different from other special skills, such as carpentry, ironwork, surgery and other skills.
Here, Westerners are more clearly aware of the particularity and innate importance of art. "ART" roughly means "art" in English, and "ARS" in ancient Latin roughly means "art", but art at that time referred to any form of book learning, such as grammar, logic, witchcraft, etc. astrology, astrology.
Westerners generally refer to these knowledges as skills. The Greeks and Romans created one of the most amazing arts in human history, but they only regarded art as a set of skills, such as poetry skills, logic skills, etc.
At that time, they were still full of doubts about the phenomenon of art. Like any early humans, the essential connotation of art had not yet been clearly and completely expressed. It can also be seen that human beings can be more pure and devoted when creating spiritual wealth using only their innate intuition.
This may be the so-called "the world is inherently simple", and "complexity" is nothing more than a process when people explore the world. "Complexity" is a fragment, and when put together it becomes "simple".
Reference: /f?kz=178550913. 2. Words used to describe art and quality in ancient Chinese
List of common ancient and modern synonyms 1. The late emperor did not regard his ministers as despicable, but was wretched and self-indulgent.
("Teaching the Master") Despicable--poor character. Humble, humble origin; humble, humble. Often used as a word of modesty.
2. After completing the courtesy of meeting in Dudao, it will only take thirty days to return. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") But - a conjunction that expresses a turning relationship.
No more than. 3. Therefore, a disciple does not have to be inferior to a teacher, and a teacher does not have to be better than a disciple.
("Shi Shuo") No need - not necessary for reasons or reasons. Not necessarily. 4. It’s the woman’s fault.
("Ximen Leopard Governing Ye") Not good - bad. Not beautiful.
Okay, she looks beautiful. 5. On the first day of the battle, it is not good for the army.
("The Battle of Red Cliff") The first day of the lunar month - the first day of each month in the lunar calendar. Just at the beginning. 6. Those who were born before me, and they heard the Tao before me, so I learned from them.
("Shi Shuo") Thus - a conjunction that expresses succession. Follow, follow: and, conjunction, the latter part of the connection complements the purpose of the previous action.
7. If the punishment suits your brother’s wishes, then you have to do it yourself! ("The Bird Flying Southeast") Punishment - Punishment for those who commit crimes or make mistakes. Dispose of, deal with.
8. If troops are used later, the officers will be sent to sue the temple with a few prisoners. ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan") Engage in - ① Do something.
② Handle (according to regulations). It can generally refer to general officials.
9. Today, Chu is five thousand miles away and holds a million halberds, which are the assets of an overlord. ("Mao Sui's Self-Recommendation") Local - ① refers to provinces, cities and counties, as opposed to the "central government".
② Refers to non-military departments, groups, etc., as opposed to "military". ③Area.
Part 4. Di, land; square, square circle.
10. ① The great river goes eastward, and the waves are gone, and there are romantic figures throughout the ages. ("Nian Nujiao? Chibi Nostalgia") ② The wind and rain will always blow away the wind.
("Eternal Happiness? Nostalgia for the Past in Beiguting, Jingkou") Romance - ① Those with achievements and talents. ② Refers to someone who is talented and knowledgeable and does not adhere to etiquette.
③Refers to the debauchery between men and women. ①Outstanding person or achievement; handsome, outstanding.
②The bustling scene and the lingering charm of the wind. 11. Therefore, send generals to guard the gates to prepare for thieves to come in and out and make trouble.
("Hongmen Banquet") Very - an adverb expressing a deep degree; an accident. 12. Out of gratitude, the late emperor promised to drive away. ("Chu Shi Biao") Gratitude - having a good impression of others because of help.
Be moved and excited. 13. Quan got up to change his clothes and Su chased Yuxia.
("Battle of Red Cliff") Changing clothes - changing clothes. Going to the toilet is a taboo term.
14. The story of Gou’s defeat from the Six Kingdoms because the world was so big is that he fell under the Six Kingdoms again. ("Six Kingdoms") Story - something coherent and attractive that can be told.
Precedent, past events. 15. Call on the three old heroes and you all to come and take care of things.
("Chen She's Uprising") Hero - a person with outstanding talents. ①A person with prestige and status.
16. You should go all over the world and eliminate the debris and filth of the Han family. ("Battle of Red Cliff") Rampant - acting arrogantly and relying on violence to act recklessly.
Galloping freely. 17. ① Because of his wealth, he communicates with princes. ("On Precious Millet") ② Traffic on the streets, chickens and dogs hear each other.
("Peach Blossom Spring") Transportation - ① Easy access. ②A general term for various transportation, postal and telecommunications services.
①Collusion, ②interaction. 18. Wanzhen then led the young men to show up.
((Feng Wanzhen)) End - development or progress to the final stage and no longer continued. Get your outfit together.
19. Work hard and die. ("The Later Disciple") Bow - bend down and salute.
Respectfully and cautiously 20. It is also the specific and subtle one of Yandang. ("Yandang Mountain") Concrete - not abstract, not general.
Tool, possess, body, shape. 21. He led his wife to come to this desperate situation.
("Peach Blossom Spring") Desperate situation - a situation with no way out. An area isolated from the outside world.
22. Call on the three elders, heroes and others to come and take care of things. ("Chen She Family") Accountant - a person who manages financial work such as accounting income and expenditure.
Meet, gather; plan, discuss. 23. All sons of wealth and honor are generous and ambitious.
("Tombstones of Five People") Generosity - ① Be generous and not stingy. ② Full of righteousness and enthusiasm.
High-spirited and passionate. 24. ① Your body is extremely pitiful, and my mother prays for you.
("The Peacock Flies Southeast") ②My poor body is in plain clothes, but my heart is charcoal and I wish it would be cold. ("The Charcoal Seller") Poor - ①Deserving of mercy.
②Not worth mentioning. ①Cute.
②Deserves sympathy. 25. It is sincerely appropriate to open Zhang Shengting to honor the legacy of the late Emperor.
("The Master's Guide") Opening - the store begins to open. Not occlusive, broad.
26. There are few horses and pommels in front of the door, and the boss married a business woman. ("Pipa Xing") Boss - the person who ranks first or has the highest status among his peers or friends.
Older. 27. The Prime Minister and the following officials made him sit facing south and called him General Liu.
("The Biography of Liu Jingting") South - South, indicating the direction. South, toward the south; face, face, toward.
28. In his old age, martyrs are full of ambition. ("Turtle is Longevity") Martyrs - people who sacrifice their lives for justice and revolution.
Refers to a person who is determined to establish a career. 29. The King of Qin was very happy and sent a message to show off the beauty (referring to the palace concubine) and his surroundings.
("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") Beauty - a beautiful woman. Refers to a beautiful woman, and can also specifically refer to a singer or palace concubine.
30. Xiangru marches forward. ("Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") Forward - to act or develop forward.
To come forward, to step forward; to advance, to offer something. 31. The reason why ministers go to relatives to serve the king is because they admire the king's high righteousness.
("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") Relatives - the family or its members who have a marriage relationship with one's own family. Relatives at home and abroad include parents, uncles, children and nephews, and people in the mother’s and wife’s families.
32. ① Ye Tu are similar, but their taste is different; ② Compared with Qin’s gains, those who won from victory were actually a hundred times as much. ("Six Kingdoms") Actually - adverb, indicating that what is said is the actual situation (continuing from the above with a twist).
① Its fruit. ②The actual situation.
33. In autumn, the desert turns dark. ("Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind") Autumn - Autumn.
Autumn, autumn; day, sky.
34. Zibu and Yuanbiao each took care of his wife.
("Battle of Red Cliff") Wife - spouse (female). Wife and children.
35. Meat eaters seek it out. ("The Debate on Cao GUI") Meat - meat food.
Eat meat. "Meat eaters" refers to high officials who live a comfortable life.
36. The heroes of Shandong then rose up and destroyed the Qin clan. ("On Passing the Qin Dynasty") Shandong - Shandong Province.
Refers to the six kingdoms of Chu, Zhao and other countries east of Hangu Pass in Yaoshan, Qin State during the Warring States Period. 37. Those who are close to you are offering words to attack the crime. Jing Hui points to the south, and Liu Cong restrains his hands.
("Battle of Red Cliff") To tie one's hands - no way, used together with "no strategy". surrender.
38. Although I received the land from the late king, I am willing to keep it forever. ("Tang Sui fulfilled his mission." 3. Where does the word "art" come from in China?
In the West, both "art" and "art" are derived from the Latin word "art" in ancient Rome. Meaning refers to "artificial skills" relative to "natural creation", and generally refers to various hand-made artworks as well as music, literature, drama, etc. At that time, art in a broad sense even included clothing, cultivation, boxing, medical skills, etc. In the ancient Greek period, the concept of art was still equated with craftsmanship and technology. However, when ancient Greek painting and sculpture developed into a mature stage in the fifth century BC, they had basically established a set of classical beauty standards, which would serve as a guide for the future. The evolution of the meaning of art laid the foundation. It was not until the Renaissance that art was gradually equated with "beautiful". In the mid-18th century, the conceptual system of art based on beauty was formally established, and art became the main object of aesthetics in English today. The word "art" is still used to mean both "art" and "art". It can be used to refer to music, dance, literature, drama, film and other various art categories. Sometimes it is also used specifically to refer to paintings, etc. , sculpture, crafts, and architecture. In many Western works, we can even see that the "art" mentioned by the author actually only refers to a part of what we Chinese think of as art: painting. "The fine arts" (which we directly translate as "art") still refers to poetry, music, painting, sculpture, architecture, etc.
The term "art" has been used in China since the New Culture Movement. It was commonly used by literary artists and educators. When Cai Yuanpei used the term "art", it also included poetry and music. Later, China's literary and educational circles gradually separated the concepts of "art" and "art". In the past, "art" is the general term for all art categories. It is a large humanities discipline that uses different visual methods to reflect nature and society and express human emotions. It includes art, music, poetry, dance, drama, and film. , calligraphy, etc., as well as clothing, gardens, etc. and "art" is specifically used to refer to an important branch of art - that is, the visual art part. In short, in Chinese we have "art" and "art". "The two words have different meanings and different scopes of reference, but there is only one word "art" in English, which is used to refer to all categories of art in general and to specifically refer to a part of all categories of art - - Art, even an aspect of art - painting. This is the difference between the meaning and application scope of the words "art" and "art" between the East and the West. Art uses material materials as the medium to create considerable stillness. Art is an artistic image that occupies a certain plane or three-dimensional space. It is a social ideology that expresses the author's thoughts and feelings. It is also a form of production that usually refers to paintings, sculptures, arts and crafts, architectural arts, etc. that are developed and expressed in space. It is an art that appeals to people's vision. When Europe began to use this name in the 17th century, it generally referred to paintings, sculptures, literature, music, etc. with aesthetic significance. When I began to use this term commonly around the time of the May 4th Movement, it also had a connotation equivalent to the entire art. For example, when Lu Xun explained the word "art" in 1913, he wrote: "Art is the word...translated from the British name Aite. The word "Aite" originally came from Greece, and its friendship was art. Soon afterwards, our country also used the word "art". The word "art" is translated as "爱特", and the word "art" has become a name specifically referring to visual arts such as painting.
4. The classical Chinese compilation of "Shizhongshan Ji" includes the ancient and modern meanings of Tongjia characters, multiple meanings of a word, the use of parts of speech, and special sentences
The classical Chinese compilation of "Shizhongshan Ji" 1. Tongjia characters ① The southern tone is Han Hu, the northern tone is Qingyue (Han Hu, the same as "vague", heavy and turbid and blurry) ② Zhimo Yeyue Ming (Mo, Tong "twilight", night) 2. Different meanings in ancient and modern times 1. There are many holes in the sky. Ancient: the middle is empty; today: in the sky .2. Think oneself is true. Ancient: the truth of the matter; present: actually. 3. Multiple meanings of the word 1. Drum ① sound like bells and drums incessantly (drumming, verb) ② breeze and drum waves (vibration, verb) ) 2. Mo ① Until the moon is bright at night ("Mo" refers to "twilight", the time of sunset, noun) ② Therefore, there is no way to know (no one, no negative pronoun) 3. Since ① I think I have got it ( Self, pronoun) ② Yu Ziqi’an came to you on a boat trip (from, preposition) 4. Yan ① Peng Ci’s mouth has Shi Zhongshan Yan (linguistic particle) ② 硿硿yan (equivalent to "ran", the end of the adjective, "..." ") ③Microwave enters Yan (equivalent to "here, in it", that is, "to there", and also a word) ④ Ru Le Zuo Yan (equivalent to "here, in it", there, and a word) 5. Yu ① The lingering rhyme rests (remaining, adjective) ② Yu Youzhi (I, pronoun) 6. De ① Got two stones on the tan (get, find, verb) ② Because he got to watch the so-called stone bell (able, auxiliary verb) 7. Struggle ① water and stone fighting each other (beat, beat, verb) ② eager to fight people (pounce, catch, verb) 8. And ① listen to it (meaning follow-up) ② watch it slowly (meaning modification) ③ in the air And Duoqiao (tables are parallel) ④ What Li Yuan saw and heard is almost the same as Yu, and the description is unknown (table turns) ⑤ Qin used the city to ask for the jade, but Zhao did not allow it (shows hypothesis) 9. Because ① Because he could observe the so-called stone bell The person (therefore) ② Because of the smile, he said Mai said (therefore) 4. Inflection of parts of speech (1) Nouns as adverbials ① Yu Ziqi'an came to you on a boat trip (boat, with a boat, in a boat) ② The big stone stood thousands of feet on the side (side, on the Next to) ③Things cannot be seen and heard (eyes, with one's own eyes; ears, with one's ears) ④The scholar-bureaucrats are finally unwilling to park their boats under the cliff at night (night, at night, at night) (2) Nouns as verbs ① And this alone Name of the bell (name, naming, naming) ② Breeze and drum waves (name to move, vibrate) ③ Ringing like bells and drums incessantly (name to move, ring bells and drums) (3) Usage ① Even if the wind and waves cannot ring, (Ming, to make... ring) 5. Special sentence patterns (1) Judgment sentence ① If the stone has a sonorous sound, it is everywhere ② Or it can be called this stork and crane ③ If it squeaks, it means that King Zhou Jing has no shot ④ The person who drills the mandarin in the winding is like the bell of Wei Zhuangzi ⑤ So it is not passed down in this world (2) Omitted sentence ① Now the bell chime is placed (in) the water, even if the wind and waves are strong, it cannot ring (it), but it is like a stone! ② The scholar-bureaucrats finally refused to moor (under) the cliff in a small boat at night (3) Preposition of the object ① The ancients did not deceive others ("Bu Yu deceive" means "Don't deceive others") (4) The attributive is placed after ① The stone has a sonorous sound (i.e. "the stone with sonorous sound") (5) The prepositional structure is placed after ① There are two stones on the pool ② There is also an old man coughing and laughing in the valley ③ and loudly On the water 6. Key word meanings 1. stop ringing and rise (spread) 2. I am more suspicious (more) 3. everything is the same (like this) 4. come to you (go, arrive) 5. I am still eager to return (just now) (scared) 6. There are caves (gaps) in the rocks under the mountain 7. There is a surging atmosphere and this is why it (formed) 8. Corresponding to those who are facing the misfortune (previously) (response) 9. Li Yuan What I saw and heard is almost the same as Yu (probably) 10. It is not passed down in this world (because of...) 7. Common knowledge of literature and culture Su Shi (1037-1101), a writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. The courtesy name is Zizhan, and his nickname is Dongpo. A layman. Together with his father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Zhe, he is collectively known as Sansu. He can be called an all-rounder in literature and art. His writing is unbridled, clear and fluent. Together with Ouyang Xiu, he is also known as Ou Su. He is one of the eight great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. His poetry is fresh and fresh. Hao Jian is good at using exaggerated metaphors and has a unique style in artistic expression. He is also known as Su Huang together with Huang Tingjian. He has a bold style of poetry and has a great influence on future generations. He is also known as Su Xin with Xin Qiji. He is good at running script and regular script in calligraphy and can create his own ideas. His brushwork is rich and undulating, with an innocent and unrestrained interest. Together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang, he is known as one of the four masters of the Song Dynasty. He has the same painting and literary studies. He likes to paint dead trees and strange rocks, and advocates spiritual similarities in painting. Among his poems and essays, there are "Seven Collections of Dongpo" etc. His lyrics include "Dongpo Yuefu". Representative works: "Red Cliff Ode", "Shizhong Mountain Records", "Drinking on the Lake at the First Sunny and Later Rain", "Nian Nujiao? Chibi Nostalgia", etc. "Shizhong Mountain Records" is an investigative travel note. Written In the summer of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Su Shi sent his eldest son Su Mai on his way to Ruzhou. The article narrates the author's exploration of the origin of the name of Shizhong Mountain, explaining that to understand the truth of things, one must "see and hear". Subjective assumptions...