Some people say that Zhang Fei is a handsome man! And a Confucian general. Who can prove it?

There used to be a Huangzhong Temple in Chengdu, which was dedicated to Huang Zhong, a veteran of Shu and Han Dynasties. In the temple of Wuhou, Guan Yu, Jiang Wei and Zhang Fei are enshrined; In Yongling, perhaps, this is the closest place to the Tang Dynasty in Chengdu. Chengdu is a city with no shortage of sites. Jinsha Site of the prehistoric Shu people, Wuhou Temple in the Three Kingdoms, and Wang Yongling Mausoleum in the Five Dynasties, just like opening a book, can all smell the breath of Chengdu in previous dynasties. Is Zhang Fei a handsome man? [Transferred from the Iron Blood Community/] In people's minds, Zhang Fei's appearance should be daunting. However, in 2004, the cultural relics department found a head of a stone man on Zhang Feiying Mountain in Jianyang, Sichuan, which made some experts and scholars have a new view on the appearance of Zhang Fei, a famous star of the Three Kingdoms. This stone statue is about four meters high and more than three meters wide. According to local legend, it was specially carved by craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty to commemorate Zhang Fei, the "Five Tiger Generals", in the place where Zhang Fei was a village. It is said that this "Zhang Fei" has a kind heart, long ears, thick lips and no beard on his face, which is quite different from the image of Zhang Fei in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology specially measured and identified the head portrait and found that the stone statue was indeed built in the Tang Dynasty. Whether it is Zhang Fei or not, although archaeologists have not given an answer, the discovery of this stone statue has forced people to re-examine Zhang Fei's true face. It is a strange phenomenon that Liu Bei's "big earlobe and shoulders, hands knee-high", Guan Yu's "handsome beard" and "handsome appearance" are described in detail in the History of the Three Kingdoms, but Zhang Fei's appearance is not mentioned at all. Because of this, Luo Guanzhong has more room to play. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he did not hesitate to exaggerate the image of Zhang Fei, saying that Zhang Fei was "eight feet long, with a leopard head and leopard eyes, a beard and a beard, a voice like thunder, and a galloping horse." The vivid picture is another Zhong Kui. In the play, Zhang Fei is not only a leopard with eyes and a beard, but also adds a black face to Zhang Fei. In fact, the red-faced Guan Gong in novels and operas is well-founded, while the black-faced Zhang Fei is entirely the artist's imagination and the need of the drama art itself. As you can imagine, a red-faced Guan Gong and a black-faced Zhang Fei appear on the stage at the same time, and the artistic effect is undoubtedly very remarkable. Zhang Fei has two daughters, both of whom are married to Liu Chan. To be a queen, in ancient times, when the beauty of empresses was emphasized, the appearance should at least be good-looking. Therefore, some scholars believe that their father Zhang Fei himself will not be much worse. However, due to the lack of official records, is it Zhang Fei in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms or Zhang Fei in Jianyang Zhang Feiying who really looks like Zhang Fei? This is a mystery to be solved. There is a saying among the people: "Zhang Fei stabbed a needle-coarse and fine", which is exactly the case. Zhang Fei is not a fool According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in 208 AD, Cao Cao went south and Liu Bei retreated from Xiangyang. Cao Cao sent people to chase him for a day and a night, and was caught up by Cao Cao's cavalry in Dangyang. Liu Bei abandoned his wife and children and fled, leaving Zhang Fei to lead more than twenty riders. At this critical juncture, Zhang Fei led the troops to demolish Dangyang Bridge, and one person immediately shouted at the riverbank with a spear: "I am Zhang Yide, but I can come to * * * to die?" The enemy was frightened by his bravery and did not dare to go forward, thus solving Liu Bei's danger. Chapter 42 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms gives a more detailed description of this period of history, saying that in order to stop Cao Cao's pursuers, Zhang Fei arranged a puzzle in the Woods behind the bridge and ordered the soldiers to get up and dust off, but he himself "glared at the spear and immediately got on the bridge" and "thought it was Zhu Gekongming's plan and dared not approach". Cao Cao himself came. When Zhang Fei saw this, he even invited the enemy to fight. "It sounded like a huge thunder." When Zhang Fei saw that the enemy retreated slightly, he became more fearless and invited the war louder. He scared Xiahou Jie, the general of Cao Jun around Cao Cao, "his intestines were green with regret and he fell under his horse". It was this loud noise that repelled Cao Cao's army and enabled Liu Bei to escape. [Transferred from the Iron Blood Community/] The record of this historical fact in the History of the Three Kingdoms is too brief. In fact, even if Zhang Fei roared his throat, I'm afraid he couldn't retreat Cao's tens of thousands of troops. Cao Jun has other concerns, afraid of being ambushed by Zhuge Liang. But they never imagined that this was not a clever plan of Kong Ming, but a plan and courage of Zhang Fei. If they knew that Zhang Fei had played his tricks, Cao Cao would not be angry. Another thing also reflects Zhang Fei's resourcefulness. In AD 2 15, Cao Cao ordered Zhang Heling to lead 30,000 troops to attack Brazil's Dangqu (now Quxian County, Sichuan Province), and Zhang Fei, then the Brazilian prefect, led 10,000 people to meet them. The two armies confronted each other here for more than fifty days. Later, Zhang Fei had a clever plan and deliberately led the enemy to a narrow mountain road. The other party didn't know it was a scam, so they fell for it. Zhang Fei led elite soldiers around the enemy's back to launch a surprise attack. Although there were many enemy troops, due to the limited terrain, they were "not allowed to rescue each other before and after" and were stunned. In this battle, Zhang Fei won a great victory. General Zhang He of Cao Jun abandoned his horse and fled, with only a dozen defeated soldiers under his command, which was very embarrassing. Zhang Fei is a calligrapher? In people's eyes, Zhang Fei is a brave soldier. In fact, Zhang Fei's ability is not limited to this. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms and other historical records, he can also write poems and draw pictures, and he is also a good calligrapher. Deng Tuo, a famous scholar, also wrote an article about Zhang Fei's paintings and calligraphy. Cao Xuequan, a philologist in the Ming Dynasty and a former right-wing politician in Sichuan, recorded in the 28th volume of Notes on Places of Interest in Central Sichuan that there was a Bameng Mountain in Shunqing Quxian (Dangqu County in the Three Kingdoms Period) with a stone at the foot of the mountain. The inscription on the stone tablet reads: "Zhang Fei, commander-in-chief of the Han Dynasty, led ten thousand people to break the thief's first match and immediately stopped the stone." Two lines of official script characters. This inscription tells the time when Zhang Fei defeated the famous Zhang He and fled. It is said that Zhang Fei was very happy and proud at that time, and wrote this passage with stones instead of paper. In the Notes on the Three Kingdoms written by Zhao Yiqing in the Qing Dynasty, the words quoted from Yu Fang's Minutes also said: "There is a happy cloud at the foot of Bameng Mountain: Zhang Fei, the general of Han Dynasty, led thousands of people to die, broke the thief's first meeting and immediately enjoyed the stone. Cover Zhang Fei's book. " The explanation of Zhang Fei's biography in Notes on the Three Kingdoms also thinks that this sentence was written by Zhang Fei himself. Moreover, the original carved stone has been weathered and eroded for a long time, and the text is not clear. The existing "Inscription on Lima" is a blue stone tablet carved on the stone wall of Bameng in the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), which was originally developed by Hu Shengyou, the magistrate of Qishan County. Today, the Qishan County Museum in Shaanxi Province has an original extension of Zhang Fei's handwritten stone tablet "Lima Ming", and its font and size are consistent with historical records. The inscription * * * has a total of 22 words, and the pen is full of vitality, which fully shows his personality and style. It is a rare calligraphy work. Liu Bei led Guan, Zhang and others to join the army and soon made many meritorious deeds, but they were never appointed by the court. Once, although they saved Dong Zhuo's life, because Liu Bei and others had no official position or title, Dong Zhuo was not only ungrateful, but also very rude, and Zhang Fei almost killed him. Later, in the World War I in Wancheng, Liu Bei and others made another meritorious military service, and were finally awarded a small official in Anxi County, Zhongshan Prefecture, Dingzhou. I didn't know I could work for four months, but the court dismissed me. Not only that, Du You insulted and framed him. In this case, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms said that Zhang Fei broke into the backyard and saw Du You sitting in the hall, tying the county magistrate to the ground and shouting, "Thief! Do you recognize me? " Du You was in a hurry and shouted for him everywhere. Zhang grabbed the hair and dragged it out of the inn. He tied it to the willow tree tied in front of the county gate, climbed down the willow tree and beat Du You on the leg. About 200 minutes later, while Liu Bei was wondering, he heard a commotion in front of the county, asked questions in a panic and replied, "General Zhang tied a man up and beat him in front of the county." Liu Bei went to watch in a panic and saw Fei cursing. Kidnapper, Du, you too. Liu Bei was surprised and asked why. "Why don't you kill these thieves?" Du You told him, "Save your life!" After all, Liu Bei is a kind person. He was anxious to stop Zhang Fei from drinking. [Transferred from Tiexue Community/] But according to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the real situation is this: After Liu Bei became the sheriff of Anxi County, Du You went to the county on business. Liu Bei went to visit him and got stuck. Liu Bei was furious, rushed into his residence and tied Du You up. "Staff two hundred, rope tied to its neck, five buried. Abandon the official and die. " There is another story about this. According to the canon, Du You went to the county seat and prepared to dismiss Liu Bei. When Liu Bei heard that Du You was going to give up his house, he went to see Du You, who refused to meet him because of illness. Liu Bei was very angry and rushed into the house. Tied to a tree, "I have a hundred whips left, and I want to kill it." Du You begged for grief, but he went away. "No matter which statement is true, it was Du You's Liu Bei who was whipped, not Zhang Fei. Putting it on Zhang Fei's head in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a false and wrong case. Besides Du You, there are some stories in The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, such as "Hulao Pass fought against Lu Bu" and "Ma Chao at night", which are not true history. Chengdu Zhang Fei's Tomb has an alley in the center of Chengdu. People call it the back alley. Its name comes from the original Zhangye Temple (also known as Huanhou Temple), which is actually a shrine dedicated to the famous Zhang Fei of the Three Kingdoms. It is said that it was built by people in the slaughter industry in Chengdu in the Qing Dynasty. Because it is said that Zhang Fei was born to kill pigs and won glory for people in this industry. He is their idol. Another reason why Zhangye Temple was built here is that there is a mound called "Imperial Tomb" by local residents behind the temple. This mound has always been said to be the tomb of Zhang Fei's clothes. I don't know when a tombstone of "the tomb of General Zhang Huanhou of Han Dynasty" was erected in front of the tomb. In the 1960s, when the former Sichuan Medical College was carrying out civil air defense construction, it was found that the tomb brick above the tomb door was engraved with the year number of "Yuheng Two Years". 1985, when the archaeological team of Chengdu Museum excavated the tomb, they successively found the tomb bricks engraved with the year numbers of "Taikang" and "Hanxing", all of which were the year numbers of Han Cheng regime. Later, a large number of cultural relics from Han Cheng period were unearthed, which proved that it was a tomb of Han Cheng era. People used to think it was the tomb of Zhang Fei's clothes. Where is the real tomb of Zhang Fei? [Transferred from Tiexue Community/] In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu. Zhang Fei moved to be a cycling general, took a captain from the official department, and entered Xixiang Hou title. In the same year, in order to avenge Guan Yu, Liu Bei sent troops to levy Soochow, and Zhang Fei was also preparing to send troops to join forces with Liu Bei in Jiangzhou, Langzhong. On the eve of his departure, he was murdered by Zhang Da and Fan Qiang (Fan Jiang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Liu Bei, who is far away from Chengdu, heard that Zhang Fei had a watch coming. He didn't know the Oracle and shouted, "Hey! Fly to death. Liu Chan, the late ruler, and posthumous title were the marquis of Huan. Zhang Fei died in Langzhong and was naturally buried in Langzhong. The people in Langzhong admire Zhang Fei's loyalty and courage. To commemorate this brave hero, Zhangfei Temple was built in front of the tomb, and the existing mausoleum was rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There is a folk saying that Zhang Fei was buried in Langzhong and his head was buried in Yunyang. It is said that Fan Qiang and Zhang Da took advantage of Zhang Fei's drunkenness to cut off his head and sent it to Soochow to give it to Sun Quan as a reward. When I went to Yunyang, I heard the news of peace in Wu Shu, so I panicked and threw Zhang Fei's head into the Yangtze River. Zhang Fei's head went down the river and was later fished up by an old fisherman. Zhang Fei gave the fisherman a dream and told him to carry his head away. When he couldn't carry it with him, he was buried and built a temple, so there is today's Yunyang Zhangfei Temple. According to historical records, this Zhangfei Temple, also known as Zhanghuanhou Temple, was built in the late Shu and Han Dynasties, and then expanded in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a history of over 1700 years. The original site is located in the foothills of Feng Fei on the south bank of the Yangtze River, facing Yunyang County across the river. People here regard Zhang Fei as a god. Every time Zhang Fei's birthday, Memorial Day and holidays, he will burn incense and sacrifice. Historical celebrities chattered with red-faced Guan Gong and black-faced Zhang Fei in Chengdu ruins. This well-known lyric tells the artistic image outlined by the people for the brave Zhang Fei for thousands of years. However, in history, both daughters were married to Zhang Fei, the late master Liu Chan, and perhaps a handsome father. Moreover, Zhang Fei in history is not like the simple and brave Zhang Fei in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He is a Confucian general. He can write poetry, calligraphy and painting, and left a stone carving of "Ma" in Sichuan, which is said to have been written by himself. People love Zhang Fei. In Chengdu, Huanhou Temple was built for Zhang Fei in Qing Dynasty. The street where this temple is located is called Huanhou Lane. [Transferred from the Iron Blood Community/] During the Three Kingdoms period, heroes came forth in large numbers. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were both great figures, and they contributed greatly to the establishment of the Shu and Han regimes. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms and Shu Shu, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei in the Northern Expedition when there was chaos in the world at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Their feelings are very close, and they are "sharing the same bed, feeling like brothers". It is precisely because of this deep emotional foundation that no matter how many ups and downs it encounters, its loyalty will never change. For example, Cao Cao once showed kindness to Guan Yu in every way, but Guan Yu was unmoved and still had to follow Liu Bei in distress. The same is true of Zhang Fei, who once rode a "broken bridge by the water, blinded by a horizontal spear" to resist the pursuers and cover Liu Bei's safe escape. It can be said that with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, Liu Bei was even more powerful, and with the joining and assistance of Zhuge Liang, he finally stood with Wei and Wu, and made a career in history. The success of Wei, Shu and Wu in the Three Kingdoms period was attributed to two important reasons besides the advantages of favorable weather and geographical location: first, the gathering of talents, and second, the brilliant strategy. Cao Cao, the emperor of Wei, ordered his ministers, ministers and generals to win the battle of the Central Plains. Sun Quan of Wu State is also a talented person, and he has rich financial and material resources in Jiangdong. " National insurance is attached to the people and talents can be used. "Shu is relatively weak, but it has also gathered a large number of talents and formulated the correct strategy of uniting with Wu to resist Wei, thus ensuring the stability of political power and the prosperity of economy and culture in Bashu area. After Liu Bei gained Yizhou and established the Shu-Han regime, he gave Zhuge Liang, Fazheng, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and other heroes, and appointed Guan Yu as the "secretariat of Jingzhou" and Zhang Fei as the "leader of Brazil", each taking his own needs. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are brave and brave men, who are good at using troops. Volume 6 of Huayang National Records says that they are "brave of the three armed forces and called enemies of ten thousand people", but their personalities are different. Guan Yu is kind to soldiers and arrogant, while Zhang Fei loves gentlemen rather than villains. Guan Yu's arrogance and Zhang Fei's rudeness, if insignificant in daily life, have actually ruined the event at a critical moment. Historically, Liu Bei once warned Zhang Fei that "it is better to kill than to punish, and flogging athletes to make them around is the way to take disaster." "Zhang Fei didn't wake up and was finally killed by his men." Holding his head, he ran downstream to find Sun Quan. "Although Liu Bei saw the cause of Zhang Guan's failure, he also made a strategic mistake in dealing with the aftermath. He refused to listen to Zhuge Liang's dissuasion and insisted on conquering Wu. Sun Quan sent messengers to make peace. Liu Bei was furious and refused. Wu only resisted with all his might. As a result, Liu Bei defeated Yiling and died in Baidicheng. This war made Shu pay a huge price, wasted a lot of manpower and material resources, and destroyed the alliance between Shu and Wu. Because of Zhang Guan's death, this series of changes, as Wang Fuzhi said in Zi Zhi Tong Jian, eventually led to the prosperity of Shu Han.