At the end of 1960, Chen Lifu collected the correct pronunciation and source of surnames. After changing jobs, he was assigned to work in Suining Archives. In his spare time, he sneaked into Wenshan Book Sea, traveled across most of China during his holidays, collected many strange surnames, and wrote surnames in the fonts of famous calligraphers at home and abroad. Chen Lifu's China Surname Calligraphy Dictionary records 29 surnames 10 129, including more than 8,000 surnames of Han nationality and more than 2,000 surnames of ethnic minorities. For example, the word "Guang" outside and the word "Mi" inside are Sichuan indigenous surnames in Anju Town of Suining City and Anyue County of Neijiang City, which cannot be found in the dictionary. He collected all kinds of surnames, even "1" and "all surnames. "1" is a native surname in Henan province, which is a variant of bonzi. ","is also a variant of Henan indigenous surname, Lord. The surnames collected in this dictionary are even "one, two, three" ... nine, ten and one, two, three ... nine, pick up ". All surnames are marked with the origin. For example, the local surname "Yi" in Fuling was originally a descendant of Sima Yi in the Three Kingdoms period, and "Yi" is a variant of Yi. Another compound surname, Chen Mei, is a descendant of Shi Dakai, the general of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The origin and influence of Hundred Family Names-Sun Gan Zhao Li, Wu Zhou Zheng Wang, Chen Feng Chu Wei, Jiang Shen Han Yang: ... "Most people in China are familiar with this four-character rhyme. Even an illiterate person has at least heard of "hundreds of surnames"! As the primary part of personal symbol and the special symbol of family, everyone's surname is closely related to social life and historical tradition. Hundred Family Names, a well-known book, has been widely circulated and deeply influenced by Chinese people since the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty (10 century), and has a history of a whole thousand years.
However, who is the famous "hundred surnames"? When was this book written? Where is the first edition? It is still a mystery. According to the research results of many scholars since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hundred Family Names probably had its original version before the Song Dynasty, but it was edited and processed by an unknown Confucian scholar in wuyue (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Lu You (A.D.1125 ~1210), a great patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, first mentioned hundreds of surnames in written records. He once wrote three poems "Living in the Autumn Suburb". The third poem wrote: Children are noisy in winter school, but they are ignorant but cherish themselves according to the case; After giving the village book, I slept behind closed doors and looked at people all year round. At the bottom of this poem, the author writes: In October, farmers send their children to school, which is called winter school. What you read, such as Zazi and Hundred Family Names, is called a village book. Therefore, as early as the Song Dynasty, hundreds of surnames had become very popular.
The phrase "Qiansun" at the beginning of a hundred surnames is because the emperor of the Song Dynasty was surnamed Zhao, while during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the king of Wu Yueguo was surnamed Qian. Some scholars in Song Dynasty believed that Sun was the surname of Wang Hao and Li was the surname of the monarch of Southern Tang Dynasty. So there is such an arrangement order.
At present, the earliest lettering printed version of Hundred Family Names was published in the Yuan Dynasty (65438+ the first half of the 4th century AD), which was contrasted with the phonetic notation of Chinese characters and Mongolian characters. However, the publication of Yuan Dynasty was not complete. The popular hundred surnames were not finalized until the Ming Dynasty. There are 438 surnames in Hundred Surnames General Edition, including 408 single-word surnames, which are compiled into 102 sentences; There are 30 double-character surnames, which are compiled into 15 sentences; Finally, add a sentence of "hundreds of surnames end", * * you 1 18, 472 words. Around the end of the Qing Dynasty, another kind of "augmented hundred surnames" appeared, including 444 single-character surnames and 60 double-character surnames, ending with the word "hundred surnames continued". At present, we can see various versions of hundreds of surnames carved in the Qing Dynasty, with pictures and texts. There are pictures at the top of each page, drawing some historical celebrities, marking their names, and indicating the counties (the birthplace or birthplace of their aristocratic families-prestigious big families); Let's weave the surname into a four-character rhyme, which is catchy and pleasant to read, like a cadence four-character ancient poem, which makes people like listening to music, listening to music and easy to remember.
There are many adaptations of hundreds of surnames in the past dynasties, such as the New Notes on Hundreds of Surnames compiled by Huang in the late Ming Dynasty, the royal surnames compiled in the name of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and the hundreds of surnames adapted by Ding Yan in the Xianfeng period (A.D.1851~1861). These "new versions of hundreds of surnames" have spent a lot of effort on the arrangement, and they are all unique, but they have failed to replace the old version after all, showing how strong their vitality is. Hundreds of surnames are not only passed down from generation to generation among Han people, but also appear in the phonetic translation of hundreds of surnames among brothers, such as using Mongolian letters for hundreds of surnames and Jurchen letters for hundreds of surnames. Its great influence can be seen from this.
According to preliminary statistics, there are 6,403 surnames in China historical documents, including: single-word surnames: 3,730 two-word surnames: 2,498 three-word surnames: 163 four-word surnames: 9 five-word surnames: 3. But more than half of surnames, especially many disyllabic surnames, have existed for a long time in history. According to the statistics of 1980s, there are 2225 surnames of China in Beijing. Shanghai has1640; Shenyang has1270; Wu Hanyou1574; Chongqing has1245; Chengdu has1631; Guangzhou has 1802. There are 2587 different surnames in the above seven cities. It is also reported that among the nearly 20 million people in Taiwan Province Province, the surname * * is 1694. According to these data, among the 3 11100 million people in China who use China's surname, the number of existing surnames is about 3,000.
According to 1982 China census statistics, among the Han surnames in China, Li, Wang and Zhang are the most, accounting for 7.9%, 7.4% and 7. 1% of the total population respectively. The 65,438+000 surnames are: Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Hu, Zhu, Gao, Lin, He, Guo, Ma, Luo, Liang, Song, Zheng, Xie, Han and Tang. Yao, Tan, Liao, Zou, Xiong, Jin, Lu, Hao, Kong, Bai, Cui, Kang, Mao, Qiu, Qin, Jiang, Shi, Gu, Hou, Shao, Meng, Long, Wan, Duan, Lei, Qian, Tang, Yin, Li, Yi, Chang, Wu. These 100 surnames account for 87% of the total population, while the first 19 surnames account for half of the total population.
However, from the perspective of provinces and cities, the distribution of surnames is different. For example, in the Beijing household registration card, the population accounts for 10.6%, the surname Li and Zhang each account for 9.6%, and the surname Liu accounts for 7.7%. The above four surnames account for more than one-third of Beijing's total population; Together with surnames such as Zhao, Yang, Chen, Xu, Sun, Ma, Wu and Gao, * * * accounts for about half of Beijing's total population.
65,438+00 of Taiwan Province Province are Chen, Lin, Huang, Zhang, Li, Wang, Wu, Liu, Cai and Yang, accounting for more than half of the total population of Taiwan Province Province.
Interesting surnames: How do you pronounce your surnames? Some special surnames use Chinese characters, and each Chinese character has two pronunciations, indicating two different surnames. Under such circumstances, I can only ask myself: "How do you pronounce your last name?" There is a principle here: "surname follows the Lord", that is to say, we should follow the pronunciation handed down from generation to generation by this family; Never be self-righteous and misunderstood. In other countries, surnames in other languages are pronounced similarly. ) These special surnames are: Le, Qin, Tan, Gai, Zhao, Qi, Kui and Ben. The explanation is as follows: Le Shi is divided into two branches-? Reading music (music), mainly distributed in North China; ? Reading music (happy music) is mainly distributed in the south. Qin surname is divided into two branches-? Read Tan (sound talk); ? Qin (sound Qin) is mostly the surname of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi; Que surname is divided into two branches-? Read Tan (sound talk); ? Nianchan (sound cicada) is mainly distributed in Sichuan area; Guy's surname is divided into two branches-? Reading cover (sound program); ? Read ge (sound ge); There are two surnames-? Read Shao (sound Shao); ? Nian Zhao is the surname of the Dai people in Yunnan; There are two branches of this surname? Read Xun (sound Xun); ? Nianhuan (sound ring); There are two Kui surnames-? Reading kui (sound kui); ? Read Wei (); Ben is divided into two branches-? Reading book (audio book); ? It is of great significance for the mechanization and automation of international bank communication and name retrieval to spell the pronunciation of surnames accurately in Mandarin.
From June 1979 to June 15, the United Nations Secretariat officially adopted the Chinese Pinyin Scheme to replace the old spelling of "Vedic Style" as the unified standard for transliteration of China names in various Roman alphabet languages.
Xiao ranks 30th in China and 30th in Taiwan Province Province. Brief introduction of tongzhi nationality: the ancient country of Xiao was Xiao, which was later merged by Song. Sun Daxin, the grandson of Sun Daxin, was the general manager of Pingnan Palace, and was awarded the title of Xiao for meritorious service. Later generations thought it was his surname. According to Xiao, from Ji surname, he is a descendant of the ancient emperor. There was a descendant named Zhong You, the younger brother of Wei Zi, a famous minister in the late Shang Dynasty. Daxin, a descendant of Zhong You, was a disciple of Duke Song at that time. Nangong Wan, the general of the Song Dynasty, rebelled, killed the King of the Song Dynasty, and set up a son to swim in Song Jun. People with high heart rate set up a son, Yu Song Huan Gong, and killed Nangong Wan and the son to swim, which made great contributions. He was named Xiao by Huan Gong, and was founded, known as Xiao Shu in history. After Xiao was destroyed by the state of Chu, the descendants took the country as their surname, so their surname was Xiao. Xiao surname mainly developed in Henan and Jiangsu during the Warring States Period. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Xiao became famous all over the world, establishing Southern Qi and two countries, and was also famous during the Northern Qi, Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, some people surnamed Xiao began to move to Fujian, and in the Song Dynasty, others moved to Guangdong. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, Xiao began to enter Taiwan Province Province. In addition, Xiao, a Qidan nationality who lives in the north and northeast of China, is also a very large family, and once played an important role in the Liao Dynasty, which confronted the Song Dynasty. Xiao's main settlements are Lanling, Donghai, Guangling, Peixian, Wujin, Meizhou and Haifeng in Henan.