1. Du Fu's "Spring Hope": "The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation. I feel the flowers splashing with tears, and hate the birds that are leaving. The war continues for three months, and letters from home are worth ten thousand gold. I scratch my head. Even shorter, the hairpin is full of lust."
2. Li Qingzhao's "Summer Quatrains": "I was born as a hero, and died as a ghost. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross the Yangtze River."
3. Fan Chengda's "Zhouqiao": "Between the north and south of Zhouqiao is Tianjie. My father is waiting for his return home in his old age. Holding back tears, he asked the envoy: 'When will the Sixth Army really come?'"
4. Lin Sheng's "Inscription on Lin'an Residence": "Beyond the Qingshan Tower outside the mountain, when does the singing and dancing in the West Lake stop? The warm wind makes the tourists drunk, and they call Hangzhou Bianzhou."
5. Lu You's "Shi'er": "I knew everything was in vain when I died, but I couldn't see the same sadness as Jiuzhou. When Wang Shibei fixed the day of the Central Plains, he never forgot to tell Nai Weng about family sacrifices."
6. Lu You's "Reflections on the Autumn Night When I Go Out of the Fence Gate to Welcome the Coolness": "Thirty thousand miles east of the river, there is a sea of ????people, and five thousand are still on the skyscrapers. The remaining people shed tears in the dust, and look south to the king's division for another year."
7. Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Lingding Ocean": "After a hard encounter, the stars are scattered all around in the fight. The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters and the catkins are floating, and the life experience is ups and downs. The rain beats the raft. I am scared on the beach, and I sigh in the Lingding Ocean. Since ancient times, no one has died in life, but he has retained his loyalty. According to history.”
8. Yu Qian's "Song of Lime": "Thousands of hammers have been used to carve out the deep mountains, and the fire is burning as if nothing happens. Don't be afraid of being shattered into pieces. You must leave your innocence in the world."
9. Gong Zizhen's "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai" (Volume 5): "The sun is setting in the daytime when I am sad about separation, and I sing my whip and point to the end of the world in the east. Falling red is not a heartless thing, it turns into spring mud to protect the flowers."
10. The original intention of reading was from the Yuan Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. Lu You's "Reading"
11. When I die, I know that everything is in vain, but the sadness is not the same as in Jiuzhou. When Wang Shibei set the Central Plains Day, he did not Don't forget to tell Nai Weng about family sacrifices - Song Dynasty. Lu You's "Shi'er"
12. The remaining people shed tears in the dust, and looked south to see Wang Shi for another year - Song Dynasty. Lu You "Feelings of Coming Out of the Fence Gate to Welcome the Coolness of the Autumn Night"
13. Although the three households of Chu were able to resist Qin, how could China be empty and deserted - Song Dynasty? Lu You's "Golden Cross Knife"
14. I have an oath in my heart that is deeper than the sea, and I am willing to make China sink to the ground - Song Dynasty. Zheng Sixiao's "Er Li"
15. I took a long breath to cover my tears, mourning the hardships of the people's lives - the Warring States Period. Chu. Qu Yuan's "Li Sao"
Peony became a precious ornamental flower, which began in the Sui Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. "Only the peony is the true national color, and it moves the capital when it blooms." (Liu Yuxi's "Peony Appreciation") In the Tang Dynasty, the peony was praised as the "national flower" and won the love of the people of the Tang Dynasty for its national beauty and natural fragrance. According to incomplete statistics, "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" alone contains more than 100 poems about peonies by more than 50 writers. These poems have high ideological and artistic achievements, enriching and developing the creation of poetry chanting about objects in our country.
1
"When you climb a mountain, you will be full of love in the mountains, and when you look at the sea, your thoughts will overflow in the sea." (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long·Shen Si") It starts when the peonies are in bud. , the poets began to write, "Although the green bracts have small leaves and sparse leaves, they are noble and noble." (Sun Li's "Untitled Peony") expresses his love for peonies and describes the customs and customs of the Tang Dynasty society. As well as various situations of viewing and appreciating flowers. "The sun shines brightly in the morning, and I look at it, and the evening wind blows it down and wraps it around the fence. The shelves of poems and books are full of dust, and no one even raises their head during the whole day." (Xu Wei's "Peony Flowers No. 2") Even the poems I usually love The book has no choice but to let it be with the dust. Among the poems about peonies written by people in the Tang Dynasty, there were poems to answer friends' inquiries about peonies. Some poems described using peonies as
flowers as a farewell message..."Building steps to love the red river, Teach people to paint the future on the fan." Luo Yin also wrote a poem "Painting Peonies on the Fan." Even so, the poets still felt that they had not expressed their love for flowers in their hearts. Sun Li composed another poem "Peony is Behind, There is a Composition" to express the feeling of parting. In the poets' writings, the peony flowers have thousands of expressions and graces.
But the poets of the Tang Dynasty were not completely intoxicated by the beauty of peonies. Through the superficial phenomenon of peonies' flourishing, they keenly discovered the social problems hidden behind them, and expressed their views on them through poetry. Sympathy for the poor lives of working people. This is the most thoughtful poem about peonies in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi's poem "Buying Flowers" in "Qin Zhong Yin" can be used as a representative. His poem goes:
Spring is approaching dusk in the imperial city, and there is noisy traffic and horses.
When *** talked about peonies, he went to buy flowers with him.
There is no permanent price for high or low, and the reward depends on the number of flowers.
A hundred red flowers are burning, and there are five bunches of primeval flowers.
There is a curtain on the top for shelter, and a fence on the side for protection.
Sprinkle water and seal it with mud, and the color will remain the same.
There is a farm owner who occasionally comes to buy flowers.
He lowered his head and sighed, no one can explain this sigh.
A clump of dark-colored flowers is a gift to one of the ten households!
At the age of seventeen, Li Shangyin was appreciated by Linghuchu for his literary talent. He was hired as an official in Linghuchu's shogunate and received guidance from Linghuchu to learn how to write memorials. At this time, Li Shangyin was at the peak of his life and in his prime. When he saw the blooming peonies, he thought of Linghu Chu's cultivation of him, and wrote a seven-rhythm poem "Peony":
The cotton drapery was first rolled up by Mrs. Wei, and the embroidered quilts are still piled up across Hubei. Jun.
Hands down, jade pendants are flipped randomly, and tulip skirts are danced with bent waists.
The candles of the Shi family were never cut, and the Xun ordered the incense burner to be smoked.
I am a colored pen passed down in a dream, and I want to write flowers and leaves and send them to the morning clouds.
The first name is an allusion of Confucius meeting Nanzi, "Dianlue": "The lady is in the brocade curtain, Confucius secretly bows to the north, the lady comes out of the curtain and worships again," the matter of the ring is true. The second sentence uses the allusion of E Jun's boating, "Shuo Yuan": "E Jun was repairing his sleeves, hugging him as he walked, lifting the embroidered quilt and returning it." From the blooming peonies, we associate these historical allusions, and with these historical allusions The characters are used to express the impression given by the delicate peonies among the green leaves, showing that the charm of peonies arouses readers' beautiful reverie. He Zhuo commented: "Peony is not enough to be worthy of it, and the vitality of the couplet pours out." (See the commentary of Shen Hou Tushuang in "Li Yishan's Collected Poems")
Three or four sentences compare peony to a dancing woman, dancing For a moment, she lowered her hand to touch the jade pendant, and when she turned around, her long skirt floated up. It can be seen in "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" that "Mrs. Qi is good at dancing with raised sleeves and bent waist." These two sentences describe the scene of peonies swaying in the spring breeze, which is very interesting. vivid. The five or six lines of the poem are borrowed from Shi Lun's use of candles for cooking as recorded in "Shishuo Xinyu", and what Liu Jihe said in "Xiangyang Records": "Xun Lingjun came to someone's house and sat there for three days to be fragrant." It describes the time when peonies are in bloom. The brilliance and fragrance give people a strong feeling. The last two words of the poem use the allusions of Jiang Yan's dream of Wubi and the Wushan goddess to illustrate Ling Xiehu Chu's respect and cultivation of him, as well as his own gratitude to Ling Hu Chu, and express the poet's rippling emotions. The heart of spring adds infinite charm to peonies. Ji Yun said: "Eight sentences and eight things, but they are all in one breath, and there is no sign of using them, which is a huge supernatural power!" (See "Yuxi Poems on Life") The advantage of this poem is that it develops the branch of using things, and it is a code of death. Used vividly, it enriches the conception and expressiveness of poetry, and shows Li Shangyin's talent.
Soon Wang Maoyuan, a member of Li Deyu's party and the governor of Heyang, loved Li Shangyin's talent and appointed him as secretary and married his daughter to him. From then on, Li Shangyin lived in the cracks of party struggles, and he no longer felt as happy as when he was admiring flowers in the past. In the late spring of the third year of Emperor Wenzong's reign in the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin took the Erxue Hongci examination in Chang'an and failed. He set off from Chang'an back to Jingyuan, passing through Huizhong, and lived in Nilv (now Zennei, Guyuan, Gansu). It happened to be a bitter rainy day. Just as the peonies were in bloom, they were knocked down by a gust of wind and rain. The poet recalled the past, was moved by the scene, and used peonies to express his life experience, and wrote the famous "Two Poems of Returning to the Middle Kingdom of Peonies Destroyed by the Rain".
One
Xiayuan could not catch up with him in other years, but Xizhou suddenly met today.
The rain and cold are still there in the water pavilion at dusk, but the spring fragrance of Luo Jian is warm and unknown.
The dancing butterflies diligently collect fallen pistils, while the beautiful lady melancholy lies on the curtain far away.
Fang Fei is with me in Zhangtai Street, and I asked the palace waist how many branches to donate.
Looking back at the time when we were enjoying flowers in the capital, now we are here during the "sudden season". It rains in the water pavilion at dusk and the slight cold is still there. It is really a pity that the peonies were defeated by the rain. The poet uses the peony as a metaphor to think of his frustrated relatives and friends from his own downfall.
Second
The laughing pomegranate flowers are not as good as spring, and they are scattered in advance, which makes people more aware of them.
The jade plate bursts into tears, and the jade plate bursts into tears, and the brocade strings shake the strings and break the dreams.
Thousands of miles of darkness are not old things, and business in a year is like a drifting dust.
After dancing in front of the river, you look back and feel that your beauty is new now.
This poem describes one’s own decline from one’s original situation to one’s being marginalized by others. At the beginning of the poem, we leave aside the peonies and write about the durian flowers first. Because durian flowers bloom late and cannot catch up with spring, some people laugh at them incomprehensibly. Who knows that they bloom early and fall early, and they are more aware of them. Three sentences are about flowers containing rain, and four sentences are about rain hitting flowers, which means that hope will come true. This is so clear! But the peonies were destroyed by the rain, and the haze for thousands of miles was no longer the same as before. The vitality of spring was completely wiped away. These lines range from the falling of the peonies to the changes in the entire personnel affairs, pushing the sorrow of others to the peak. At the end of the poem, there is a backhand, saying that the rain will pass and the peonies will all fall. Looking back on this day, they will be powdery in the rain. Shang Jue's new beauty is touching, and the implication is that today's desolation is nothing, and the devastation in his years will be far worse than today. The whole poem is about describing objects, that is, expressing ambitions, and describing scenes, that is, expressing emotions. From it, we can easily get a glimpse of the poet's infinite sadness after suffering political attacks.
2
As a poetic style, poetry about things has a long history. The first chapter of "The Book of Songs·Zhou Nan" is inspired by "Sui Jiu", and "Chu Ci·Li Sao" expresses its ambitions in "Lan Zhi" and expresses its feelings in "Tsuan Hui". In the Western Han Dynasty and the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, poems based on objects appeared. When the development of poetry reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, poetry chanting about objects also became richer and became more spectacular.
Most of the more than fifty authors of peony poems in the Tang Dynasty were poets after the mid-Tang Dynasty. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, when social contradictions became increasingly acute and complex, they were influenced by the New Yuefu Movement. They inherited the fine tradition of chanting poems developed from the Book of Songs and Songs of Chu, and showed realism in their creations. tendency.
The Tang people’s chanting of peonies left us with a series of vivid and distinctive images. The image of the working people in the works that sing about flowers and satirize the times is represented by the farmhouse man in Bai Juyi's poem "Buying Flowers", which has become a typical example of the poets' image group in the Tang Dynasty and remains indelibly in our memory. The image of the flower appreciator in the poems about flowers and expressing feelings is not similar because the objects of chanting are all peonies. "Looking at all the flowers, there are no more flowers. Cut them off, cover them with snow and dip them in cinnabar.
"(Xu Wei's "One of Two Peonies") We can feel the vividness and distinctness of this image through the expression of the flower-viewer. "I would rather carry the pot into the drunken country," (Duan Yingshi's "Niu Zunshi's House" "Looking at Peonies") This is a flower appreciator with a bold and unrestrained character; "You don't have to sing with complicated strings, there is more emotion in silence." "(Wu Rong's "Red and White Peonies") This is a flower-viewer with an introverted personality. Some people describe flower-viewers from different angles, "When the weather is clear and the flowers are old, it is better to join hands and watch them in the rain." "(Dou Liangbin's "Looking at Peonies in the Rain") This is the place to enjoy flowers in the rain; "A column of high and low shades of red sets the fire around the dew bushes diligently. "(Wen Tingyun's "Watching Peonies at Night") I came here to enjoy the flowers at night, so much so that I just wanted to lay down my pillow on the railing and talk about lovesickness at night. "(Xue Neng's "Third of Four Poems on Peonies"), the image will appear on the page. The more fully the author describes the intoxicated look of the flower appreciator, the more the image in the poem will be The more prominent it is. There are also descriptions of the psychological changes of flower appreciators, which will make the characters' images and expressions more vivid and lifelike. Wang Jian has a poem titled "The Peony Flowers in the House I Rent":
The house you rent is obtained. The flowers are probably monsters when they first bloom.
The pink light is deep purple, and the flesh color fades away from red.
I hope the wind will stay, but I will worry about the scorching sun.
Pity the scattered pistils, collect them for burning incense
The whole poem describes a series of changes in the psychology of the flower appreciator in detail: "I am afraid that it is a monster when it first blooms." When I saw the peonies in full bloom in my house, it might be the first time I saw them! It caused a sense of surprise and fear in the flower-viewers, and they even worried that they were possessed by monsters. "The beautiful peony finally made him intoxicated and immersed in joy, and he deeply wished in his heart that the spring breeze would keep it and the scorching sun would not scorch it. But when the flowers bloom, they will eventually fall. When the flowers are gone, , the flowers were falling, and his pity prompted him to collect the remaining flowers to burn as incense, expressing his reluctance to leave. The series of psychological depictions were very delicate, and the characters became vivid, creating a strong artistic appeal. The image of the flower admirer in the lyrical works is mostly a representation of the poet's self-image. Therefore, we can feel the beating pulse of the poets' thoughts and feelings from these poems, and see the ability of the Tang people to capture images in their poems about peonies. < /p>
The works of the Tang Dynasty chanting peonies also have many artistic features. The grace and charm of peonies inspired poets to have rich imaginations, such as describing white and purple peonies as "white and beautiful jade is not very moist." "Zijue Ganoderma is not auspicious"; (Sun Li's "Another Inscription on the Peony Master Sikong") describes the fragrance of peonies as "the stamens are worthy of being carved by the spirit phoenix, and the fragrance is like a white dragon's kiss"; (Xu Wei's "He Pu Shoots the Eight Rhymes of the Twenty-four-foot Peony" ) describes the late stage of peony flowering and its setting: "The beautiful clouds should fade when the sun opens, and the Qing Emperor will be sad when it sets"; (Tang Yanqian's "Peony") The wings of imagination stretch thousands of miles, in the sky and on the ground, in order to imitate the posture of the peony. They used bold and exaggerated techniques:
Long Fen looks charming in the night rain, and her husband is fragrant in the spring breeze.
--Xu Wei's "Yi Yun Monk's Book" presents peonies again. ”
Peony growing in vain is jealous, and the rose is too embarrassed to bloom
--Xu Ning’s "Inscribed on Kaiyuan Temple Peony"
These exaggerated descriptions and foils The appearance of the peony.
At first glance, the clouds are coming, and the candle is coming out of the cage. The ground is red when I move around.
--Yao He, "He Wang Langzhong Zhao". "Looking at the Peonies"
The music and singing in the jade tent will last for the rest of the day, and the companions in Yaotai are waiting to die.
--Qi Wei's "Inscription on Peonies in the Back Garden of Nanping"
These are. It exaggeratedly describes the scene of flower appreciation. At the same time, when chanting peonies, the poem also uses various clever personification techniques.
It seems that there is a double smile, and there is a song.
--"Peony No. 2" by Wen Tingyun
Jin Ruixiaying stacks colorful incense, and at first suspicion, the girl comes out of the orchid room.
--Zhou Yao's "Looking at Peonies and Giving Duan Chengshi"
These describe peonies as beautiful women through anthropomorphic techniques. In addition, through clever anthropomorphic techniques, it is connected with the characters in historical legends to imitate the beauty of peonies.
Cut the pieces of the Chu girl's morning clouds, and cut through the moonlight at night
--Xu Wei's "Zhuihe Bai Sheren Ode the White Peony"
The tailoring is biased Get the east wind, as light as the Western makeup.
--Yin Wengui's "Picture of Zhao Shilang looking at red and white peonies and praising his head"
Song Yu's cheeks are tender and tender, and Wenjun's machine made the first cut.
--Xu Wei's "Remembering Peony"
Nakan was even more obscured by the smoke, and Xishi from the southern country burst into tears.
--Tang Yanqian's "Peony"
These anthropomorphic techniques connected with characters in historical legends create a beautiful realm and arouse readers' rich imagination.
When poets use various artistic techniques to describe peonies, they do not simply use a certain artistic technique, but comprehensively and diversifiedly integrate various artistic techniques into a multi-faceted, The beauty of the peony is reproduced in many sideways, and the beauty of the object is fully realized, so as to convey the thoughts and feelings in the poet's heart. We have made a rough classification above to explain the use of various artistic techniques in chanting peonies.
In fact, rich imagination can be achieved through bold exaggeration and clever personification. Bold exaggeration also contains clever personification, and clever personification also contains bold exaggeration. They are almost inseparable. Bai Juyi's "Peony Fragrance" is a good example. His poem goes:
Peony fragrance, peony fragrance, golden stamens bloom in the red jade house.
Thousands of scarlet flowers are shining brightly, and hundreds of crimson branches are shining brightly.
The brocade satin blooms on the ground for the first time, but the orchids and musk bags do not bloom when the wind blows.
The Fairy Tree is white and colorless, and the Queen Mother’s peach blossoms are small but not fragrant.
The dew is light and purple, and the morning sun shines red.
The two colors of red and purple are different in shades, and the postures are low and high towards the back.
Ying Ye is passionate and shy, lying in the bush unable to hold drunken makeup.
His coquettish smile covers his mouth in doubt, contemplating the resentment as if his heart is broken.
The colorful flowers are rich and elegant, and the flowers are incomparable.
Dianthus money is so fragile, hibiscus and peony are so bitter...
In Bai Juyi's writing, rich imagination, bold exaggeration, clever personification, etc., integrate various artistic techniques into After one stroke, this poem is like a Chinese painting, with delicate brushwork and freehand brushwork. It fully expresses the beauty and charm of the peony flowers, giving people an immersive feeling.
The language used by people in the Tang Dynasty to chant peony poems was mainly shallow and smooth. Like Bai Juyi's poem, "the meaning is deep and the words are shallow, the thoughts are bitter and the words are sweet." (Yuan Mei) His poem "Buying Flowers" is based on "desire to see" The author Yi Yu (Bai Juyi) wrote it for the purpose of being approachable. "The language of other poets' peony poems also reflects this feature. For example, Linghu Chu wrote a poem "Going to the Eastern Capital to Farewell the Peonies"
I haven't seen the small garden flower for ten years, and the purple calyx is about to bloom and I say goodbye again.
Get on your horse and go out, looking back to see when you will get the capital again.
The language is simple and clear as words, and the love for flowers and the feeling of farewell overflow beyond the poem. Liu Yuxi also wrote a poem "Farewell Peonies with Linghu Chugong"
There is a column of flowers in Pingzhang's house, but he is not at home when they bloom.
Mo Daoxi is not far away, the end of the world is right outside Chunming Gate.
It is also shallow and smooth, and there is a deep meaning in the words. When the two poems are read together, they sound like homely words, but they also contain deep feelings. They use line drawing techniques to create a beautiful realm where the deep feelings are reflected in the words. It is precisely because of this shallow and smooth language that poets use line drawing techniques more often. With just a few strokes, they can draw a vibrant picture, which contains endless meaning outside the poem. Xu Ning wrote a poem "Peony":
Who doesn't love peonies? They occupy all the good things in the city.
Ying is the work of a goddess from Luochuan, her beauty is so charming that it breaks the morning glow.
The poem contains allusions, imagination, exaggeration, and personification, but the language of the poem is very fluent and vivid, making it catchy to read. With the help of line drawing, the truth can be seen in nature. Provoking refreshing thoughts. The list goes on and on. The shallow and fluent language makes the poems easy to sing, remember and spread. Li Zhengfeng, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, had two poems describing peonies: "The national color is full of beauty in the morning, dyed by the fragrance of the sky at night." Implicit, elegant, and neatly contrasted; Liu Yuxi's poem "Appreciating Peonies" contains "Only peonies are the true national color, and the flowers are beautiful." The phrase "the season brings joy to the capital" is fresh, fluent, and clear as words, and they all praise the peony to the status of "national flower". However, it has been passed down to this day that Li Zhengfeng's poem has been simplified by later generations as "the beauty of the country and the fragrance of heaven", while Liu Yuxi's poem has not Completely sung for people, this example vividly illustrates that simple and smooth poems are more conducive to spread and acceptance.
The Tang Dynasty people chanted peony poems, which had a great influence on later generations. After the Tang Dynasty, works describing peonies became more and more numerous, which aroused great interest from writers in the past dynasties. They became an important aspect of Chinese poetry and even developed into other artistic fields. When poetry flourished, peonies around the Song Dynasty also became The object of the poem. Later works describing peonies also appeared in operas, dramas, novels and other literary genres. At the same time, many interesting stories, anecdotes, folklore, myths and so on were also produced.
The artistic beauty created by the Tang people's poems about peonies deepened and influenced our people's love for peonies