Whether it is governing the country, culture and art, or scientific and technological medical care, there are many talents in the Tang Dynasty, such as Xue He, poets Li Bai and Du Fu, painters Wu Daozi and Zhang Xuan, calligraphers Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan, astronomers, eminent monks and his party, and Sun Simiao, the king of medicine. The importance and huge investment of the Tang government in education is undoubtedly an important cornerstone of this heyday.
Why did the Tang Dynasty vigorously develop culture and education? Jason Wu in Tang Dynasty said in Zhenguan Politician: The key to politics is to get people. It means that the key to governing the country lies in getting talents.
The Tang Dynasty attached great importance to education, and its educational system was inherited and innovated on the basis of the Sui Dynasty. At the same time, combined with the reality of the current dynasty, it incorporates the new management wisdom of the rulers and pays attention to eclecticism, so it is more perfect and scientific. Then, why did the Tang Dynasty vigorously develop culture and education?
0 1. The ultimate goal of education must be to consolidate the rule by cultivating and selecting talents.
The scale of school education, the perfection of academic system and the development of vocational education in the Tang Dynasty were at the leading level in the world at that time. All kinds of outstanding talents trained by the school have enriched the ranks of central and local officials and changed the situation of being a scholar-bureaucrat in the early days of the People's Republic of China? No, Le Jin Shi? Caused by it? Officials don't charge? Situation. These intelligent talents selected after reading a large number of poems and books laid a solid foundation for the rulers of the Tang Dynasty to implement policies and consolidate their ruling foundation.
02. Education has promoted all-round political, economic and social development and improved the happiness index of people's lives.
Cultural education and political, economic and social development complement each other. ? Cang Xie knows manners? ,? Zhenguan rule, Yonghui rule? Make politics clean and honest, and the people have food and clothing. At this time, the people can have more thoughts and opportunities to invest in cultural and artistic learning and other spiritual civilization construction. And with the emergence of more talents, Li Tang is the world? Reform the old disadvantages and revive the system? And then appear? Kaiyuan Shi Sheng? It is not surprising that the society is stable and the economy is prosperous.
03. Developing cultural education is more conducive to promoting cultural exchanges at home and abroad and establishing cultural self-confidence.
Internally, the unprecedented prosperity of culture and education in the Tang Dynasty attracted people of all ethnic groups in China to understand and learn Chinese culture, effectively mobilized the cultural infiltration and exchange of all ethnic groups, and had a far-reaching impact on the spread and recognition of Chinese culture. Externally, cultural exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and other countries in the world became more frequent. The country sends a large number of international students to study, so you must bring them back to China? Cultural specialty? It is all kinds of Confucian classics that make Han and Tang culture go abroad and spread. The ancient legislation of Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other countries was made by imitating the laws of the Tang Dynasty. Such extensive exchange of ideas and cultural output will surely establish national self-confidence implanted in the soul. In a word, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty realized the beautiful blueprint of educational planning, and the development of education greatly promoted the prosperity of economy and society. After all, no matter which era, the most precious and needed talent is always.
What was the education like in the Tang Dynasty? The economic base determines the superstructure. The developed landlord economy in Tang Dynasty is the material guarantee for the development of cultural and educational undertakings. In the Tang Dynasty, teachers and students were very happy. Teachers earn more money and are well paid, while students are not only free of tuition and accommodation fees, but also worry about food and clothing. After passing the exam, you can get promoted and get rich, benefiting one party.
I really want to go back to the Tang Dynasty as a student!
First of all, we should introduce the educational system of the Tang Dynasty, mainly including the central and local aspects.
Imperial academy is the highest educational administrative organ in the central government, with one chief executive and two administrators, and one disc and one main book to manage teaching affairs. Imperial academy? Six studies? Xue, imperial academy, Four Schools, Law, Calligraphy, Arithmetic. In addition, it also includes Hong Wen Pavilion in Menxia Province and Chongwen Pavilion in the East Palace. There are also some specialized schools attached to various government agencies, such as astronomy attached to Sitiantai, which has three majors: astronomy, almanac and missing engraving. Taibu Temple has a major in veterinary medicine, and the captain of Hong Wen Pavilion also recruits students to study school classics. Locally, Fuzhou has medical science, and states, prefectures and counties have five classics. Teachers in the Tang Dynasty were also officials. What is his name? Learning officer? , including doctors and teaching assistants from central to local government schools, and officials in charge of national education administration, such as wine festivals, teachers, courses and master books. Local officials and state and county academic officials refer to the officials who specially managed local academic affairs and the teachers of local government-run schools in ancient China.
0 1. The teacher's salary is good
Teachers are divided into doctors and teaching assistants according to different levels.
The doctor is mainly responsible for teaching classics courses, with grades ranging from positive five to positive nine, and monthly salary ranging from 2 to 25. Teaching assistants mainly assist doctors in teaching Confucian classics, with grades ranging from six to nine and monthly salaries ranging from 1, 2 to 5,300. Through education legislation in the Tang Dynasty, it was made clear that teachers were state officials and enjoyed all the rights enjoyed by officials. The state should allocate land to teachers according to quality, and teachers can receive rewards and other benefits on time, and enjoy the right to take vacations and encourage classes.
In addition, the teacher's food is also quite rich.
According to Li Zhao's Annals of Hanlin, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, Tang Xing and Emperor Taizong started to open a literature museum in the Qin Palace. Eighteen people, including Fang and Du Ruhui, were all officials and bachelors. They gave five kinds of precious meals, divided them into three parts, and stayed at your house directly to discuss the tomb code. When people call it. Dengyingzhou? . ?
That is to say, when Li Shimin was in the reign of Emperor Taizong, he opened a literary museum in the Qin government and gave eighteen bachelors? Five delicacies? Enjoy it. And then what? Dengyingzhou? The meaning of "immortality" is only a metaphor for literati to gain honor and love, such as going to heaven.
Since then, the meal expenses of academic officials such as bachelor's degree and straight bachelor's degree have been high, and this kind of expenditure has become a practice.
According to the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty: There are also many people who are lucky enough to provide meals from the official. ?
This means that when the emperor is lucky, the academic officials of each museum will also enjoy the five delicious foods provided by Guanglu Temple.
02. Are students provided with food, clothing, housing, transportation and schools? Public expense?
In the early Tang Dynasty, when Tang Gaozu Li Yuan was founded, there were more than 300 students from Guo Zi School, imperial academy and four schools. In Li Shimin's later years, the number of local students and students from other minority countries increased rapidly, reaching more than 8,000, and schooling was free.
The Book of Old Tang Dynasty records that there are 3,260 students preparing arts and literature. At that time, Confucian scholars from all directions yearned for classics, so how could Yunhe meet the capital? Suddenly, Koryo, Baekje, Silla, Gaochang, Tubo and other leaders. They also sent their own children to invite them to study Chinese, and more than 8,000 people gave lectures.
With the sudden increase of students, the construction and expansion of schools are also a large amount of financial expenditure of the government. Only during the period of Li Shimin, the number of school buildings increased rapidly? Build more 1200 schools in imperial academy? . The construction of school buildings will not be included in the government's annual budget, and the construction fee of Wenguang Museum is a temporary expenditure. In addition, the government has to spend money to buy corresponding office teaching equipment for schools to meet the teaching needs.
Students in the Tang Dynasty are not only free of tuition, but also free of room and board, which are provided by the government. Students can enjoy the free canteen like other government officials, and the food is 2 liters per day, as recorded in the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty. Ding Nan gave two liters of rice, two spoonfuls of salt and five pinch of imperial academy students and students who knit clothes. Although they didn't succeed, they followed Ding's example. ? Other Hong Wen, Chongwen and local Confucian classics all adopt the same standards as imperial academy, and so do local medicine and imperial doctors.
Not only that, students also enjoy the treatment of government officials. For example, students should attend major political ceremonies such as the Stone Temple as government officials, and they are also eligible to participate in the emperor. For another example, students enjoy the same rights as other government officials in encouraging classes and vacations. If the journey is long, the time spent on the journey can be reduced, and if the parents at home are sick, the holiday can be extended.
03. Buy more books, collect more books and read more books.
Gorky said: books are the ladder of human progress. Shakespeare said: Books are the presidents of human knowledge. Lev. Tolstoy said: the ideal book is the key to wisdom.
The richness of books is richer than that of Kaiyuan. ? During the Kaiyuan period, the Tang government invested heavily in book collection.
The National Library of the Tang Dynasty was a secretarial province, and the state invested heavily in building libraries, buying books and sorting them out. Printing was not popular in the early Tang Dynasty, and new books were copied by hand, which required a lot of stationery expenses such as pens, ink, paper and inkstones. According to New Tang Book, Taifu Temple provided about 60,000 sheets of paper, ink 1.344 pills and rabbit skin 1.500 sheets. There are four people in Jixian Temple College who specialize in writing pens, and 100 people can copy them.
For books that the government does not have, as well as rare books and rare books scattered among the people, the government has to spend extra money to buy and recycle them.
The Influence of Huge Investment in Education The Tang Dynasty was an important historical period in which China's social experience changed from division to unity. During this period, the educational system of the Tang Dynasty also changed greatly, and the state invested huge financial and material resources in education. So, what is the impact of these inputs and is it worth it? We discuss it in two aspects.
0 1. Positive influence: it has formed a good atmosphere of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education, and promoted economic and social prosperity.
From the Tang Dynasty? Lead the ceremony into the law? And then what? Combination of etiquette and law? It has formed a good social atmosphere of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education. Do you have them in Tang Gaozu and Li Shimin? Fortunately, the country is learning, and it is personally put out wine? At the same time, a grand ceremony will be held to give material rewards to teachers and students, reflecting the rulers' attention to education from the action; The ceremony of libation in rural areas of schools at all levels has also established a social atmosphere of attaching importance to education through grand activities.
The attention and investment in education in the Tang Dynasty cultivated a large number of brave, loyal, honest and willing to work for the court, and also created a large number of outstanding cultural and artistic talents, which enhanced cultural self-confidence and left us a valuable cultural heritage, thus greatly promoting the prosperity and development of the whole economy and society.
02. Negative impact: increased the financial burden of the government.
The huge investment of the Tang government in education was almost entirely dependent on the government's fiscal revenue, so the government was under considerable financial pressure. Especially in the later period, with the increase of the number of students, the expansion of education scale, students' expenditure on education and teaching, etc. The government's investment is getting less and less, so it is impossible to do so? A good beginning and a good end? . After all, the government's fiscal revenue will also be affected by social productive forces, the diversion of rulers and natural and man-made disasters, so the growth rate of fiscal revenue is obviously not as fast as the expansion rate of education expenditure.
To sum up, the Book of Rites is about ancient Wang Liguo, where people were established and teaching came first.
Generally speaking, the attention and investment of the Tang government in education is wise and worthwhile, although it is not like the Song Dynasty caused by financial pressure in the late Tang Dynasty. Farming system? Guarantee education funds? Stable output? However, the solid foundation laid in the early stage made the dividend income brought by education investment effectively promote the economic and social development and the prosperity of civilization and culture at that time, and became a brilliant and precious wealth of the Chinese nation, which has been passed down to this day.