1884, after years of hard study in private schools, Xiong Xiling, who was only 14 years old, won a scholar, which was not only very glorious for the Xiong family, but also rare in Xiangxi at that time. Therefore, Xiong Xiling's parents are determined to make their son get greater achievements in the imperial examinations and send him to Xiushui College in Zhijiang County for further study. However, the level of college education at that time was very low. Although Xiong Xiling worked hard, he still failed to win the prize.
From 65438 to 0888, Zhu, a native of Baoshan, Jiangsu Province, became the magistrate of Yuanzhou, which changed Xiong Xiling's life. Zhu once served as a magistrate in many places in Hunan, and "there was a political voice everywhere", especially for promoting learning and educating talents, which won the respect of Hunan gentry. After Zhu took office, he learned that the style of study in Yuanzhou was sluggish. For decades, "the village association has been unsuccessful for a long time", so it was decided to revitalize local education. With his efforts, Shui Yuan School Jingshang was officially opened on 1889. This school is a new college with the spirit of reform, which opposes the prevailing imperial examination education model at that time and takes "real bachelor" as its purpose. The so-called "practical learning" is based on classics and history. In addition, it has both words and chapters, as well as land, agriculture, canals and soldiers. In order to cultivate useful talents, Zhu Guangzhao invited famous scholars to teach, and the teachers were strong. Xiong Xiling immediately took the exam. The college stipulates that students must have both ability and political integrity. In addition to the compulsory basic courses, students can "choose a kind of knowledge they like, and then the teacher will designate a reference book to read, then take notes and give it to the teacher for correction at night". It was here that Xiong Xiling's eyes opened wide. In addition to making great progress in his knowledge of classics and history, he also likes history and geography in particular, which eventually became the basis of his achievements.
1890, Xiong Xiling ranked first in Hunan province, so he transferred to Changsha Xiangshui School for further study.
189 1 year took the provincial and rural examination and passed the 19 senior high school. The marking officer's evaluation of him is "frontier Chu is wild, unprecedented, talented and promising in three Hunan". At this time, Xiong Xiling was in the prime of life and became a minor celebrity in Sanxiang.
1892 took the Jinshi exam and succeeded. But at that time, because the court exam required a pavilion, Xiong Xiling's calligraphy was not good, so I decided not to take part in the court exam for the time being, and went back to practice calligraphy until the next court exam.
1894, he finally became a top student in senior high school, and was appointed as Jishi Shu in imperial academy, becoming an out-and-out Phoenix in western Hunan.
1895, the brilliant Zhu Jiang's half-sister Zhu married his beloved Xiong Xiling. This virtuous lady became Xiong Xiling's bosom friend in her life. 1895 When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, Xiong Xiling found that at the critical moment of the nation's demise, Cixi was still spending a lot of wealth that should have been used to enrich armaments for her 60th birthday. This ugly scene made Xiong Xiling, who came from a military family, feel greatly insulted. Just at this time, Wu Dadian, the governor of Hunan Province, played the imperial court and asked him to lead the Xiang army into the Korean War. The fainting Qing court, as a rescuer, immediately answered. Xiong Xiling immediately intended to join the army, but this enthusiasm was doused by Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang. Disappointed, he asked for leave to go home. Soon, the Xiang Army, which was the pride of Hunan people at that time, was defeated on the battlefield against Japan, and the Qing government finally signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated the country. This tragic failure awakened Xiong Xiling from his dream of trusting the Qing government, and he quickly turned to the camp demanding political reform.
1896, Xiong Xiling wrote a letter to Zhang Zhidong, then the leader of the Westernization School and the governor of the two lakes, strongly demanding political reform and reform. He himself formally joined the army and was appointed by Zhang Zhidong as the general manager of the Hunan-Hubei Business Office. In this post, Xiong Xiling realized the disadvantages of the army at that time, so he wrote "Military System", urging the reform of the military system to enhance the fighting capacity of the Qing army. This military work was regarded by people at that time as "a comprehensive study of Chinese and foreign military affairs in ancient and modern times" and as "the loss of China's new reform army". However, the situation at that time decided that Xiong Xiling's proposal would eventually be like a mud cow into the sea, and he had to wait for new opportunities. At this time, with the support of Governor Chen Baozhen, Xiong Xiling's hometown launched a vigorous reform movement, which gave him a new stage.
1897 founded the current affairs school in Changsha with Tan Sitong as the prime minister; He also participated in the establishment of Southern College and Hunan Daily to promote reform and political reform.
1898, the reform movement of 1898 failed, Xiong was dismissed and handed over to local officials for strict control. When Zhao Erxun succeeded the governor of Hunan, he supported Xiong Bei. Ren Xiong, the governor of three northeastern provinces in Zhao Sheng, is the general manager of the Bureau of Reclamation. When the Qing court sent five ministers abroad to inspect constitutionalism, Xiong was recommended as a counselor by Zhao Erxun. After returning to China, he served as the general office of the Agriculture and Industry Bureau of the three northeastern provinces, the financial supervisor of Fengtian Salt Law Road and the three northeastern provinces. At that time, he was regarded as an expert in financial management. In the constitutional movement, Xiong had extensive contacts with Yuan Shikai, Duan Fang, Zhao Erxun and Liang Qichao, the leader of the constitutional school, in order to eliminate the revolution through constitutionalism.
19 1 1 year. Since the Revolution of 1911, Xiong You went to Shanghai in 65438+February, and gradually supported * * * and joined the Federation of the Republic of China.
19 12 in April, he served as the finance minister of the Tang cabinet. In July, he resigned and was appointed Governor of Jehol. The following year, he was promoted to honorary director of the Progressive Party. After Yuan Shikai suppressed the second revolution, he wooed the Progressive Party to form a cabinet, and Xiong served as the prime minister and chief financial officer of Beiyang's "first-class talent cabinet". Under Yuan's dictatorship, Xiong had attached an order to dissolve the Kuomintang and the National Assembly, and it was difficult for the "talent cabinet" to make a difference.
1965438+In February, 2004, Yuan instigated the press to raise the case of stealing treasures from Jehol Palace. Xiong was suspected of being forced to resign and was ordered to organize a national kerosene mine. After his career was frustrated, Xiong turned to charity and education.
19 17 In August, there was a flood in Jingzhao County. He was specially assigned to supervise the aftermath of the floods in Gyeonggi area, try his best to support exiles, relieve hunger, re-establish a child-friendly bureau and adopt children in need.
19 18. Xiangshan Kindergarten was established in Beijing Xiangshan Jingyi Park to train talents.
1925, as the chairman of Changsha No.6 Middle School.
From 65438 to 0928, Xiong was a member of the National Relief Committee of the National Government.
193 1 year, after the "September 18th Incident", he mobilized his family and teachers and students of Xiangshan Kindergarten to participate in the activities of saving the country and resisting Japan.
From 65438 to 0937, since the August 13th Battle of Shanghai, Xiong and his Red Cross colleagues have set up wounded soldiers hospitals and refugee shelters in Shanghai to take in wounded soldiers and help refugees. After the fall of Beijing and Shanghai, Xiong went to Hong Kong to raise money for refugees and wounded soldiers.
1937 65438+February 25th, died of cerebral hemorrhage in Hong Kong at the age of 68. At that time, the National Government held a state funeral ceremony for him. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the reformists put forward the slogan of "saving the country through education" in order to save the country. The way to need talents is to establish knowledge first. "In this context, Hunan has also begun to organize new schools. As a bachelor of Hanlin from Hunan, Xiong Xiling is naturally duty-bound to run a school. Running a school in Hunan was first proposed by Jiang Dejun in 1897, but the responsibility for specific affairs was given to Xiong Xiling. There are two important factors to promote learning, one is funding, and the other is teachers. Due to the financial shortage in Hunan Province, Xiong Xiling inquired through various channels that it could be solved by increasing the amount of salt, but this required the consent of Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang. Considering that he was making a contribution to his hometown, Liu Kunyi agreed to it. In this way, the problem of school funds has finally been solved. But on the issue of hiring teachers, Xiong Xiling got himself into huge trouble.
According to the idea of Hunan Reformists, it is a difficult problem to find a teaching course that is proficient in Chinese and Western in order to set up a new current affairs school in Hunan. Xiong Xiling and others had to go to Shanghai and Nanjing, which were the earliest places to lead western culture, to look for candidates. After many twists and turns, it was not until July 1897 that Huang Zunxian was ordered to go to Hunan as a long-term salt law and Hunan provincial judge. After going to Shanghai, with his help, Liang Qichao of The Times and Li Weige, who is proficient in English, were mobilized to go to Hunan, and things were solved. 1897165438+10, Liang Qichao and his party arrived in Hunan and were warmly welcomed by the Hunan gentry. Chen Baozhen's teaching aim for Changsha School of Current Affairs is "Chinese style and western style". Liang Qichao insists on enlightening the people, which seems to be the same. In fact, he presided over the School of Current Affairs, actively advocated the theory of civil rights revolution and advocated constitutionalism. The conflict between them is brewing great risks. Xiong Xiling knew the inside story, but he still supported Liang Qichao. From 65438 to 0904, in order to change the backward situation of ceramic production and resist the dumping of foreign porcelain, he was determined to revitalize Hunan porcelain industry. So I, as the second counselor of the Qing government, went to Japan with Liling Renjunduo to explore new porcelain-making technology. After returning to China, I began to investigate Liling porcelain industry. Put forward the concept of "building a school, setting up a company, choosing land and benefiting all". Soon, with the approval of Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing government, Liling porcelain industry was developed with 102,000 silver. 1906, Xiong Xiling founded "Hunan Official Porcelain School" in Jiangwan, north of Liling City, and set up "Hunan Porcelain Manufacturing Company" in Jiangling. He became the general manager of the company, hired Japanese technicians and excellent domestic technicians, introduced the most advanced production technology and equipment from abroad at that time, and began to develop fine porcelain. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Liling fine porcelain had entered into large-scale production, which created conditions for the birth of Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain.
1907, Hunan Porcelain Company invented and created five kinds of high-temperature underglaze colored pigments, and successfully fired underglaze colored porcelain. From 1907 to 1908, Hunan Institute of Porcelain developed a variety of underglaze pigments, such as grass green, navy blue, bright black, ochre and agate red. Famous painters of Hunan Porcelain Company and graduates of ceramic classes of porcelain school have repeatedly developed and produced refreshing colorful underglaze porcelain by using self-made underglaze pigments, double hooks filled with water and "three-firing" method of Chinese painting. In terms of color application, it breaks through the traditional technique of single color in glaze, and uses five primary colors of red, green, blue, yellow and black to prepare colorful ceramic painting pigments, paying attention to the expression of elegant colors, and adopting the unique technique of dividing water with double hooks. Close to the photo effect, the water is transparent, fresh and elegant, giving people a feeling of physical and mental pleasure.
The successfully produced underglaze multicolored porcelain lines overflow the porcelain surface through the glaze, which is crystal clear and moist, with high whiteness, transparency and glaze hardness. Under-glaze colored porcelain makes the patterns on porcelain visible, intangible and never fade, giving people a clean and relaxed feeling. Moreover, it has the characteristics of high strength of porcelain, strong vitrification degree of glaze, lead-free and cadmium-free, acid and alkali resistance, wear resistance, colorfastness and durability, which can meet people's dual requirements for aesthetics, environmental protection and health at the same time, and has high collection and use value.
Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain is famous for its "white as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, and endless sound". This highest quality is unique in the field of ceramics. It uses the technique of dividing water and filling colors with double hooks, breaking through the traditional technique of single color in glaze, and preparing colorful ceramic painting pigments with five primary colors of red, green, blue, yellow and black. Finally, it is fired by the "three firing" method. That is, for the first time, the mud blank is fired into a green blank at 800-900 degrees. Then paint the blank with ceramic pigments, and glaze it after painting (so it is called underglaze color). Then the kiln is burned for the second time at 1380- 1400 degrees. After coming out of the kiln, correct the shape and clean the face. Re-entering the kiln for high-temperature refining. The finished product is moist, fresh and elegant, close to the photo effect, refreshing and pleasing to the eye. But also wear-resistant, acid-base resistant, colorfast and free of lead and cadmium. It is an environmentally friendly and healthy porcelain. Therefore, underglaze porcelain was chosen as the imperial porcelain of the Qing court as soon as it was born. After the founding of New China, it has become a national exhibition porcelain, a national guest gift porcelain and a national leader's daily life porcelain for many times. Extremely precious porcelain is one of the outstanding representatives.
Liling's underglaze colored porcelain came out soon, and made a great splash on the world stage. During the period of1909-1911,Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain participated in Wuhan Persuasion Association, Nanyang Persuasion Association and Italian Du Lang International Competition respectively, and won gold medals in succession. 19 15 At the San Francisco World Expo and the Panama Pacific World Expo, the underglaze multicolored "Lentil Bird Bottle" created by ceramic artists such as Wu Shouqi of Hunan Porcelain Company won the gold medal in one fell swoop. The bottle is 46.8 cm in height and 20 cm in opening diameter. The bottle is as white as jade, the glaze is crystal clear and moist, the color is calm and elegant, the composition is vivid and natural, the shape is gentle and elegant, and the lines are smooth. In the picture, a pair of bamboo chickens under the purple flowers of lentils are carefree and lifelike, which symbolizes peace and prosperity and harmonious life. The exquisite craftsmanship and exquisite effect of the work are amazing. Known by the world as "the rose of Liling" and "the peak of oriental ceramic art". Since then, Liling porcelain has enjoyed a world-renowned reputation. "The tide rises and falls. If the country is crazy, there will be an endless stream of vendors selling porcelain in various ports."
In June 2004, entrusted by the Chinese Olympic Committee and the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, Hongguanyao undertook the task of making gift porcelain for important members of the International Olympic Committee. Therefore, based on 19 15, the gold medal work "Lentil Poultry Bottle" of Panama Pacific World Expo has created a novel world and bottle. Its model, specifications and pictures remain unchanged, adding some Olympic themes. The lentils decorated on the bottle take the meaning of "As you sow, you reap" in the traditional culture of China, which means sowing the seeds of peace and harvesting the hope of peace. "Two birds" means that the eastern and western cultures live in harmony. On the bottle, the words "From the Great Wall to Olympia" were written in English, French, Greek and Chinese by juan antonio samaranch, lifelong president of the International Olympic Committee, jacques rogge, president of the Greek Olympic Committee, and Ho, honorary president of the Chinese Olympic Committee. This bottle of wine was presented by BOCOG to six IOC officials, including Samaranch, and was permanently collected by the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland. Xiong Xiling's charity has three great feats.
I. 19 17 led the disaster relief. 19 17 In late summer and early autumn, heavy rains continued in Hebei, and mountain torrents soared. Gyeonggi Province is a beautiful country with 103 affected counties and more than 6 million victims. At that time, Xiong Xiling lived in seclusion in Tianjin, and his apartment was swallowed up by the river.
Xiong Xiling, who was in the disaster area, witnessed the tragic situation of the victims and immediately went to Beijing to ask the China Banking Association for help. He received a donation of more than10,000 yuan, which was handed over to the Shi Jing Police Department for purchasing food and transporting it to Tianjin for disaster relief. At the same time, he put forward disaster relief suggestions to the government and strongly advocated raising funds to help all hungry people in the disaster area.
His suggestion was submitted to the State Council for discussion. As a result, the cabinet members agreed that it could not be defined unless Xiong Xiling came out to provide disaster relief. The government tried to force him to return to the agency, and Xiong Xiling was also worried that he would not come out to provide disaster relief and the government would not make a decision. "Then these millions of hungry people have no hope of living." "It will be difficult.". In fact, since he retired from politics, he regarded politics as evil, but he had to end his "seclusion" life for the victims.
Disaster relief needs huge funds, but the Beijing government's financial resources are exhausted. President Feng only ordered the Ministry of Finance to allocate 300,000 yuan to Xiong Xiling for emergency treatment. Moreover, the cold is coming, and it will cost millions to heat only one dress. Xiong Xiling decided to pool private resources to make up for the lack of official funds.
19171kloc-0/0. On 8 October, he used his social influence to send a telegram to all provinces in China, hoping that all the gentlemen in the country would "be hungry, throw themselves into the water and save the world". When the disaster relief telegram was sent, Xiong Xiling set an example. First, she donated to 500 yuan and ordered her family to sew 100 sets of cotton-padded clothes to donate to the refugees. Driven by his appeal, groups and individuals continue to donate clothes and foreign and foreign charities are also helpful.
At the same time, Xiong Xiling also joined Liang Qichao and others to launch a flood entertainment relief meeting, "collecting goods and selling tickets, and using all the tickets to fill the relief", and relying on his personal reputation, he borrowed millions of yuan from foreign foreign firms as relief funds. In addition, he asked Tangshan, Kailuan and other local bureaus to donate 5000 tons of coal, and asked the Beiyang government to provide many conveniences for disaster relief.
In order to unify disaster relief, Xiong Xiling also organized and established a joint disaster relief organization-"Gyeonggi Flood Relief Federation", and appointed it as its president to co-ordinate various practical problems in disaster relief. While helping the victims, he began to manage the river workers, trying to eradicate floods and give relief to the victims with work, which not only helped the victims, but also left permanent construction for the affected areas. Disaster relief made Xiong Xiling get rid of the negative depression brought by political life and began to establish the will to fight for charity. Since then, he has saved countless lives.
The second is to form the World Red Swastika. 1922 In April, Zhifeng War broke out, and Xiong Xiling organized an ambulance team to go to the battlefield to treat refugees. The constant intrigue between warlords made him realize the difficulty of organizing a national Federation of charitable organizations, so he decided to set up a permanent relief agency to deal with endless natural and man-made disasters. This organization was established shortly after the Zhifeng War. Its name is the World Red Cross Society.
The World Red Swastika Society is a charity relief network with the purpose of "promoting world peace and disaster relief" initiated by a group of Taoist priests and Xiong Xiling and other Chinese and foreign people. It was formally established in Beijing on1October 28th. 1922.
1925, the participants elected Xiong Xiling as the president. Until his death in 1937, he was re-elected for three times, which lasted 12 years.
During his tenure, Xiong Xiling organized a rescue team to go to the battlefield, "helping the victims, burying the remains, and taking in women and children, with excellent results". At the same time, he personally drafted many letters and telegrams, advising the warring warlords to stop fighting and make peace. When there is no disaster, the World Red Swastika will set up homes for the disabled, nurseries, homes for the blind and dumb, Swastika hospitals, civilian workplaces, civilian loan offices, winter porridge factories and so on.
1928 when the new Nanjing national government was established, the World Red Cross Society was still allowed to continue to file a case, and Xiong Xiling was appointed as a relief committee member. 193 1 year, Xiong wrote the flood relief opinions of sixteen provinces, and made a very detailed discussion on the methods, measures and steps of disaster relief.
The third is to create Xiangshan kindergarten. 1965438+In April, 2008, the flood in Hebei Province has subsided, and the Ciyou Bureau is ready to dissolve, but there are still more than 200 unclaimed people. Therefore, Xiong Xiling has to consider establishing a permanent institution to adopt these homeless children. However, because there was no suitable place in Beijing, Xiong Xiling had to ask President Xu Shichang to come forward and negotiate with the former Qing government office to set aside the abandoned Xiangshan Jingyi Garden and build a benevolent home in Xiangshan.
The children enrolled in Xiangshan Kindergarten are "limited to the poor". Anyone who wants to be admitted to the hospital must be "introduced by someone and requested by their parents". Based on the nature of the hospital, Xiong Xiling's mission is to "educate lonely, poor and out-of-school boys and girls, so that they have appropriate intelligence and morality, so that they can make a living and integrate into society." In order to achieve this goal, Xiangshan Kindergarten is different from any ordinary ethnic school and implements a "trinity" education system: the trinity of school, family and society. Kindergarten has established a complete organizational system and a free education and training system. In addition to financial allocation, there are also donations from Chinese and foreign good people and organizations.
In the process of running Xiangshan kindergarten in Xiong Xiling, a kind of charity education thought was formed, that is, the idea of combining charity view with education view, the essence of which is the education view of equality between the rich and the poor. He regarded Xiangshan Kindergarten as a supplement to the current unreasonable education system and tried his best to let poor children enjoy the latest and most advanced education at that time.
By 1926, Xiangshan kindergarten had developed into a general hospital and five branches, among which the general hospital was Xiangshan kindergarten; The branch schools include Meng nursing home (preschool education), primary school, middle school, normal school and vocational education. In order to let these orphans and poor children enjoy the warmth of their families, Xiangshan Kindergarten established a small family-style education model, which was more than ten years earlier than the first international SOS children's village in Austria. Xiangshan Kindergarten started construction on 19 19, officially opened on 1920 and ended on 1949. It has been running for 30 years and has trained more than 6,000 students, most of whom have become useful talents of the country and society.