There are four forms of idioms composed of repeated words: AABB type, AABC type, ABB type, ABAC type, ABCA type, ABAC type, etc.
AABB type (57 idioms): Safe and stable, diseased and crooked, whipping, falling down, gangster wing, uproar, bustling, bustling, windy, stormy, sneaky, mighty, vigorous, unexamined, every household, stammering , diligently, diligently, loudly, emphatically, fiercely, fiercely, with all kinds of things, luoluomumu, so-so and so-so, obviously illustrious, vague, curling Tingting, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, period, thousands, thousands, dear, me, three, three, two, three, three, five, good, kind Evil and evil, life after life, right and wrong, upright, unceremonious, sneaky, hesitant, only no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, nothing , Yuyuyaya, lush, Yuanyuanbenben, Yuanyuanbenben, tremblingly, jingzhengjingjiao, Xingxingxingxingxing, dotted with stars AAXX type (*** there are 234 idioms): mourning parents, heartbroken, crying for food, Edition sixty-four, everywhere, polite, step by step, step by step, hastily settle the matter, hastily withdraw troops, check for clarity, Chaochaoxuanzhu, Chenchenxiangyin, pitiful, ready to make a move, more than enough, stabbing Constantly pricking, passing down from generation to generation, attacking once and for all, chattering endlessly, famous, the more the better, aggressive, aggressive, reciprocating favors, talking in general, acquaintances in general, being a general person, indignant, condescending, out of place, grudge Embracing, being devoted to one's heart, having officials protecting each other, serving all the nobles, being a top scholar, being a good gentleman, being famous, having great achievements, being a shining light, being a playboy, having a beautiful world, being too old, being anxious all day long, having more than enough energy, being dizzy Sleepy, in jeopardy all day long, in danger, in a group, in a pretentious manner, in a gusto, in gusto, in a preoccupation, in a state of mind, in an orderly manner, bright and spirited, in a hurry, in a hurry, in unity, walking alone, in a trickle without hesitation. , The heart of the family, eloquent talk, the stupidity of the string, empty, word of mouth, boastful talk, talk in every detail, catchy, bright and clear, piled like pearls, full of dangers, countless, vividly in the mind, Reluctant to leave, few to count, very few, incompetent, incompetent, unknown, incompetent, incompatible, generous, incompatible, overgrown, gloomy, insipid, endless, all-encompassing , looking at each other, unknown, silent, affectionate, never forgetting, Nuo Nuo kept talking, handsome young man, dancing gracefully, handsome young man, servant in the dust, Qi Qiqi Er, modest gentleman, cut this cloth, whisper, whisper, whisper Whispering, a mere crowd, alone, fists and fists in mind, pillows of fists and fists, full of family, everyone knows, everyone is in danger, color is complete, belated, endless, endless, every detail is intricate, eloquent Inexhaustible, graceful, clear-headed, only continuous, eloquent, eloquent, eloquent, evil and evil, short-term, closely related, closely connected, chattering endlessly, small and silent, scorpion stings, heart to heart. , prosperous, a spark of fire, a little spark, pretentious, restful, lifelike, impressive, hanging and looking, tempting, babbling, dying, strong wind, grand view, elated, unsatisfied Joy, easy to lose, far ahead, far away, far away, shaky, reluctant to leave, unhappy, full of water, depressed and joyless, retribution, endless, endless, endless, all living beings, chisel Well-founded, complacent, clear in the sky, clear to the eye, eloquent, clank-like, eloquent, prosperous, upright flag, uneasy, earnestly admonishing, tireless, diligent in pursuit...
A Type × Winning wheel, dreams in dreams, unbearable, day after day, day by day, the gods are astonishing, damage after damage, painful experience, a head is placed on the head, it is trivial, doing whatever you want, unheard of, building a house under the house, looking at the door, Xuanzhi is also Xuan, the thief shouts to catch the thief, the Xingxing cherishes the Xingxing, one does not overwhelm the others and a hundred does not follow one, do not use others who are suspicious and do not trust others.
One of the A × A No anger, no anger, no killing, no embarrassment, no past or present, no care, no hesitation, no hum, no separation, no illness, no slowness, no harvest, no Arrogant but not arrogant, neither arrogant nor humble, worthy of one’s deeds, neither good nor showy, neither good nor bad, neither fish nor fowl, neither vine nor branch, unclear and unreasonable, impartial and impartial, impartial and impartial, neither destroying nor establishing, indomitable, neither sun nor moon, Neither three nor four, neither clothes nor shoes, neither up nor down, neither born nor destroyed, neither aware nor aware, neither dead nor alive, neither painful nor itchy, neither vomiting nor chewing, neither hearing nor asking, nor hearing nor asking, nor writing nor writing. Wu, neither slow nor quick, neither supportive nor forgiving, neither barbarian nor favor, neither yin nor yang, uncompromising, unknowing, neither calm nor seeking...
A×A Type 2 of × - No × No × type (22 idioms): no comfort, no summer, no winter, no summer, lawless, no roots, no reputation, no end, no old, no new, no blame Honorless, unrestrained, omnipotent, impartial and party-less, ruthless and righteous, endless, without fists and courage, soundless and odorless, soundless and breathless, all the time, without thoughts and cares, without support and without shadow. trace, carefree, no complaints, no reasons, no complaints and no virtue...
A×A× type three - one×one× type (35 idioms ): A strict look, a stick and a mark, a step by step, a ghost step, a grass and a tree, a long and a short, a song and a harmony, a journey, a bag and a ladle, a virtue and a heart, every move, a scale and a claw, One dragon and one snake, one dragon and one pig, exactly the same, one puff and one wake, one frown and one smile, one piano and one crane, one hill and one valley, one cup and one chant, one life, one hand and one foot, one shred, one five, one ten, one mind One virtue, one heart, one plan, one heart and one mind, one scent, one word, one deed, one chant, one drink, one peck, one piece of work, one day and one night, every stitch, every word, every word...
Single-syllable overlapping words:
Tianjinjin, Tiansisi, jubilant, happy, excited, angry, lonely, cheerful, laughing, smiling, drunken, arrogant, hululu, gululu, Together, silly, silly, cursed, full, empty, fragrant, watery, dripping, round, hot, slow, quiet, bloody, wet, pieces, groups, piles , red, red, bright, white, golden, silver, sparkling, open-eyed, lazy, white, cold, warm, warm, cool, damp, fierce, red, green, plush, steaming .
Double-syllable overlapping words:
To push, to murmur, to murmur, to gesticulate, to stumble, to be clean, to chatter. Nagging, neat, indifferent, hesitant, generous, polite, joking, accurate, repetitive, crooked, square, down-to-earth, down-to-earth, Solid, hazy, vague, hazy, strict, generation after generation, thousands and thousands, lush, profuse, three and three, blowing, fluffy, continuous, intermittent, long and long. , layer upon layer, solid, clear, hard work, comfortable, diligent, flustered, painful, steady, in a hurry, in a hurry, warm, neat Qi, jumping and jumping
The redundant words are: words and words can often be used together.
Be careful when reading ABB-style repeated words!
In the lesson "Autumn" in the third volume of the primary school Chinese textbook, there is a repeated word "Huang Chengcheng". Looking up the "Modern Chinese Dictionary", "cheng" is a polyphonic character with two original sounds, namely "dèng" (pronounced Deng) and "chéng" (pronounced Cheng). Whether the word "成" in "黄成成" is pronounced as "dèng" or "chéng" is a seemingly simple question, but it has stumped countless Chinese teachers. The teacher who read "dèng" brought out the "Modern Chinese Dictionary", which said that when the word "cheng" is pronounced as "dèng", it means "to let the impurities sink to make them clear", and "yellow Chengcheng" means that all other colors will sink. After it went down, it was so yellow that there was no variegation at all, so it should be pronounced "dèng". The teacher who reads "chéng" also brought out the "Modern Chinese Dictionary". The annotations of the entries seem to be more conducive to the pronunciation of the word "chéng", because the two meanings of the word "cheng" when pronounced as "chéng" are: "very clear" and the second: "clear". To make it clear, and several examples were found, such as Chengbi, Clearness, Clarity, etc., so it should be read as "chéng".
However, unfortunately, both of these pronunciations are wrong - the word "成" in "黄成成" has a third pronunciation! This pronunciation is not marked in the "Modern Chinese Dictionary"! This is strange.
Actually, it’s not surprising at all.
According to the standard pronunciation of Mandarin, the last two characters of the ABB-type repeated word generally become one sound. This is because in Beijing spoken language habits, "BB" is often pronounced as Yinping tone. For example: "green" is pronounced as "lǜyōuyōu"; It is pronounced as "mínghuānghuāng"; "hot" is pronounced as "huǒlālā". Similar to the ABB structure, the BB part of the repeated word should be pronounced as the first tone. You can also give some examples, such as slow, heavy, red, white, swarthy, black, Dark, furry, matted, clear, watery, wet, smiling, etc.
It turns out that the correct pronunciation of "黄成成" should be pronounced as deng (the first tone, sound lamp)!
Of course, a large number of ABB-style repeated words cannot be changed into tones, and the original pronunciation should be read accordingly. For example, "empty", "red", "white", "vicious", "naked", "wild", etc. There are some that change the tone and some that don't change the tone. Therefore, when reading ABB-style repeated words, be extra careful!
The role of repeated words in poetry
Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice" uses seven sets of repeated words at the beginning, "Searching and searching, deserted and lonely, miserable and miserable." " has always been appreciated by people. The fourteen overlapping characters under Xu Erdan's clumsy song are really like big and small beads falling on a jade plate. " King Shao of Liang called it "a surprise victory, really incredible."
What is so wonderful about these seven sets of repeated words? First of all, in terms of content, it appropriately expresses the poet's mental state after suffering misfortune. "Looking for and searching for" focuses on actions, feeling uneasy and feeling lost; "deserted and clear" focuses on feelings, loneliness and isolation; "miserable and miserable" focuses on describing the mood, miserable and desolate, and miserable all day long. "Love" runs through it. Secondly, it beats rapidly in sound, sonorous and rhythmic. In addition, it sets the tone for the whole poem in terms of structure, creating a sad atmosphere that makes readers hold their breath and be affected by it.
It can be seen that duplication of words has unique charm in poetry creation, and its special functions are mainly reflected in the following aspects.
First, the use of duplication of words in poetry. Just right, it can make the natural scenery or characters described more vivid. The first six sentences of "Green Grass by the River" in "Nineteen Ancient Poems" use six sets of repeated words: "Green grass by the river, lush willows in the garden." Yingying, the girl upstairs, is shining brightly through the window. E'e wears red makeup and has slender bare hands. "The first two sentences describe the scenery, using "green" and "luxurious" to depict the dense vitality of spring vegetation; the last four sentences describe people, and the four sets of overlapping characters describe the missing woman's posture, appearance, dress, etc. very realistically, almost ready to be seen.
"Nineteen Ancient Poems" is a model in the use of repeated words. Another example is "The Far-Away Altair". The whole poem only has ten lines and uses six sets of repeated words: "The Far-Away Altair, A Han woman in Jiao Jiao River. The slender hands are used to make tricks. ...The water is full of water, and the pulse is speechless. " vividly expresses the lingering feelings of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.
Some verses are more artistically charming due to the exquisite use of overlapping words, winning people's praise and becoming famous throughout the ages. For example, Du Fu's "Complex" The branches are easy to fall one after another, but the tender stamens bloom slowly and carefully." ("Seven Quatrains for Looking for Flowers Alone by the River"), using "many" and "thinly" to express one's feelings of cherishing and loving flowers, making words like infatuation , but the sentiment is sincere. Another example is Wei Yingwu's "Momo sails come with heavy weight, and dark birds leave late" ("Fu De Mu Yu Sends Li Zhou"), the two sets of overlapping words make the artistic conception of the poem more profound. He said that every time I read this sentence, "I feel confused and sigh," and I hope that the sentence "Picture of Suzhou" (Wei Yingwu) will be on the wall, so that I can feel calm and wander around the world.
The second is accuracy. Duplicate words can imitate sounds as well as colors, achieving the rhetorical effect of imitating shapes and making the image expressed more precise. For example, in "An Ancient Poetry Written by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife", "The official's horse is in front, and the bride is driving." Behind, faintly, He Diandian, at the entrance of Juhui Avenue", using "Faint" and "Diandian" to simulate the sound of carriages and horses, is very accurate, exaggerating the sad atmosphere when Lanzhi was sent home, giving people a heavy feeling . The overlapping characters can also imitate various sounds; "Xiao Xiao" is used to imitate the sound of falling leaves in Du Fu's "Ascend to the High"; The sound of the wind; in Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong", "Where the railing is leaning, the Xiaoxiao rain stops", using "Xiaoxiao" to imitate the sound of rain... When he was overlapping words to match the marriage, he wrote: "The matchmaker got out of bed, Nuonuoerer." "Here "Nono" and "Er'er" are the sounds of approval, which are equivalent to words such as "Okay, okay" and "That's it" in modern Chinese. The two sets of overlapping words describe the smooth and flattering character of the talkative matchmaker. It is very vivid. Another example is the use of repeated words of "chirp, chirp, chirp" to describe Mulan's sigh.
There are also many examples of using repeated words to imitate color. "A ray of setting sun spreads over the water, half river is rustling and half is river red" ("Dusk River Song"), using "whisper" to describe the color of the river is like jasper.
The third is the musicality of the words. The melody is harmonious and catchy when read; the sound is pleasant to the ear, such as Li Bai's "Ten of Seventeen Songs of Qiupu": "Thousands of heather trees, tens of thousands of privet forests." The mountains are full of egrets, and the white apes sing in the streams. Don't go to Qiupu, the sound of apes will break the hearts of guests. "The first four sentences of the poem are each led by overlapping words, with a bright rhythm and full of musical beauty.
There are also overlapping words used to describe music. For example, "The big strings are noisy" in Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing" "Noisy like the pelting rain, small strings like whispers", "The first and second strings in "Five-stringed Play" are loose and loose in the autumn wind.
The third and fourth strings are "Ling Ling, the night crane remembers the song in the cage" and so on. These repeated words express the strength, speed and severity of the music in a very concrete and perceptible way.
The repeated words in classical poetry The frequency of word usage is very high. Someone has made statistics and found that there are 200 double words in the 305 chapters of "The Book of Songs". As Liu Xie said: "'Zhuozhuo' resembles the freshness of peach blossoms, and 'Yiyi' makes the appearance of willows. 'Gaogao' is the appearance of the sunrise, 'Lulu' imitates the shape of rain and snow, '喈喈' is the sound of chasing yellow birds, and '哓喓' imitates the rhyme of grass and insects. "There are more than 350 sentences with these redundant words in the poem, and the use of redundant words in as many as 26 places constitutes a major artistic feature of this narrative poem. Therefore, when appreciating classical poetry, it is important to pay attention to the special nature of redundant words. Features cannot be ignored.