Spending too much time studying is lazy, spending too much time decorating is melodramatic, and everything is pedantic according to the provisions of books. Reading makes people perfect, but it needs to be supplemented by experience, because natural talents are like natural trees, which need to be pruned by later learning, and the truth in books is often general and irrelevant if it is not limited by experience.
Reading should not only refute the author, but also not easily believe what is said in the book and take it for granted, not to find conversation material. But to weigh the weight and think seriously. Some books can be tasted, some books can be swallowed, and a few books must be chewed and digested. In other words, some books only need to be read in part, some can be skimmed, and a few must be read through. When reading, you should concentrate on it and be diligent. Some books can also be read on behalf of others and abstracted as needed, but this is only limited to works with less important themes and low quality.
Second, be familiar with Jing En. He thinks that some people are not effective in reading because they don't work hard enough on the words "proficiency" and "precision". He also criticized the tendency to read too much, and repeatedly said, "Don't read too much, be good at reading. If you look at one board and half a board today, then focus on the first half. "
Third, swim with an open mind. Zhu once criticized two common problems at that time: first, "subjective and private will", that is, speculating the truth in the book with his own ideas and distorting the original intention of the ancients. The second is the "ancestor theory", that is, the previously accepted views refused to give up, thus refusing to accept new views.
In order to correct these two bad problems, Zhu advocates that reading must be open-minded, thoughtful and carefully understand the author's original intention. Zhu stressed that reading should be patient, that is, chewing repeatedly and deeply understanding the main idea of the article.
Fourth, I have observed. Wei advocates "poor reading, being in the body." What do you mean by "split body"? Is to get information and practice it. From the perspective of reading methods, Zhu stressed that reading must be linked with oneself and practice, and it is desirable to turn the learned theory into action.
Fifth, hold tight and push hard. "Make great efforts" has two meanings: First, seize the time, "I forgot to eat when I was hungry, and I forgot to drink when I was thirsty." Second, be refreshed. We should be resolute, decisive and brave. "If you hold up the water boat, you can't slow down."
Sixth, respect and ambition. The so-called respect and persistence means that reading must be single-minded, attentive, ambitious and tenacious. This is also the most basic spirit of Zhu's reading method.
What is "cow chewing"? He said: "The old cow ate grass during the day, and at eleven or twelve in the middle of the night, she moved her mouth and chewed what she swallowed during the day. You should also repeat what needs intensive reading many times, chew it very carefully, and then swallow it. Some books are generally swallowed at first, and then carefully studied section by section. In this way, indigestible things are easy to digest. " This is the intensive reading of "Niu Chew".
Be reasonable and get to the point. Although patrolling and hunting, it is still "talking about the sky". Reading holds an attitude of not knowing is not knowing, and attaches importance to practice. "Always emphasize the rule of law, see the rule of law in practice, don't just talk about it." It is very significant to apply the knowledge of mathematics and physics to the management of Yongding River and Yellow River.
The library contains Ming History, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty, Pei Yunwen Fu, Kangxi Dictionary and so on.
Many of the books he has read are about history. Chairman Mao likes reading all kinds of Chinese and foreign historical books, especially those of China. From twenty-four histories, history as a mirror and historical records to various unofficial history, official history and historical romances. He has always advocated "making the past serve the present" and attached great importance to historical experience. In his works and speeches, he often quoted historical allusions from Chinese and foreign history books to vividly explain profound truth, and he often used historical experience and lessons to guide and treat today's revolutionary cause.
Chairman Mao also read many books about China literature. He is a real reader.
Super reading method
Talking about learning methods
To learn well, we must pay attention to scientific learning methods. The so-called learning method is the means and methods people adopt in the learning process. It includes methods of acquiring knowledge, learning skills, developing intelligence and cultivating ability.
Einstein summed up his great achievements with a formula: w = x+y+z and explained that w stands for success, x stands for hard work, y stands for the correct method, and z stands for no empty talk. The German philosopher Descartes once said: "The most valuable knowledge is the knowledge about methods." Numerous facts have proved that scientific learning methods will give full play to learners' talents and make them smarter as they learn. It brings high efficiency and fun to learners, thus saving a lot of time. But illegal learning methods will hinder the display of talent, and the more you learn, the more you die. It has brought inefficiency and trouble to learners. Therefore, methods play a very important role in success. So, how can we learn to master scientific learning methods? Here are five main learning methods.
(1) Prepare well.
Preview is self-study before class. Refers to reading a new lesson independently before the teacher gives a lecture. A preliminary understanding of the content is a process of preparing for accepting new knowledge in class. Some students, because they don't have the habit of previewing, know nothing about what the teacher is going to say in a class, waiting for the teacher to give a lecture. Listen to the teacher and do as the teacher asks, which is dull and passive, lacking the enthusiasm and initiative of learning. Although some students can preview, they seem to just skim through the books without thinking or analyzing. This preview has no effect at all.
1. Benefits of preview
(1) can find the weak links in their own knowledge, and make up this part of knowledge before class, so as not to become a stumbling block when listening to lectures. In this way, new knowledge will be understood smoothly.
(2) It is beneficial to listen to the teacher's ideas in class. Strong selectivity to the teaching content. Clear what knowledge should be put into the main energy to strengthen understanding and digestion; Where to take notes, be conscious.
(3) Preview helps to clarify the key points and difficulties, and is convenient for attending lectures and asking questions with questions. Focus on the difficult points. This is easy to solve doubts, sounds relaxed and interesting, thinks smoothly and actively, and has a high learning effect.
(4) Preview can improve the level of note-taking. Because of the preview before class, the content and blackboard writing are very clear to me. In class, you can not write down or write down the contents of the book, but focus on the contents that are not in the book or that you are not clear about, as well as the key issues that the teacher reminds you repeatedly. So we can spend more time thinking and understanding problems.
2. Several problems that should be paid attention to in the preview.
(1) Reading, thinking, asking questions and memorizing should be carried out simultaneously in preparation for the exam. You can read as much as possible in the textbook. You don't need to fully understand it, and you don't need to delve into the problem. You just need to mark different symbols with a pen. Write down the questions you don't understand as the focus of the class. But you must know what you have learned and the small problems that the teacher can't tell, so as to eliminate the "obstacles".
(2) If I didn't have the habit of previewing before, I want to change my method and preview before class, but I can't spread it all at once. Every course is previewed in advance. Doing so will feel that there is not enough time. It looks very nervous and can't achieve the preview effect. Therefore, at the beginning of preview, we should first choose one or two subjects that are difficult for us to learn, wait until we have tasted the sweetness and gained experience, and then gradually increase the subjects when time permits until they are fully rolled out.
(3) Preview should be carried out after the completion of the day's homework. If you have more time, you will preview more courses and drill deeper; On the contrary, just preview a few courses less and drill a little shallowly. You must not be busy previewing before you finish your study tasks every day, which will disturb the normal learning order.
(4) Students with poor learning don't preview before class and don't understand in class. After class, they still need to spend a lot of time filling in the blanks and doing their homework. They are so busy all day that they can't find time to preview. In fact, the fundamental reason for such poor students is that they do not preview. Learning consists of preview, class, review and homework. Insufficient preview will affect the smooth progress of the following links. These students must be prepared to suffer more in the short term. After finishing your daily study tasks, you should arrange some time for preview. Although it takes time, I can understand it in class, which reduces the time wasted because I don't understand it in class. At the same time, it can also reduce the time of sorting, digesting and homework after class. After a long time, normal operation will change the passive situation of learning, and there is no need to work overtime anymore.
3. Preview requirements
(1) Pay attention to actual effect, not become a mere formality. Arrange your time according to your study plan, don't focus on one thing at a time. Preview is usually arranged on the night before the new class. In this way, the impression will be deeper. If the new lesson is difficult, you should preview more time; If it is difficult, you should spend less time previewing. We should focus on those subjects that are difficult for us to learn, and it is our turn to teach new courses for preview, while other subjects only need general preview. Some subjects can also use Sunday to concentrate on previewing the courses to be taught next week, reducing the burden of previewing every day.
(2) The task of preview is to understand and perceive the content of the new lesson (such as concepts, definitions, formulas, demonstration methods, etc.). ) through the preliminary reading, so as to clear the way for a smooth understanding of the new lesson. The specific tasks are: ① Review, consolidate and cram the old knowledge you have learned, find out the problems you don't understand in the new lesson, and write them down thoroughly. ② What is the basic content in the new lesson? What have these knowledge contents developed on the original basis? And find out the key path in the book. It is the key to ensure efficient learning. When listening to the class, some students listened attentively; Some people are distracted, depressed and dozing off. Some are like tape recorders, listening and recording all; Some listen and write down, and what the teacher says can basically be written down; Some mainly listen, think while listening, and write down the questions; Some don't remember at all, just listen; Some people think while listening and rowing. When thinking, some think about the content of the class, some think about the knowledge system related to this class, some think about the teacher's ideas, and some compare their own ideas with the teacher's ideas.
So, how can we achieve the purpose of listening to a good class? The general requirement is to grasp the different characteristics of each subject, listen with questions, listen clearly to the content, remember the main points, grasp the key points, pay attention to the teacher's teaching methods and ideas, and dispel doubts. Specific requirements:
1. We should fully understand the important role of teachers in the classroom. Because teachers play a leading role in classroom teaching. His analysis and explanation in class are far more detailed than after-class tutoring, which is unmatched by students' own reading. Classroom teaching is the simplest way for teachers to guide students to master knowledge. Therefore, every student should learn from the teacher with an open mind. Do a good job in every class under the guidance of the teacher.
2. Pay attention, concentrate on listening to the teacher's explanation, follow the teacher's lecture ideas, and never be distracted. If you have a better idea inspired by the teacher, you can write it down in your notebook and think deeply or ask your teachers and classmates after class. In short, "distraction" in class is the enemy of learning.
In class, you can try to make your own judgment and conclusion before the teacher makes it. See if what you think is consistent with what the teacher said. Find out the cause of right and wrong.
4. Try to understand in class. Cognition is a thinking process of grasping the essence, internal relations and laws of things. So, how to understand it in class? In class, what you think should be unified with what the teacher said, and what you think should be unified with what the teacher said. Inspired by the teacher, you should always use your head and think positively. If you don't understand or understand thoroughly in your thinking, you should raise your hand and ask questions. If the teacher has no time to answer your questions in class, you should continue to listen to the teacher's explanation. Ask the teacher after class.
5. Follow the teacher's ideas. The purpose of class is to increase knowledge and develop intelligence. Therefore, if you can't understand knowledge, even if you attend classes no matter how good, it is equivalent. A high-level lecture should not only pay attention to the specific knowledge imparted by the teacher, but also pay attention to the teacher's teaching ideas. The purpose of pursuing teachers' ideas is to clarify the various thinking modes and thinking processes used by teachers in the teaching process. Learn how teachers think carefully and scientifically, so as to improve their thinking ability and intelligence. Some students don't pay attention to the teacher's lecture ideas, but focus on reciting the teacher's deduction and induction formula or conclusion, which is considered to be the main purpose of class. In fact, the knowledge you master in this way is dead knowledge that you know but don't know why. This kind of dead knowledge is soon forgotten and can't be used to solve practical problems, let alone develop intelligence.
6. Grasp the key to the knowledge content and subject characteristics of a class. The key of knowledge content generally refers to basic concepts, basic principles, basic relationships, formulas and definitions. When the teacher explains these key knowledge, you must pay special attention and hold on tight. Similarly, the key study without grasping the characteristics of the subject will also affect your learning effect. In fact, the content system, development ideas, training requirements and teaching methods of each subject have their own characteristics. These characteristics must be mastered in learning. For example, in physics, chemistry and biology classes, we should pay special attention to observation and experiment, and master scientific concepts and laws through thinking on the basis of perceptual knowledge. Mathematics should acquire mathematical knowledge and cultivate mathematical thinking ability through a lot of calculus and proof exercises. When listening to lectures, Chinese and foreign languages mainly grasp the knowledge points of words, phrases, sentences and texts, and improve their reading and writing ability through listening, speaking, reading and writing. In order to better understand and master language and writing.
(3) Grasp the review link.
Review is to systematically reprocess the knowledge learned before, and make appropriate adjustments according to the learning situation to prepare for the next stage of learning. So every class, every text, every unit and every book should be reviewed in time. If the review is timely and appropriate, the knowledge will be less forgotten. As early as 1885, German psychologist Ebbinghaus found through experiments that the material he had just memorized could only keep 44% after one hour. Can remember 33% after one day; Only 28% remained after two days; After six days, 25%. All people will soon forget what they have learned, and then slowly forget it. Some students with good memory often review from different angles and levels, so as to achieve "review every day, summarize every week and summarize every chapter", thus forming an amazing memory. So many students can't remember what they have learned, not because they are stupid, but because they are not good at reviewing, or they are not good at reviewing.
1. Review requirements
(1) Go over what the teacher said on the blackboard in time after class, just like watching a movie. See how much you can remember and how much you forget. Then open your notes and look for blanks.
(2) When reading textbooks, you should think while reading and think deeply about the key points and difficulties. Analyze doubts and deepen understanding.
(3) Read the necessary reference books to enrich what you have learned in class.
(4) Organize and enrich notes, classify knowledge, deepen, simplify and organize knowledge, and strengthen memory according to laws.
(5) Strengthen practice. Generally speaking, practice should be done after review, or practice while reviewing. In the review process, strengthening practice can improve the review effect.
(1) Review in time. Review what you learned that day, and never put it off. Don't owe the account. Otherwise, if the content is unfamiliar and the knowledge structure is scattered, it will take twice as long to relearn. Understand that it is much easier to repair a collapsed house than to rebuild it.
(2) Review concepts, formulas, laws, theorems and laws closely. Think about how they are formed and derived. What can it be applied to? What do they need? Is there any other statement or proof? What knowledge is it related to? Grasp the knowledge firmly by tracing the source.
(3) Review repeatedly. Review once after learning a lesson and once after learning a chapter (or a unit). Summarize systematically in a stage of learning. Focus on reviewing it at the end of the term. Through this step-by-step review, the knowledge connection formed will not fade.
(4) Review should have your own ideas. After reviewing a lesson, a section and a chapter, write a summary of your thoughts and ideas, list charts, or use the method of outline summary to connect the previous knowledge and form a complete knowledge network.
(5) When you encounter problems in review, don't rush to read books or ask people, think before you look (ask). This will help to concentrate, strengthen memory and improve learning efficiency. Every time you review, you should first recall the last time. Doing so not only maintains the continuity of learning, but also has a good effect on memory.
(6) In the review, we should look at some questions properly and do some questions. The selected questions should be selected around the review center. Before solving the problem, we should first recall the ideas we have done in the past and then do the problem on this basis. The purpose of doing the problem is to check your review effect, deepen your understanding of knowledge and cultivate your ability to solve problems. Doing comprehensive questions can deepen the understanding of the complete system of knowledge and cultivate the ability of comprehensive application of knowledge.
(4) Complete the operation independently.
Doing homework independently is an important means to deepen knowledge, consolidate knowledge and check the learning effect, and it is also the main form of combining review with application. But some students didn't really make good use of this link. They hurried to do their homework as soon as class was over. As soon as they finished their homework, everything was fine. Some students don't understand at all in class and don't ask after class. After copying their homework, they handed it over to the teacher. In fact, doing homework well has the following significance:
1. You can check your learning effect. Problems can be found by doing homework so as to remedy them in time.
2. By thinking when doing homework, we can deepen our understanding of knowledge, clarify confusing concepts and skillfully change formulas. In short, it is conducive to transforming the knowledge in books into your own knowledge.
3. Can cultivate thinking ability. Because of all kinds of problems raised in homework, I will inevitably urge myself to think positively and enhance my ability to analyze and solve problems.
4. After finishing your homework, don't throw it away, but organize it regularly to accumulate information for the general review. When reviewing, it is convenient, easy and impressive to look through the recorded homework.
Basic requirements and methods of doing homework:
1. Examining questions is an important step in doing homework. To get a topic, we must first judge which category it belongs to and how difficult it is. Distinguish the conditions and requirements of the topic. What are the known conditions? What other conditions can be mined from the information provided by the topic? What are its requirements? At the same time, let your thoughts follow the path of the topic. By thinking about the purpose and significance of solving problems accurately and thoroughly, we can distinguish what the known conditions are and what the conclusions required by the topic are. In the process of examining questions, we should also pay attention to other formal conditions that are not directly expressed in language, that is, pay attention to the mining of implicit conditions.
2. Find a way to solve the problem. There are generally three methods: one is "cause and effect", which can be expressed as "known → known → known ……", and finally a conclusion is drawn. The second is "holding the cause", that is, the conclusion ← needs to know ← needs to know ← ... ".In this way, we will pursue it layer by layer until all the known conditions are met. This way. It opens the way between the known conditions and the required conclusions. Thirdly, for some complicated topics, the first two comprehensive methods should be used to shorten the distance between conditions and conclusions as much as possible. That is, on the one hand, some known intermediate results are derived from known conditions, on the other hand, some intermediate results that need to be known are analyzed according to the requirements of the topic. Once the known needs and known things are unified, the way to solve the problem can be obtained.
When looking for solutions to problems, we should extensively contact with concepts, formulas, rules and methods related to these conditions and conclusions. Lenovo has solved the same or similar problems in the past. How was it solved at that time? If you can think of old knowledge, that is, the laws, principles and formulas corresponding to this problem, it will come to your mind, which will broaden the thinking of solving problems. The wider the association, the greater the span, and the better the problem-solving effect.
Sometimes, because the topic is complex, you can draw a sketch of the examination process for the convenience of thinking. This is actually the process of processing and transforming the topic by using the knowledge learned. After processing, the thinking is clear, and the shortcut to solve the problem will appear in front of you.
3. Solve the problem correctly. After two steps, I have found a solution to the problem and decided on a solution. However, we should also pay attention to the quality and quantity of solving problems in implementation. To do this, the steps to solve the problem must be calculated step by step. Standardized writing, clear format and accurate expression. To do this, we must have a solid foundation. In addition, in solving problems, important knowledge points should be written, complex questions should be concise, and simple questions should be written in detail.
4. Pay attention to the inspection. Just go back and check again to see if all the solutions required by the topic have been found and if there are any missing solutions. Whether the obtained solution meets the requirements of the topic and whether there is a wrong solution. Examination is an important link to cultivate students' independent thinking ability. There are many ways to check. ① Step-by-step test method. That is, from the beginning of the exam, check step by step. This method can detect errors in calculations and expressions. (2) Emphasis on practice. That is, do it again and see if the result is the same. ③ Substitution method. Substitute the calculation results into the formula or formula to see if it is reasonable. At the same time, we should also pay attention to practicing more questions, solving more questions and thinking more about one question. Compare the problem-solving habits of classification, and constantly improve your ability to analyze and solve problems.
Take class notes carefully.
Taking notes is for learning, understanding and use. The principle of taking notes is to give priority to listening, supplemented by taking notes. Concise, concise and detailed. Difficulties are not spared, and doubts are marked. Not chaotic, not miscellaneous, in good order. We should remember the problems we think of and find them in time. Leave a blank space in your notes so that you can fill in the blanks when reviewing.
The main contents of the notes are:
1. Remember the lecture outline, problem-solving ideas, important and difficult points and important experiences you have learned.
2. The ideas, arguments and reasoning process put forward by the teacher when solving problems. A clever and novel way to solve the problem.
3. Problems not solved in class. The connection or combination of new knowledge and old knowledge. An error-prone and confusing concept.
4. Remember the main points. Some books don't need to be memorized. You can leave blank in your notes, make up your notes after class or review them against your textbooks.
5. Preview the problems and experiences found, and master the bad old knowledge by yourself.
6. Extract materials from reference books that are helpful to the content of textbooks.
The advantages of taking notes are:
1. It's not easy to be absent-minded, because you have to listen, remember and think in class. Can maintain concentration and persistence, and strengthen the acceptance and understanding of knowledge.
2. Taking notes with hands, eyes, ears and brain can comprehensively train sensory organs and thinking, improve learning ability and exercise logical thinking ability.
3. Improve the ability to use words and develop shorthand skills.
4. You can get twice the result with half the effort by omitting the time of searching for information, rethinking and temporarily summarizing before the exam.
Note-taking: When there is a contradiction between note-taking and class, the first thing to do is to understand. Notes can be taken slowly, not taken, or supplemented. In short, taking notes is based on the premise that it cannot affect the effect of listening, thinking and understanding. Some students think that whether you understand it or not, write it down first, and then think slowly after class, digest and absorb it. Once you have this idea, don't think much in class, try to take notes. There are several pages in the class notes, and there are many questions. If you want to understand the problems one by one, time and energy are not allowed, which will inevitably affect your academic performance and intellectual development.
Young students must strive to master scientific learning methods in order to save time in the process of learning activities and improve learning efficiency and academic performance.
If you have the proper skills to make a living, you don't have to study, but if you still feel a little helpless, then it makes sense to study, and knowledge changes your destiny.
Mainly to cultivate interest in learning, but also to have a certain ambition, lofty ideals.
The most important thing is to study for knowledge, not for exams. As long as you are interested.
Here are ten reading methods, you can refer to them.
(1) extensive reading
Extensive reading means extensive reading, which covers all aspects of knowledge and general knowledge. We should not only read books on natural science, but also books on social science. Excellent works of different styles in ancient and modern China and foreign countries should be widely read, learn from others' strengths and innovate. When Marx wrote Das Kapital, he studied 1500 kinds of books and collected a lot of preparation materials through reading.
(2) Intensive reading
Zhu said in "The Essentials of Reading": "Generally speaking, when reading, you must read carefully first, so that everything comes from my mouth; After careful consideration, I can make my words come from the heart, and then I can save myself. " The "close reading and careful thinking" here is intensive reading. In other words, it is necessary to read and think carefully, ponder and study repeatedly, and analyze and evaluate at the same time, so as to understand thoroughly, understand the heart and absorb the essence. Books and masterpieces of this major should adopt this method. Only by careful study and careful chewing can the article be "dug, researched and refined". It can be said that intensive reading is the most important reading method.
(3) Read through
That is, read the books, newspapers and magazines from beginning to end and have a general view, aiming at understanding, reading through and understanding the whole picture, so as to obtain a complete impression and obtain the effect of "bird's eye view and panorama". This method can be used for more important books, newspapers and magazines.
(4) Skip reading
This is a skipping reading method. You can put aside the irrelevant content in the book, grasp the bones and muscles of the book, and focus on the views of each paragraph. Sometimes when you encounter a problem in reading and you can't figure it out after repeated thinking, you can skip it and continue reading backwards.
(5) Fast reading
This is a fast reading method, that is, Tao Yuanming advocated "good reading, not asking for very much." You can use the suggested scanning method to browse the article quickly and only understand the general idea of the article. This method can speed up reading and expand reading volume, and is suitable for reading similar books or reference books.
(6) Skimming
This is a rough reading method. When reading, you can just flip through it and get a general understanding; You can also grasp the key sentences of comments, find out the main points, and understand the main facts or typical examples. This part of the content is often at the beginning or end of the article, and you can get a general understanding by paying attention to the title, introduction or end to achieve the purpose of reading.
(7) Read it again
Valuable books and magazines should not be read only once, but should be studied repeatedly, so as to "review the old and learn the new" Voltaire, a famous thinker and writer, thinks that "rereading old books is like reunion of old friends". Repetition is the mother of learning. Repetitive learning is conducive to deepening the understanding of knowledge and is an enhancer for deepening memory.
(8) Writing and reading
The ancients said, "Don't read without moving pen and ink", and there was also a saying that "a good memory is not as good as a bad pen". The combination of reading with doing excerpts, remembering experiences and writing articles can not only accumulate a lot of materials, but also effectively improve the writing level, enhance reading ability and transform knowledge into skills and skills.
(9) Preface reading
Before reading, you can read the preface and examples, understand the outline of the content, make clear the procedure and purpose of writing a book, and read it with guidance. After reading it, you can read the preface and examples again to deepen your understanding and consolidate your improvement.
(10) Selected reading
Is to have a choice when reading. Throughout the ages, human cultural treasures are extremely rich. After all, a person's energy is limited. If you don't choose, you won't have a good result if you grab your eyebrows and beard. You can choose a targeted bibliography to read according to your own situation, so as to achieve twice the result with half the effort.