The influence of Sanskrit on modern Chinese: With the translation of Buddhist scriptures, many Sanskrit words have entered Chinese, such as Buddha, Bodhisattva, Bodhi, Nirvana, Awakening, Meditation and Moment. The original name of Yanqi Hui Autonomous County in Xinjiang is Ageni, which originated from the word "fire" in ancient India.
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Sanskrit letters and spelling rules
Sanskrit began to use natural alphabet from12nd century, and each consonant contains a fixed short vowel A. When spelling consonants and other vowels, vowel symbols are written in front of, behind, above or below the letter.
Symbol used to indicate pure consonant, nasal sounds or exhaled sounds.
When a vowel appears in front of a word, use a separate vowel.
There is a horizontal line at the top of each Sanskrit letter, which connects the letters together when spelling.
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Sanskrit consonant string letter
In Sanskrit, if there are more than two consecutive consonants, half or part of them are closely combined to form a consonant string. The number of consonants in a consonant string is 2 to 5. Consonant string letters can generally distinguish the contained consonants, but some consonant strings are difficult to distinguish, so it must be remembered that Sanskrit has more than 1000 consonants.
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Case and number of nouns in Sanskrit
Sanskrit nouns have eight cases: (Sanskrit refers to the first case to the seventh case, and finally refers to the vocative case, and its order is fixed. )
First nominative case
Second accusative
The third situation is instrumental.
Fourth dative case
The fifth case, ablation.
The sixth genetic genus
The seventh situation is locative words.
Call call
Among them, except for the use of tools, the other seven cases correspond to Latin cases, and the usage is similar, while tool cases can be found in Russian.
The number of nouns in Sanskrit is also different. Besides singular and plural, there is also a number called Dual, which means "two" people or things.
So there are 8 kinds of cases ×3 kinds of numbers, and each noun has 24 kinds of changes.
For example, a noun (shiva) is just a basic word, and other changes are as follows (taking [singular] as an example):
Nominative: (shivah)
Accusative: (shivam)
Use case:? (Shivina)
With case:? (Shiva)
Legg:？ (Shiva)
Genus:? (Shiva)
Case: (trembling)
Hugo: (Shiva)
The three numbers and eight squares of the masculine noun "Buddha" (generally masculine nouns) are as follows:
odd number
even number
plural
nominative case
Buddha? buddhau buddhā？
Binge Fodam Fodam Fodam Fodam
Use the grid buddhena buddhābhyām buddhai?
Buddhahā ya Buddhahā bhyā m Buddhe bhya?
Laige Buddha ā t Buddha ā bhy ā m bud he bhya?
Belongs to buddhasya buddhayo? Buddhist patriarch
Pose as a Buddha
buddhayo？ Budisesu
The great Hebda.
What Buddha? What Buddha?
The neutral noun "fruit" phala? The three numbers and eight situations of this word (general neutral noun) are as follows:
Singular, even and plural
Nominative phalam phale phalāni
Accusative phalam phale phalāni
Use lattice phale na phale na phal ā bhyā m phal aihih.
With gefahaya fahaha bhyām phalebhya?
Laige phalāt phalābhyām phalebhya？
Phalasya phalayo genus? Flushing
Keith Ferrer Phileo? Phil? u
Hugue Heping La Heping La Ni
The feminine noun "Guangming" prabhā (a common feminine noun) has three numbers and eight squares in the following form:
Singular, even and plural
The nominative prabhā prabhe prabhā?
Accusative prabhām prabhe prabhā?
Use grid prabhayā prabhābhyām prabhābhi?
fisherman's song
prabhāyai prabhābhyām prabhābhya？
Laige prabhāyā？ prabhābhyām prabhābhya？
Is it prabhāyā? Prabayo? Praba? ām
Case prabhāyām prabhayo？ Praba? u
Hugo, he prayed, he prayed, he prayed?
The three numbers and eight situations of the masculine noun "Saint, Silent Friar" muni (the masculine noun ending in I) are as follows:
Singular, even and plural
Main grid muny? munī munaya？
objective case
With gemuni ā munibhyām munibhi?
With munaye munibhyām munibhya?
Muny? munibhyām munibhya？
Belong to muny? munyo？ Mencius
Munau munyo? Munisu
Huge Hemuna Hemuna and Hemuna Naya?
The female noun "thinking and cleverness" (that is, the female noun ending in I) has three numbers and eight squares as follows:
Singular, even and plural
Main horse body? matī mataya？
Accusative matim matī matī mat and mat?
Use the grid matyā matibhyām matibhi?
Yuge Matai
matibhyām matibhya？
Come to matyā? matibhyām matibhya？
Belong to matyā? matyo？ Matena M.
Case matyām matyo？ Horse body? u
Huge Humate Humate and Humate Taya?
The masculine noun "father" pit? (use? The three numbers and eight squares of the masculine noun at the end are as follows:
Singular, even and plural
Nominative pitā pitarau pitara?
Binge Pita Rampitalau Pit? n
Use grid pitrā pit? Bhyām pit? bhi？
Pitre pit? Bhyām pit? bhya？
Come to Pitu? Pit? Bhyām pit? bhya？
Is it a skin map? Pietro? Pit? ām
Piittari Pietro? Pit? u
Hugue, Pita, Pitarau and Pitaro?
The feminine noun "mother" māt? (use? The three numbers and eight squares of the feminine noun at the end are as follows:)
Singular, even and plural
Nominative mātā mātarau mātara?
Accusative mātaram mātarau māt?
With grid mātrā māt? bhyāmāt？ bhi？
Use case mātre māt? Buddhist monk
māt？ bhyah
Brother lai mātu? māt？ bhyāmāt？ bhyah
Belong to mātu? mātro？ māt？ ām
Case mātari mātro？ māt？ u
Hugehe māta? He mātarau, he mātara?
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Simple Sanskrit example
?
Mom, nāma rāmah.
My name is Rāma.
My name is Rama.
In this sentence, mama means "mine" and nāma means "name", which is a neutral noun. Rāmah is a masculine noun because it starts with h (? )。 Here, it stands for a male name. Here, rāmah is the nominative case. In addition, the copula "Shi" rarely appears in Sanskrit.
In Sanskrit sentences, words are not separated by spaces, just like Japanese. However, for the convenience of explanation, it is temporarily separated here. In fact, the Sanskrit celestial body is like this:
?
Yoga? Citizen
Yoga is to suppress changes in the mind.
In fact, this sentence contains four words:
yoga
Citta = brain
Vritti = modify
? NirodhaH = inhibition
Using the concept of case, these four nouns form the above sentence. One of the phonetic changes is that yogaH and citta are linked together, and aH+ci becomes ashci, which is for the convenience of pronunciation and makes Sanskrit a beautiful language.
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The present situation of Sanskrit
Sanskrit is not extinct in India and Nepal. Sanskrit and Sanskrit are one of the 23 official languages and scripts in India today. Until the early 20th century, Sanskrit was one of the official languages of Nepal. Sanskrit is the language of communication between senior Buddhist and Hindu monks in India and Nepal. There are several newspapers and magazines published in Sanskrit in India. According to 199 1 India census, the population whose mother tongue is Sanskrit is. 736 people, 196 1 India's census results show that there are 194433 people who use Sanskrit as a second language.
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Ancient Siddhartha Sanskrit (Sanskrit Siddhartha Style)
At present, in schools, the Sanskrit taught by Buddhist colleges is mostly modern or modern celestial Sanskrit, not ancient Siddhartha Sanskrit. Today, only in Koya Mountain can we learn the complete ancient Siddhartha Sanskrit.
However, with the occurrence of historical events in China, the Sanskrit Siddhartha gradually disappeared, while the Japanese air master inherited Siddhartha's Sanskrit from the Qing Dynasty and brought it back to Japan. Because the ancient emperor regarded the contents of Koyasan in Tommi as a national treasure, it was not circulated among the Japanese people and could only be learned among the nobles. So far, the complete Sanskrit manuscript of Siddhartha Koyashan can only be mastered by those who have personally studied there. So, please be wise. Don't mistake this Sanskrit for the wrong font just because you don't know it well or listen to the opinions of some scholars. You know, in the history of Sanskrit, Sidan style is undoubtedly much earlier than Tiancheng style, which is proved by historical documents. If Siddhartha's Sanskrit is wrong, what did Master Xuanzang bring back from India? If it is wrong, how did Master Xuanzang translate such a vast classic? Therefore, we must understand that Sanskrit is also divided into old and new, and the contribution of the old Sanskrit cannot be forgotten because of its great use!
Sanskrit written by Siddhartha is also an important part of Sanskrit. In Buddhism, it is often used to wait and see. The Sanskrit written by Siddhartha, the most standard in the world, is circulating in Koya Mountain, the total mountain in Tomi, Japan. It was introduced into Japan from the Tang Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty and still exists today. It belongs to the oldest Sanskrit written by Siddhartha!
Siddhartha or Siddhartha in Sanskrit. Also known as bear, bear, bear, bear. Achievement is auspicious. Refers to the Sanskrit alphabet, which is one of the characters used to record Sanskrit. In the Gui Jing sentence revealed at the beginning of Chapter 18 of the Sanskrit alphabet or affixation method, the Sanskrit meaning "make achievements" is recorded as Siddhartha or Siddhartha Lastu. So' Siddhartha' became the general name of letters, and' seeing the earth clearly' means' Siddhartha's articles'. Siddhartha became the collective name of the voice of India; It is also synonymous with "declaration" and "Peganum".
Before the 7th century BC, Siddhartha's manuscript was popular in India. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, Siddhartha's characters were accepted by Chinese people through the introduction of translators. In the Tang Dynasty, there were thousands of words in Sanskrit, Guang Zhi Sitan Ji Zi, a line of letters and other works. It spread to Japan about before Nara Dynasty. In our country, Sanskrit characters and letters are called Sidtan, while Sanskrit grammar and sentence interpretation are called Sanskrit or Sanskrit to show the difference. However, in addition to the Sanskrit script Siddhartha, the Japanese refer to Sanskrit calligraphy, reading, grammar and so on.
However, Yuan Zhen's words of "three times into Iraq" are consistent with Siddhartha Tan's Sanskrit handwriting. There are various changes in Indian fonts. In the 4th century BC, the so-called Gupta school fonts gradually became popular. It is an acute font with a wedge at the beginning and a sharp tail. The two pieces of Bayeux collected in Horyuji, Japan-the Heart Sutra and the venerable Dalagni (things of the sixth century), and the inscription of Buddha Kaya (at the end of the sixth century) are all written in this language. China handed down four Ditan fonts, also belong to this department. The so-called long-day font began to appear in the seventh century, and it has been very popular since the tenth century until today. The font is quite different from Gupta system, and a horizontal line is drawn at the top of the letter. The Sanskrit alphabet remains the same today. So Siddhartha's body also has its historical origin, and it is not fabricated out of thin air.
Siddhartha's Siddhartha
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It means "achieve something", "know all the auspicious achievements in the land", "get lucky and complete all the achievements" and "know all the achievements in the land" are the supreme perfection realm.
On the twelfth day of the Great Sun Sutra, I said, "Knowing the land is a wonderful fruit of truth, so I practice because of the land, and what I achieve in it is my homework achievement." On the twelfth day of the Great Sun Sutra, I said, "If I know the land, I can achieve Bodhi." On the fifth day of the great sun classic, I explained, "I should realize everything I know."
It is also the language used in ancient classics and the fundamental original text of Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures.
In the early Tang Dynasty, it was said that it was introduced to China. The Sanskrit letters in the original Tibetan scriptures are called "Siddhartha", and the grammar and semantics of Sanskrit are called Sanskrit or Sanskrit. Later, it was generally called Sanskrit, and the related knowledge was called Siddhartha. This idiom gradually fell out of use after the Song Dynasty. Also, because there is a considerable difference between the "natural body" and the "Siddhartha body" imported from India, the new words imported from India are called "Sanskrit" or "Tianzhu body", while the original words used in the Tang Dynasty are still called "Siddhartha body".
Most of Siddhartha's ancient writings in Dazheng Tibetan are mantras. It is the root of Siddhartha information website's efforts to restore and carry forward. The unique reciting method of "The Secret Curse of Ancient Poems in the First Four Places" will be introduced one after another, which is considered as a winning weapon for people who are studying today. It is a blessing for all beings to know this long-lost and unfortunate "The Ancient Secrets of the Original Four Places". Cherish, protect, carry forward, praise and carry forward respectfully, and enjoy legal benefits without donation.
Introduction to Siddhartha
Research data source: Based on the newly revised ancient spell of Siddhartha in the Tantric Department of Tibetan Scripture in Taisho, Japan. Most scholars who study Buddhism all over the world take this great collection as a reference source. From Volume 18 to Volume 2 1, there are 573 secret scriptures in Dazheng Tibetan, and about 1 10 books contain Siddhartha's scriptures and mantras.
Those who have only studied the Sanskrit "The Everlasting Sutra" in modern Sanskrit can only guess a few words when they see the Sanskrit "Siddhartha" in Dazheng Tibetan, but most of them still can't understand it. The Sanskrit mantra spoken by modern people does not mean Siddhartha.
Siddhartha and the general knowledge of Sanskrit;
Divided by time:
Broadly speaking, during the Indian Valley civilization (about 2500 BC to 1800 BC), the so-called earliest characters were found in historical sites. Although they have long been lost with the disappearance of the valley civilization, it can be inferred from the data that the word Boulami, which was used in the third century BC, was written from left to right, which is almost the source of the existing Indian Tiancheng style. However, at this time, the introduction will be condensed for the time being: introduce Siddhartha. At present, the oldest information left is famous: The Inscription of Ashoka. Ashoka: (268-232 BC) The third king of the Peacock Dynasty. Wang converted to Buddhism, and in order to declare his belief and protection of Buddhism to his subjects, he set up stone carving imperial edicts all over the country. Sanskrit is gradually changing with the times, regions and shapes. At first, it was composed of simple lines or dots, but by the Gupta dynasty in the fourth century, the whole was curved and beautiful fonts were formed. Based on Gupta fonts of this era, five fonts appeared. One of them is (Siddhamatrika), which was used around the sixth century and gradually absorbed by Nagari type in the tenth century, thus gradually disappearing. Siddhartha's works were very popular in the sixth century BC. At present, the well-known ancient data is the Bayeux manuscript collected in Horyuji, Japan, which contains 5 1 letter of Prajna Heart Sutra, and the Buddha's top is better than that of Sanskrit Dalagni and Siddhartha.
From the translation history of religious classics;
Buddhism was introduced to China in about two years BC, and it has been more than two thousand years. China began to translate classics in the post-Han period, such as Lotus Sutra (344-4 13) translated by Kumarajiva. The earliest reference to Siddhartha's letters in China Buddhist Scriptures is a great mud sutra translated by Yixi in the 13th year (4 17). Literary works, followed by Mahayana Sutra translated by Takeshi of Beiliangtan in the 10th year of Xuan Shi (42 1)? Volume 8. The three great scholars in Kaiyuan, Xubodhi Sinha (637-735), King Kong Zhi (669-74 1) and Bukong (705 -774), were in the period of purity (Japan predicted that King Kong and Fetal Tibetan were purity), and the original Buddhist scriptures they were based on were mainly written in Siddhartha style. Especially in the translation of Dalagni and Letters, the comparison between Sanskrit and Chinese is mostly used, and a column (Siddhartha style) is attached. When Master Xuanzang and Master Yijing translated Buddhist scriptures, China's research and utilization of Siddhartha was quite popular, so many works about Siddhartha were circulated during this period. Mainly divided into four categories:
Siddhartha seal category: mainly discuss Siddhartha letters and their combinations.
Interpretation of Siddhartha Chapters: Explain the contents of Siddhartha Chapters.
Chapter of Siddhartha Branch: Explain various schools or variants related to Siddhartha's letters.
Sanskrit vocabulary explanation category: Sanskrit or Chinese Sanskrit dictionary.
In Siddhartha's research, we must mention the influence of Japan on this; In the 16th year of Japan's ancient promotion (Yang Di the Great entered China for four years (608)), the Japanese Emperor sent eight people to China, including Sister Xiao Ye and a Buddhist monk, so as to bring Siddhartha's documents, Buddhist scriptures, tantric images and other documents to Japan and then store them in Horyuji. Siddhartha studies are not only well preserved in Japan, but even developed into a unique learning. In particular, it has a great influence on the development of Tiantai and Yanzhan in Japan. In the history of Japanese culture, for a period of time, it was closed to foreign cultures and did not keep pace with the times, so it preserved the ancient Siddhartha prose and devoted itself to the study of Siddhartha. Siddhartha gradually declined after the late Tang Dynasty in China.
Boundary in name:
In the early Tang Dynasty, the Sanskrit alphabet was called Siddhartha, and the grammar and semantics of Sanskrit were called Sanskrit or Sanskrit. Later, it was generally called Sanskrit, and even the relevant knowledge was Siddhartha. This idiom gradually fell out of use after the Song Dynasty. Sanskrit was used almost all the time in the Song Dynasty, and because the celestial bodies introduced from India were very different from Siddhartha, the new characters introduced from India were called Sanskrit or Tianzhu, while the characters used in the original Tang Dynasty were still called Siddhartha. The "Siddhartha" part quoted here refers to the ancient prose included in Dazhengzang. The above is a brief introduction to the origin and spread of Siddhartha's name.
Sanskrit and Siddhartha
Author: Er Yu Yi Long Chinese translation: Guan
I. Sanskrit Siddhartha, which only exists in Japan.
It is no exaggeration to say that Sanskrit Siddhartha is still only used in Japan. However, it is only used in religious circles. Sanskrit is used by Shinrikyo, Tiantai Sect, Pure Land Sect and Zen Sect. Its use forms are also different, such as offering sacrifices to pagoda girls, praying for the protection of Moza and traffic safety, or for worshippers such as seed Datura, A Zi Guan and Zi Lun Guan, as well as stone pagodas, stone tablets, grinding cliffs, fans and flowers. The latter is a precious Sanskrit material preserved by the ancients. Like this, Sanskrit, which is still used in Japan today, can be said to have been handed down with Buddhism in the future. However, we don't even know the ins and outs of Sanskrit and the way it was introduced to Japan. Therefore, this paper first explains the concepts of Sanskrit and Siddhartha.
Second, what is Sanskrit?
The so-called Sanskrit is the font used to express Sanskrit. This is a script developed in India around the third century BC. With regard to the establishment of Sanskrit, there have been four viewpoints in the study of Sanskrit in Japan since ancient times, namely "Brahma Theory", "Dragon Palace Biography", "Sakyamuni Creation" and "Great Sun Biography". But as far as historical facts are concerned, none of the above statements are correct.
In this case, what is Brahma in Sanskrit and Sanskrit?
According to Qing Tian Qingyun's Introduction to Siddhartha Studies, there are the following explanations for "Brahman":
(1) Brahman. In India, Brahma, Piniutian and Shiva are especially revered. Brahma is the god of creation, Piniutian is the god of maintenance, and Shiva is the god of destruction. Indians believe that writing and language were created by Brahma.
(2) brahman refers to brahman. Brahman is both a religion and a scholar. His authority is above the princes and he is the representative of India. Therefore, India is also called "the land of Brahmins". Brahma's incorrect pronunciation is "Brahma", so Brahma's words and languages are called Sanskrit and Sanskrit.
Among these two theories, Mr. Qingtian particularly emphasized the second theory, that is, "Brahma" refers to Hindi.
Again, from a historical perspective? First of all, there are so-called hieroglyphs in ancient Indian characters, but they have not been interpreted so far. So there are still many unknowns about their relationship with Sanskrit Siddhartha. After a long time, the figures in India appeared in the era of Asoka in the third century BC. At this time, two kinds of characters appeared: Karosti and Boulami.
The first script, used from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century BC, is a phonography written horizontally from right to left. But this writing is no longer popular.
The second Brahma, also known as the Book of Brahma, is the root of all languages in India. It is said that it was introduced from Phoenician and Aramaic in the west, and the phonetic notation was written horizontally from left to right. The oldest information written in Sanskrit is Ashoka's instrument, or peacock style according to its dynasty name. According to this Brahma book, many languages have been derived. In addition, Sanskrit and Deer Bottom are also recorded in Mahayana Classics, so historically, the source of Sanskrit can be found in Sanskrit.
Sanskrit
Generalization:
The general term for Indian characters.
Narrow sense:
Paper sweet potato
3. What is Siddhartha?
Siddhartha can be roughly divided into the following two usages. The first one is Sanskrit, which is derived from Sanskrit, and the second one is a meaningful language with four meanings.
(1) Siddham, a calligraphy style, refers to the calligraphy style that was popular and developed in North India in the 6th-9th century. In fact, it refers to Siddhartha's card type, commonly known as Siddhartha. Siddhartha script developed from the multi-modal script of Gupta dynasty in the 4th century A.D. and spread to Japanese Sanskrit script, which was based on Siddhartha script. For example, the Sanskrit handwriting style of Horyuji Eight Lords is. Therefore, in the long history of writing in India, although Siddhartha developed from Brahma, its direct cause should be Gupta writing.
(2) Semantic ambiguity. Although Siddhartha is one of the popular calligraphy styles in Indian history, semantically speaking, it has the significance of achievement and completion. Achievement and completion mean that it is a word that can be pronounced independently. In other words, it is a word with vowels. The term "Siddhartha" has had different interpretations since ancient times, which are summarized as follows:
First, the usage of "Four Stalls": Tang? Guang Zhi's "Notes on Siddhartha" describes Siddhartha in this way: "It started in Siddhartha and has six rhymes. The length is two points, and the words are two tenths. Put the crown at the beginning and rhyme with the sound. The sound rhymes and the words are unfamiliar. That is, A (short voice call) A (long voice call) is also. " Accordingly, Siddhartha refers to the twelve rhymes of Modo (vowel). On the other hand, The Story of Siddhartha's Characters also says that all the 35 characters in the style (consonants) contain the vowel "a" and can be pronounced independently. Therefore, the Modo body is collectively called "Siddhartha". This view, gradually expanding the explanation, will eventually be called "Siddhartha" by Modo's letter.
In addition, there is a title in Siddhartha's story that is equivalent to "Namah Sarva-jnaya Siddham's dependence on all wise men and achievements". Later, I spoke Modo, followed by eighteen chapters. As can be seen from this topic, Siddhartha can be attached to the Mordor script (alphabet) or used as a eulogy before the eighteenth chapter is cut off.
Second, the usage of the Sanskrit Interpretation of Siddhartha Letters In the Sanskrit Interpretation of Siddhartha Letters written by the master Kong Hai, there is a usage of "Siddhartha rastu", which is like the second explanation: "The four-character title is a Brahma cloud and Siddhartha Luo sees Tang Yun's achievements.
According to Sanzo's Biography of the South China Sea Returning to the Inner Law, there is a commemorative sentence of "Siddhartha I have never seen before" in ancient India, which is used to let children learn letters and spelling (writing rules). Later, this sentence gradually became a title, attached to the alphabet and affixation, and became a language that prayed for its words to achieve good luck. (Incidentally, the usage of the Records of Siddhartha Characters was inherited from Nantian, and the usage of the Interpretation of Siddhartha's Letters was inherited from Zhongtian. Although due to the different origins between Nantian and Zhongtian, there is a distinction between "Mona Lottie knows the four places" and "Luo Jian of the four places", but both of them put the four places in Gui Jing. )
Iii. How to Use Horyuji Eight Lords' Manuscripts The Eight Lords' Manuscripts of Horyuji were brought to Japan by Xiao Ye, an envoy of the Sui Dynasty, and The Eight Lords' Manuscripts of Horyuji are the oldest Siddhartha materials in the world. The contents of this Brahma edition are mentioned in Buddha's Top Bidarra and Brahma Prajna Heart Sutra. At the end of the next paragraph, 5 1 characters of Siddhartha's alphabet are listed. These letters were originally written in Sanskrit, followed by 5 1 letter. According to this usage, "Siddhartha" can be said to be a general term for letters. Like this, there are many explanations for the word "Siddhartha". In addition, in the Sanskrit historical masterpiece "History of Japanese Rhyme? The first volume of Research not only reveals the thoughts and theories of ancient scholars, but also supplements his personal views. That is, (Siddhartha) attached to Dalagni is a blessing for auspicious achievements. This statement is exactly the same as that of the scholars in Four Places.