11.1 Confucius said: "If you advance in ritual and music, you are a savage; if you advance in ritual and music late, you are a gentleman. If you use it, I will be advanced."
11.2 Confucius said: " Those who follow me from Chen and Cai are not as good as me."
11.3 Virtue: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong. Words: Kill me, Zigong. Political affairs: Ran You, Ji Lu. Literature: Ziyou, Zixia.
11.4 Confucius said: "You are not the one who helped me when I came back. He said everything to me."
11.5 Confucius said: "Filial piety Min Ziqian! No one is as good as his parents." Kun Di's words.
11.6 Nan Rong Sanfu Bai Gui, Confucius married his brother's son
11.7 Ji Kangzi asked: "Which of my disciples is eager to learn?" "Confucius said to him: "Those who have Yan Hui love to learn, but unfortunately they are short-lived and die, and now they are also dead. "
When Yan Yuan died in 11.8, Yan Lu invited his son's car to serve as his coffin. Confucius said: "If you are not talented, each of you will have his own son." The carp also died, with a coffin but no coffin. I will not do it in vain as a coffin. Since I have become a doctor, I cannot do it in vain. "
11.9 Yan Yuan died, and the Master said: "Oh! God is sad! God is sad! "
On November 10, Yan Yuan died, and Zi wept in grief. The follower said: "Zi is in mourning! "Said: "Are you sad? If it’s not the lady who mourns, who should? "
11.11 When Yan Yuan died, his disciples wanted to give him a grand burial. The Master said, "No. "
My disciples buried him generously. Confucius said: "When I return, I will treat him like a father, but I will not treat him like a son. It’s not me, it’s my husband’s second or third son. "
11.12 Ji Lu asked about ghosts and gods. The Master said: "If you can't help people, how can you help ghosts? Said: "Dare to ask about death." Said: "If you don't know life, how can you know death?" "
11.13 Minzi is waiting by the side, and he is like you; Zilu, Xingxing is like you; Ran You and Zigong are talking about you. Ziyue. "If you leave, you will not die." ”
In 11.14, the people of Lu were the governor of the mansion. Min Ziqian said: “It is still intact, so what?” Why change it? Confucius said: "Madam, if you don't speak, your words must be accurate." ”
11.15 The Master said: “Is it because of this that you are at the gate of Qiu? "The disciples disrespected Zilu. Zilu said: "You have been promoted to the hall, but you have not entered the room. ”
11.16 Zigong asked: “Which one is wiser, Master or Shang?” Confucius said: "The teacher is too good, but the businessman is not good enough." Said: "Then the master will be healed?" Confucius said: "To go too far is not enough." ”
11.17 The Ji family was richer than the Duke of Zhou, and Qiu also gathered and benefited from him. The Master said: “You are not my disciple.” The boy beats the drum and attacks, that's fine. "
11.18 Chai is a fool, Shen is a fool, and a teacher is a pioneer, and you are a fool.
11.19 The Master said: "When I return, I am a commoner, and I am always empty. Grants are not ordered, but the goods are multiplied, and hundreds of millions are hit repeatedly. ”
11.20 Zi Zhang asked about the way of a good person. The Master said: “If you don’t follow the traces, you won’t enter the house. ”
11.21 Confucius said: “In terms of what is right and what is true, who is a gentleman?” Se Zhuang? ”
11.22 Zilu asked: “What do you hear and do?” Confucius said: "How can I hear this and do it when my father and brother are here?" ”
Ran You asked: “What have you heard and done?” Confucius said: "Hear this and do it." "
Gong Xihua said: "You asked about what you heard about what you did, and Confucius said: "My father and brother are here." Chi Ye is confused and dares to ask. "The Confucius said: "The pursuit is to retreat, so advance; the sincerity is to attract others, so retreat" "
11.23 Confucius is afraid of Kuang, Yan Yuan is behind. The Confucius said: "I regard women as death." "He said: "You are here, why would you dare to die? "
On November 24, Ji Ziran asked: "Can Zhong Yuan and Ran Qiu be called ministers? "Confucius said:" I asked Zi as a different question, and I once asked Yu Qiu. The so-called ministers should serve the king with the way, and stop if they can't do it. Now Yu and Qiu can be said to be ministers. "
said: "But whoever follows it? "The Master said: "It is also disobedient to kill one's father and the king. "
11.25 Zilu sent Zigao to serve as Fei Zai. Zilu said: "The son of a thief wife. "
Zilu said: "There are people and a country, so why study and then learn? "
Confucius said: "This is why the evil husband is a sycophant. "
11.26 Zilu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gong Xihua are sitting here.
Confucius said: "I can grow a lot of people in one day. Ju Ze said: ‘I don’t know! ’ If you know it, why? "
Zilu led you and said to him: "A country with a thousand chariots is spread out among the big countries, and with the aid of troops and troops, there will be famine. If you do this, in three years, you can make people Be brave and know the right way. "
Master choked it.
"Please! How about you? "
The answer is: "It's sixty or seventy, such as fifty or sixty. If you ask for it, you can satisfy the people in three years." Such as its rituals and music, in order to wait for the gentleman. "
"Chi, what are you doing? ”
The answer is: “It’s not my ability, but I’m willing to learn it.” Regarding the affairs of the ancestral temple, if you agree with me, Duan Zhangfu, I would like to be the junior prime minister. ”
“Come on, what do you do?” ”
The drum is very beautiful, the clang is sonorous, and it is composed without playing the harp. He said to him: “It is different from the writings of the three sons.” ”
Confucius said: “What’s the harm?” Each also expressed his ambition. "
Said: "Mo Chun, the spring clothes are ready, five or six people are crowned, and six or seven boys are bathing in Yi, the wind is dancing, and they return home chanting. ”
The Master sighed and said, “I am with you!” ”
The third son comes out and Zeng Xi is the queen.
Zeng Xi said: "Master, what are the words of the three sons?" Confucius said: "Everyone has expressed his ambition." ?"
Said: "If you are polite to the country, you will not give in."
"It is not a country to only seek."
< p>"An Jianfang's sixty-seventy is like fifty-sixty and not a state?Only red is not a state?"
"If the ancestral temple is united, why is it not a prince?" "Chi is also small, who can make it big?" Original text
Confucius said: "Advancing ① in ritual and music is like a savage; being late in ③ in ritual and music is like a gentleman ④." I follow the advanced ones.”
Notes
① Advanced: refers to people who first learn etiquette and music and then become officials.
②Savage: A simple and rude person or a rural commoner.
③Laggard: A person who becomes an official first and then learns etiquette and music.
④Gentleman: This refers to the ruler.
Translation
Confucius said: "Those who first learn rituals and music and then become officials are common people (originally without titles and salaries); people who first become officials and then learn rituals and music , is a gentleman. If you want to use talents first, then I advocate choosing people who learn etiquette and music first."
Analysis
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, people had different social status and place of residence. , there was a distinction between nobles, commoners and country people. Confucius believed here that those who first became officials, that is, those who originally had titles and salaries, did not receive systematic education in ritual and music knowledge before becoming officials, and did not know how to become officials easily. Such people are not available. As for those civilians who originally did not have titles or honors, they had comprehensively and systematically learned the knowledge of rituals and music before becoming officials, and then they knew how to be officials and how to be a good official.
Original text
Confucius said: "Those who follow me from Chen and Cai ① are not as good as the door ②."
Comments
①Chen and Cai: both are country names.
②Not as good as the door: the door, here refers to the place for education. Not as good as the door means that you are not taught by others.
Translation
Confucius said: "The students who followed me from Chen to Cai are no longer by my side to be taught."
Commentary
In 489 BC, Confucius and his students went from Chen to Cai. On the way, they were surrounded by people from the state of Chen and were without food for seven days. Many students were so hungry that they could not walk. His students at that time included Zilu, Zigong, Yan Yuan and others. In 484 BC, after Confucius returned to the state of Lu, Zilu, Zigong and others left him one after another, and Yan Hui also died. Therefore, Confucius often missed them. This sentence reflects Confucius's mood. Original text
Confucius said: "How filial is Min Ziqian! People are not separated from each other 1 by the words of their parents and brothers."
Notes
1: censure, criticism , picky.
②Kun: Brother, elder brother.
Translation
Confucius said: "Min Ziqian is really filial! People have no objection to his parents and brothers praising him."
Original text
Nan Rong San restored Bai Gui①, and Confucius married her with his brother's son.
Notes
① Bai Gui: Refers to the poem in "The Book of Songs·Daya·Yuzhi": "Bai Gui's tarnish can still be polished off, but Slan's tarnish cannot be done." "It means that the stains on the white jade can be rubbed off, but if there is something wrong with our speech, it cannot be undone." This is a warning to people to be careful with their words.
Translation
Nan Rong repeatedly recited the poem "Bai Gui's tarnish can still be polished off, but the words are not tarnished and cannot be done". Confucius married his niece to him.
Commentary
Starting from Confucius, Confucianism strongly advocates "careful speech" and never say anything that should not be said. Because if white jade is tarnished, it can be polished off, but if you say the wrong thing, it cannot be undone. I hope people will be careful with their words.
Here, Confucius married his niece to Nan Rong, showing that he appreciated Nan Rong's cautious words.
Original text
Ji Kangzi asked: "Which of my disciples likes to learn?" Confucius said to him: "There are those who love to learn. Unfortunately, they died short-lived, and now they are also dead."
Original text
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Translation
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius: "Who among your students is eager to learn?" Confucius replied: "There was a student named Yan Hui who was eager to learn, but unfortunately he died short-lived. Now There is no one like him anymore." Original text
When Yan Yuan died, Yan Lu asked his son to take his car as his coffin. Confucius said: "Talents are not talented, and everyone has his own son. The carp also dies, with a coffin but no coffin. I will not walk alone as a coffin. Since I am a doctor, I cannot walk alone."
Notes
① Yan Lu: Yan Wuyao (yóu), Zi Lu, Yan Yuan’s father, also a student of Confucius, was born in 545 BC.
②Coffin (ɡuǒ): The coffin used by the ancients, with a coffin inside and a coffin outside.
③Li: Confucius’s son, named Bolu, died at the age of 50 and Confucius was 70.
④Follow the doctors: Follow the doctors, which means to have been a doctor. Confucius once served as a Sikou in the State of Lu, an official at the level of a doctor.
Translation
After Yan Yuan died, (his father) Yan Lu asked Confucius to sell the car and buy a coffin for Yan Yuan. Confucius said: "(Although Yan Yuan and Li) one is talented and the other is not talented, each is his own son.
When Kong Li died, he also had a coffin but no coffin. I didn't sell my car and buy him a coffin. Because I am still following the doctor and cannot walk. ”
Commentary
Yan Yuan was a favorite disciple of Confucius. Confucius praised Yan Yuan highly for many times, thinking that he had good moral character and was eager to learn and make progress. Yan Yuan died, and his father Yan Yuan died. Lu asked Confucius to sell his car to buy a coffin for Yan Yuan. Although Confucius was very sad, he was unwilling to sell his car because he had served as a doctor, and a doctor must have his own car and could not walk. Otherwise, it violates the rules of etiquette. This chapter reflects Confucius's strict attitude towards etiquette. How can you be a ghost? Said: "Dare to ask about death." Said: "If you don't know life, how can you know death?" "
Translation
Ji Lu asked how to serve ghosts and gods. Confucius said: "If you cannot serve good people, how can you serve ghosts? Ji Lu said, "Excuse me, what is the meaning of death?" (Confucius replied): "If you don't know the meaning of life, how can you know death?" ”
Commentary
The “serving people” that Confucius talks about here refers to serving the king’s father. If the king’s father cannot be loyal and filial when he is alive, he will talk about it after his death. Instead of being filial to ghosts and gods, he hoped that people would be loyal to the emperor and filial piety to their fathers. This chapter shows Confucius's basic attitude on ghosts and gods, life and death. He did not believe in ghosts and gods, and did not pay attention to the afterlife or the situation after death. To be loyal and filial, there is no need to mention more about how to treat ghosts and gods.
Original text
Minzi served beside him, and he said: "Zilu, Xingxing, etc." , Zigong, Kankan ③ Ruye. "If you follow it, you will not die." ”
Notes
①訳訚: a pleasant appearance.
②Xingxing: a strong appearance.
③ Kankan: speaking
Translation
Min Ziqian stood beside Confucius, looking pleasant and docile; Zilu looked strong; Ran You and Zigong looked gentle and happy. Confucius was happy, but Confucius said: "Like Zhong Yu, I'm afraid it won't end well. ”
Commentary
Zilu was brave and foolhardy, although he was very strong. On the one hand, Confucius was happy that his students had their own specialties, but he was also worried about Zilu, lest he There will be no good results. It is human nature to love students. This is what Confucius worried about. what? Why change it? Confucius said: "Madam, if you don't speak, your words must be accurate." "
Translation
The State of Lu renovated the treasury of the Changfu. Min Ziqian said: "How about continuing as usual? Why rebuild it? Confucius said: "This man doesn't usually speak much. When he does speak, he gets to the point." ”
Original text
Confucius said: “Yu Zhise①Xi is the gate of Yuqiu②? "The disciples disrespected Zilu. Zilu said: "You have been promoted to the hall, but you have not entered the room. ”
Notes
① Se (sè): an ancient musical instrument, similar to the guqin.
②Xi is the gate of Yuqiu: Xi, why. Why, play. Why play here?
③Shengtang enters the room: The hall is the main hall, and the room is the inner room. It is used to describe the degree of learning.
Translation. p>
Confucius said: "Zhongyou plays the harp, why do you play it here with me? Confucius's students did not respect Zi Lu because of this. Confucius said: "Zhong Yu, he has reached the level of being promoted to a high school in studies, but he has not yet entered a house." ”
Commentary
This passage records Confucius’s evaluation of Zilu. He first criticized Zilu in a reproachful tone. When other disciples did not respect Zilu, he changed his words and said Zilu As far as playing musical instruments is concerned, Confucius's attitude towards students should be relatively objective. He would praise students if they have achievements and oppose them if they make mistakes, so that students can realize their own shortcomings and build up their confidence at the same time. , strive for greater achievements
Original text
Zigong asked: "Who is the wiser, Master or Shang?" Confucius said: "The teacher is too good, but the businessman is not good enough." Said: "Then the master will recover?" Confucius said: "To go too far is not enough." ”
Notes
①Shi and Shang: Shi, Master Zhuan Sun, is Zi Zhang. Shang, Bu Shang, is Zi Xia.
② Yu: Better, better.
Translation
Zigong asked Confucius: "Who is better, Zizhang or Zixia? Confucius replied: "Zi Zhang is too much, Zi Xia is not enough." Zigong said, "Is Zizhang better?" Confucius said: "Excess and deficiency are the same." "
Commentary
"Excess is still less than less" is a specific explanation of the idea of ??the mean. "The Doctrine of the Mean" says that excess is still less than less. "I know that the Tao is not feasible. A wise person can surpass it, but a fool can't do it. The Tao is unclear, but I know it. The virtuous will go beyond it, and the unworthy will fall short. "If you hold on to both ends and use them to benefit the people, do you think you are Shun?" "This means that Shun chose the two extremes, neither going too far nor falling short. He taught the people the middle way, so he was a great sage. This is the specific explanation of Confucius' "going too far is still not enough" in this chapter. Since Zi Zhang did too much, If Zixia did not do enough, then both of them were not good, so Confucius's evaluation of these two people was "too much is not enough".
Original text
The Ji family was richer than Zhou Gong ①, and Qiu also gathered ② and benefited from it ③. Confucius said: "You are not my disciple. You can attack me by beating the drum."
Notes
①The Ji family is richer than the Duke of Zhou: The Ji family is richer than the Duke of Zhou Dynasty Be rich.
② Accumulate: Accumulate and collect money, that is, search.
③Benefit: increase.
Translation
The Ji family was richer than the princes of the Zhou Dynasty, and Ran Qiu also helped him plunder to increase his wealth. Confucius said: "He is no longer my student, you can attack him with great fanfare!"
Commentary
Three families of Lu State had their official offices in 562 BC. That is, the land under the direct jurisdiction of the king of Lu and the slaves attached to the land were divided. The Ji family got one-third, and replaced the exploitation method of slavery with the feudal system of exploitation. In 537 BC, the three families divided the public office for the second time, and the Ji family got two-quarters. Ji's family quickly became rich because of the new political and economic measures they implemented. Confucius's student Ran Qiu helped the Ji family accumulate money and plunder the people, so Confucius was very angry and expressed that he did not recognize Ran Qiu as his student, and asked other students to beat drums to denounce Ran Qiu.
Original text
Chai ① is also foolish ②, Shen is also Lu ③, Shi is also Pi ④, and You are also ⑤.
Notes
①Chai: Gao Chai, courtesy name Zigao, a student of Confucius, 30 years younger than Confucius, born in 521 BC.
② Stupid: The old note goes: Stupid and upright, meaning stupid and upright, does not mean stupid.
③Lu: slow.
④Pi (pì): partial, extreme, evil.
⑤喭(yàn): reckless, rude, fierce.
Translation
Gao Chai was foolish and straight, Zeng Shen was slow, Master Zhuan Sun was extreme, and Zhong You was reckless.
Commentary
Confucius believed that these students of his had their own biases and were not in line with the standard, and their character and morality must be corrected. This paragraph also expresses Confucius's doctrine of the mean. Doctrine of the mean is a kind of compromise and compromise. Harmony and compromise are a state in the development process of things. This state is relative and temporary. Confucius revealed this state of the development process of things and summarized it as "the Golden Mean", which made a contribution to the history of ancient Chinese understanding. Original text
Zizhang asked about the way of a good person ①. Confucius said: "If you don't practice the traces ②, you won't enter the house ③."
Annotation
①The good person : Refers to a person who is essentially kind but has not learned anything.
② Traces: traces, footprints. Follow in the footsteps of those who came before you.
③ Entering the room: It means that knowledge and cultivation have reached a profound level.
Translation
Zizhang asked how to be a good person. Confucius said: "If you don't follow the footsteps of your predecessors, your knowledge and cultivation will not be the same." Huh? Se Zhuangzhe? "
Notes
①Lun Du (dǔ) is related to: Lun, speech. Sincerity, sincerity. With, thumbs up. It means to praise someone who speaks honestly and sincerely.
Translation
Confucius said: "When you hear someone's honest and sincere comments, you should express your approval, but you should also consider whether he is a true gentleman or a person pretending to be solemn."
Commentary
Confucius hoped that his students would not only speak truthfully and sincerely, but also be consistent in their words and deeds. When Confucius observed others, he not only wanted to see his sincere attitude when speaking, but also his actions. A true gentleman is one whose words and deeds are consistent.
Original text
Zi Lu asked: "What do you do after hearing this?" Confucius said: "If your father and brother are here, why do you do what you hear after hearing this?" Ran You asked: "After hearing this, "Xingzhu?" Zi said: "Wen Si Xingzhu." Gong Xihua said: "You asked Wen Si Xingzhu, and Zi said, 'My father and brother are here.' "Sixingzhi." Chi Ye is confused and dares to ask. "Confucius said: "It is necessary to retreat, so it is necessary to advance; because it is also a person, it is necessary to retreat."
Notes
①Zhu: The consonant sound of the two characters "Zhihu".
②Jianren: Very brave.
Translation
Zilu asked: "Do you take action when you hear it?" Confucius said: "How can you take action when you hear it when your father and brother are here?" Ran You asked: " "When you hear it, do you act?" Confucius said: "When you hear it, you act." Gong Xihua said: "Zhong Yu asked, 'Do you hear it?' You replied, 'My father and brother are still alive.' Ran Qiu asked, 'I heard it. Just take action.' You replied, 'Just take action when you hear it.' , so I restrained him.”
Commentary
This is a specific example of Confucius incorporating the doctrine of the mean into educational practice. Here, he wants his students not to shrink back, not to push too far, but to make moderate advances and retreats. Therefore, for the same question, Confucius gave different answers to the different situations of Zilu and Ranqiu. At the same time, it also vividly reflects one of the characteristics of Confucius’ educational method, which is teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
Original text
Zi was afraid of Kuang, and Yan Yuan was behind him. Confucius said: "I will sacrifice my daughter to death." He said: "How can I dare to die when I return home with you here?"
Translation
Confucius was besieged by the locals in Kuangdi, and Yan Yuan finally Just escaped.
Confucius said: "I thought you were dead." Yan Yuan said: "Master is still alive, how can I dare to die?"
Original text
Ji Ziran ① asked: "Zhong "You and Ran Qiu can be called ministers and ministers?" Confucius said: "I think of you as a different question. I once said that ministers serve the king with the Tao. Now you and Qiu can be said to be the only ones." "The minister ③" said: "Then who will obey ④?" Confucius said: "Killing the father and the king is also disobedient."
Notes
①Ji Ziran: A member of the Ji family of Lu State.
②Zeng: Yes.
③Juchen: Ordinary ministers.
④: pronoun, here refers to the Ji family. At that time, both Ran Qiu and Zi Lu were retainers of the Ji family.
Translation
Ji Ziran asked: "Can Zhong Yu and Ran Qiu be regarded as ministers?" Confucius said: "I thought you were asking about others, but it turns out you were asking about You and Qiu." The so-called minister is able to serve the monarch according to the requirements of Zhou Gongzhi. If this does not work, he would rather resign. You and Qiu can only be regarded as mere ministers. Ji Ziran said: "Then why will they follow Ji's family in everything?" Confucius said: "They will not follow the example of killing their fathers or their rulers." "
Commentary
Confucius here pointed out the principle of "serving the king with the way". He warned Ran Qiu and Zilu to use the way of Zhou Gong to persuade Ji's family and not to cause trouble. If Ji's If he doesn't listen, he will resign. It can be seen that Confucius treats the relationship between monarch and ministers based on Tao and etiquette. Here, he requires both ministers and monarchs to follow Tao and etiquette.
If the Ji family kills their father and king, Ran Qiu and Zi Lu will oppose it.