The rapid development of geographical environment and traffic in Song and Yuan Dynasties laid a solid foundation for Quanzhou Bridge culture. Nowadays, the bridges here present all kinds of wonderful sights.
The statue of Cai Xiang stands at the bridgehead of Luoyang Bridge.
Quanzhou is located in the southeast corner, surrounded by mountains and seas, with continuous mountains and gullies and tortuous harbors. This geographical environment objectively creates the characteristics of regional multi-bridges. According to the records of Quanzhou local chronicles, bridges were built in Quanzhou during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but the number was small and the form was relatively simple. With the development of society and the further prosperity of commodity trade, after entering the Song Dynasty, Quanzhou Port gradually rose, and Quanzhou's overseas trade achieved remarkable development, which also led to the rapid growth of population. During the Yuanfeng period (1078- 1085), the population of Quanzhou exceeded 1 10,000, making it one of the eight counties with a population of over 200,000. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou became an important hub city for political, economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, with an endless stream of Chinese and foreign envoys, missionaries and travelers, which promoted the rapid development of Quanzhou's transportation. Quanzhou seized this rare historical opportunity and built a large number of high-tech and durable bridges. Amin writer Wang Shimao wrote in Fujian Sparse: "The bridges in central Fujian are the best in the world, although they are all supported by huge stones." As for "Quanzhou Bridge is in the middle of Fujian", Anping Bridge in the Southern Song Dynasty was called "no bridge in the world is so long". During the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1131-kloc-0/62), 22 bridges were built in Yongchun County and 35 in Quanzhou, which was an amazing achievement at that time. Luoyang Bridge, Anping Bridge (Wuli Bridge), Stalagmite Bridge, Dongyang Bridge, Yulan Bridge, Coastal Bridge, Jinji Bridge, shunji bridge Bridge, Yufeng Panguang Bridge and Xia Nian Bridge were all born in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. They not only have magnificent bridge rules, but also have advanced bridge-building techniques, such as raft foundation, sleeping wood sinking foundation, oyster planting method, floating suspended frame bridge, etc., which have been talked about by people so far and amazed tourists.
On the basis of the Song Dynasty, later generations continued to promote the development of bridge culture, resulting in various wonderful scenes of Quanzhou Bridge. According to the book Quanzhou Bridge Culture, there were 12 bridges in Quanzhou before the Song Dynasty, 159 in the Song Dynasty, 32 in the Yuan Dynasty, 100 in the Ming Dynasty, 120 in the Qing Dynasty, 2 in the Republic of China and 184 in an unknown dynasty. For various reasons, some of these ancient bridges were destroyed by war, some were sacrificed by mountain fires, some collapsed due to age, and some were demolished due to traffic expansion. Up to now, there are still many places in 100 that are well preserved. Qing Daoguang's "Jinjiang County Records Volume XI Jin Liangzhi" said: "The first bridge in Luoyang, Shanxi Province is pushed from the inside, and the Anping West Bridge is in Asia, long and has passed. He is like a bamboo shoot river and a smooth river. He can overcome dangers and obstacles in the waves of Hongbo. " It has become the most outstanding contribution of Quanzhou ancient bridge to the people's obstacles, which also makes the ancient bridge have an unshakable position in people's hearts.
Since ancient times, paving roads and repairing bridges has generally been regarded as a public welfare "crowdfunding" undertaking to do good deeds and accumulate virtue. In ancient times, bridge construction was often a "city-wide alley". Some people paid for it, others contributed, and "gathered the strength of all people to complete it", which made the bridge culture a microcosm of folk public welfare culture. Nowadays, many people with Quanzhou surnames can find the historical imprint of their ancestors' participation in bridge construction in various bridge inscriptions, which has indescribable spiritual appeal. Man and bridge are interlinked in form and spirit. This kind of public spiritual bridge built by blood relationship since ancient times makes Quanzhou Bridge culture bear all kinds of historical and humanistic information and codes, and also endows Quanzhou Bridge culture with a broader pattern and heavier weight.
When you come to Quanzhou, don't forget to see the ancient bridge. Those bridges are as resolute as their parents, and they have gone through thousands of years of wind and rain. "Cars and horses drive safely and Longteng retreats", which is really heroic!
Luoyang Bridge, Anping Bridge, Stalagmite Bridge, Jinji Bridge, shunji bridge and other famous bridges, as well as bridge inscriptions, inscriptions, poems and couplets left by celebrities in previous dynasties, depict the prosperity of the ancient city of Erythrina.
Celebrity bridge shows the charm of ancient county
The tablet "Xichuan Ganyu" tells the legend that the county magistrate can ask for rain.
Core tips
Complete transportation facilities are one of the main signs of the city's prosperity. In ancient times, shipping traffic was of course important, and busy land traffic was an indispensable factor in social production and life. For thousands of years, Quanzhou people have been building bridges and roads one after another, creating extraordinary souls for each bridge with diligence and wisdom. Celebrities of all ages wandered between bridges, or recited poems, or recorded stories, or left traces, which injected unique historical memories into the ancient bridge. Quanzhou Celebrity Bridge is an immortal humanistic picture scroll.
Zheng Zhilong rebuilt the Shui Xin Pavilion.
Ouyang Zhan's eternal chanting
Gu Zuyu, a geographer in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, once said: "Quanzhou Prefecture is surrounded by mountains, with the coastal area as the hero, the fence of Wu Hui in the north and the lips and teeth in the west. If there is nothing to worry about, then it is not just eight provinces and several States that have the same concern. " Quanzhou has adhered to Fujian since ancient times, and ancestors urgently needed to open mountains, roads and bridges when encountering water, which also promoted a large number of bridge road construction in ancient Quanzhou. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were hundreds of bridges built in Quanzhou. Among them, there are countless famous bridges that people still remember, such as Luoyang Bridge, Anping Bridge (Wuli Bridge), Stalagmite Bridge, Jinji Bridge and shunji bridge. Describing the past of these ancient bridges can also describe the prosperous past of the ancient city of Erythrina, especially the flash of celebrity elements, which adds a surprise to this magnificent picture.
Xiaoyin Bridge, built in the Tang Dynasty, is located in Shuanggou Community, Meiling Street, Jinjiang. According to Wanli's Quanzhou Fuzhi, "Xiaoyin Bridge is located in Sandu Baishi. The water from the stream flows out of Qingyang skin, across the bridge and Doumen along the river, to Yanpudai, to Liulippi and into the sea. Zen master Tang Riying is Liang. " Zen master Riying (another Zen master Rihui) built this bridge in the Tang Dynasty, which was originally a wooden beam bridge. It was rebuilt in the Five Dynasties. During the Xianping period of the Northern Song Dynasty (998- 100 1), it was rebuilt as Shidun Liang Shi Bridge. It is said that the bridge was named after "Ouyang Zhan tasted it here and screamed at the top of his lungs".
Ouyang Zhan, whose real name is Zhou Xing, was born in Oucuo, Panhu, Jinjiang, and moved to Shishan, Nan 'an with his mother. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), Ouyang Zhan tied for the gold medal with the famous scribes Jia Ling, Han Yu, Li Guan and Cui Qun at that time, known as the "Dragon and Tiger List", and Ouyang Zhan ranked second. Ouyang Zhan is the first scholar in the county. His To the Top Scholar played an inestimable role in the revival of Confucianism in Fujian. It is reported that "(Ouyang) Zhan was once the first scholar", which is located on the Zixiao Mountain in the northwest of the bridge. Every time Ouyang Zhan walks from his hometown Panhu Village to Longtouling to study, Xiaoyinqiao is the only way for him. Later, people named this bridge "Little Silver Bridge" to commemorate this "enlightened literate Sect". Zhuang Yijun, a gifted scholar in Jinjiang in the Ming Dynasty, once wrote a poem describing this bridge, which said: "Panhu is an old village in the European exam. I looked for traces of the landscape and took advantage of the opportunity to reach the bridge gate. The dead miss the past, and the seagulls come to break their souls. The field is wide and I am at dusk. " At Xiaoyinqiaotou, there is also a monument in the thirty-ninth year of Qingganlong (1774). The encounter between the Millennium ancient bridge and the enlightened gentry created the immortal name of Xiaoyinqiao.
The pier of Luoyang Bridge is a raft foundation.
The oldest Luoyang bridge in the world
Luoyang Bridge, also known as Wan 'an Bridge, is located in the east of Quanzhou 13km, and is a national key cultural relics protection unit. In the Song Dynasty, there were many sails in Quanzhou Port, and the Chinese and foreign merchants were bustling. However, the transportation hub located 20 miles northwest of Quanzhou City rushed to Wan 'an Ferry, but "the water is five miles wide, connected with the big stream, and the sea is also outside. Every wave has passed, and it will take several days to get through. " Every year, countless people die here because of shipwrecks, and business travelers are afraid of its risks. Wan 'an Ferry, which has no safe passage guarantee, has become a stumbling block to the further development of Quanzhou's economy. Since the Song and Qing Dynasties (1041-1048), some people of insight in Quanzhou began to build Luoyang Bridge at Wan 'an Ferry. At the beginning of Li Qing, Li Chong made a pontoon bridge out of stone. In the fifth year of Emperor (1053), the county people Lu, Yi, and Yi Bo once again "advocated building a stone bridge", but all these bridges were built without results.
Cai Xiang, one of the "Song Sijia", learned about the situation in Quanzhou for the second time, and actively started to continue to build Luoyang Bridge, which was finally completed in December of the 4th year of Jiayou (1059), lasting 6 years and 8 months. Luoyang Bridge has made many great achievements in bridge construction technology, among which there are three most important ones, namely, raft foundation method, oyster planting method and floating suspended frame bridge construction method. After the completion of Luoyang Bridge, it has greatly facilitated pedestrian traffic and effectively promoted economic exchanges between the North and the South. Cai Xiang gave a banquet to celebrate the completion of the bridge and wrote the Story of Wan 'an Bridge. The monument stands at the bridge head, and the names of the people who participated in the construction of the bridge are engraved on the monument, but his role has been lightly regarded as "Lehe". The monument of Wan 'an Bridge was originally erected in the open air on the left bank of Luoyang Bridge, and the Xuanhe Room (111125) was re-carved by Cai Xiang's great-grandson Cai Huan in Cai Xiang Temple. This monument is not only vigorous and simple in calligraphy, dignified and steady, but also refined in writing and exquisite in carving, and is praised by modern people as "three wonders" in writing, calligraphy and sculpture.
There are 45 piers in Luoyang Bridge, with 500 stone railings and 28 stone lions on both sides, and both ends are guarded by samurai statues. At present, there is a Cai Zhong Hui Temple in the south of Luoyang Bridge, and there are two tall stone pavilions on the left and right in front of the temple: On the left is Qing Yu and Zhang Gongnan's Missing Monument written in Qing Dynasty, and on the right is Rebuilding the Temple Monument of Cai Zhonghui and Seven Ancient Poems of HuaiCai Zhong Hui Gong written by Zhang Yunyi, a Fujian Land Lord in Qing Dynasty. On Zhong Ting Island, there are many historical inscriptions describing Luoyang Bridge. The stone carving of "Xichuan Ganyu" is said to be a place where the magistrate could pray for rain and drought relief during Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. Later generations built a pavilion in the place where they prayed for rain, and carved a monument of "Xichuan Ganyu" to stand in the pavilion. Next to the "Xichuan Ganyu" monument is the Luoyang Bridge History Exhibition Hall, which contains a large number of cultural exhibits related to Luoyang Bridge. In the north of the bridge, stands a modern tall stone statue of Cai Xiang. Luoyang Bridge is an outstanding masterpiece in the history of Chinese bridge construction. The story of Cai Xiang and other famous officials and Luoyang Bridge has been sung by the people so far.
Haoxi Bridge is located in Heshi Town, Luojiang District.
Governor of Haoxi Bridge Sang Ziqing
Haoxi Bridge, located in Heshi Town, Luojiang District, was built by Zong Shuang, a monk, during the Daguan period of the Song Dynasty (1107-1110). It was originally a wooden beam bridge and was destroyed by fire. In the third year of Qin Long (1569), famous anti-Japanese soldiers in the Ming Dynasty donated money to rebuild the Haoxi Bridge and built it. The ancient bridge originally had 6 piers and 7 holes, including 5 boat-shaped piers, and each hole was supported by 5 Liang Shi, each weighing about 4.8 tons. 1959 haoxi bridge was strengthened and rebuilt, and the whole bridge deck was raised by about1.68m. Later, the second widening reconstruction was carried out, and seven auxiliary columns were erected on the axis of the upstream pier.
Yu was born in Heshibi, and rebuilding Haoxi Bridge is a manifestation of his feelings for Sangzi. Up to now, an inscription inscribed by Yu still stands at the bridge head of Haoxi, which records the story of his rebuilding of Haoxi Bridge: when he was 9 years old, he went to visit his uncle with his father Yu Guangzan one day. Passing the bridge head of Haoxi, I saw that the Haoxi Bridge, which was built in the Song Dynasty, had only solitary piers, and there were no beams on the stream, so pedestrians had to wade across the river. I didn't know until I asked. A few days ago, the woodcutter accidentally burned the bridge board. Seeing this situation, Judas vowed that when he grew up, it was necessary to rebuild the bridge to facilitate walking. Yu's words were encouraged by his father, and he silently kept them in mind. During the ruling period, Yu, who is famous for his anti-Japanese war, appointed Youdutong to donate money to build the Haoxi Stone Bridge, which not only comforted his father's spirit in heaven, but also gave up his childhood wish and did a great good thing for the people in his hometown.
When I was in office, I joined forces with Qi Jiguang and other generals to resist the enemy in Fujian and Guangdong. He once defeated the enemy in Xinghua City, and fought against the enemy in Raoping, Huizhou, Chaoshan and other places in Guangdong, which made the enemy feel frightened when he heard "Yu Jiajun". At that time, people called him and Qi Jiguang "Yulong Qihu" and they were immortal anti-Japanese heroes. His story with Haoxi Bridge has also become another footnote to the legend of famous soldiers.
Anping Bridge, commonly known as Wuli Bridge, is a long beam bridge spanning Anhaiwan to Nanan Shuitou.
Ancient and modern wonders of Anping Bridge
Anping Bridge, commonly known as Wuliqiao, is located on the west bank of Anhai Town, Jinjiang City. It is a long beam bridge across Anhaiwan to Nanan Shuitou. In the Song Dynasty, this bridge was the longest stone bridge in the world, so it was known as "no bridge in the world is so long". Anping Bridge was founded in Shaoxing in the eighth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 138), and was presided over by the monk Zuting. Huang Hu and Monk Zhiyuan donated money to promote the construction, but it was not completed because of the huge project. In the 21st year of Shaoxing (1 15 1), Zhao Lingyi, the county magistrate, took office in Quanzhou, presided over the continued construction, and the whole bridge was completed within one year. Anping Bridge piers are divided into three forms: rectangular stone piers are used in shallow water and slow-flowing waters; The deeper part adopts single-sided pointed half-ship stone pier; Double-headed sharp piers are used in the deepest water and turbulent water. This design can reduce the impact of water flow on the bridge.
Ruiyun Bridge, also known as Datian Bridge, is located in Jinde Village, Lantian Township, Anxi County. According to the book "Quanzhou Bridge Culture", the bridge is a single-hole, north-south wooden beam covered bridge. Ruiyun Bridge was built in Song Dynasty and rebuilt in Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1630). At both ends of the bridge, stone buildings stand on the mountain. Taking the number "9" representing the emperor's respect as the symbol, nine whole Chinese fir trees with a length of 16 m and a diameter of about 70 cm were selected and placed horizontally on the clips at both ends of Wu 'an Mountain and Anhou Mountain, which looked like peony with double peaks, several meters away from the water. This kind of bridging method is called "wooden flat type". There is a long corridor building on the bridge, and the beams are carved and painted. There are two layers of rain slopes made of fir boards on both sides of the corridor. There is a pedestrian walkway on the right side of the corridor, and there are four bays on the left side, and seats are arranged for people to rest and relax.
"Ruiyun protects all sentient beings, and Tianzhu hides the true Buddha." Ruiyun Bridge worships Guanyin with a pagoda, and the incense is strong. Hanging on it is a plaque of "Jinliang Daqian", which was inscribed by Zhang Ruitu, a famous calligrapher and college student in the late Ming Dynasty. Vigorous brushwork is a rare masterpiece of calligraphy. Zhang Ruitu, a long character without painting, is from Guo Tingshan, Ershui. Zeng joined the cabinet to assist in the late Ming Dynasty. Zhang Ruitu's calligraphy attainments are very high, and he is "especially good at writing large calligraphy plaques". Later generations called him "splashing ink", and together with Dong Qichang, a calligrapher in Ming Dynasty, he was also called "Zhang Nan Monument East". Many scenic spots in Quanzhou have inscriptions and poems written by Zhang Ruitu.
In addition to the famous bridges mentioned above, there are many bridge buildings in Quanzhou that are closely related to historical celebrities, such as Pan Bridge of Confucian Temple, Pan Bridge of Long Coast, Panguang Bridge, Stalagmite Bridge, Jinji Bridge, shunji bridge Bridge and Yongchun Dongguan Bridge. Throughout the ages, bridge inscriptions, inscriptions, poems, couplets, as well as folk songs, folklore, fairy tales and so on. What celebrities left on the bridge in past dynasties is a heavy bridge cultural heritage left by history.