1, hieroglyphic
Ideographic characters come from picture characters, but they weaken the nature of pictures and enhance the symbolism. Is the most primitive word formation. It has great limitations, because some physical abstract things can't be drawn.
Therefore, on the basis of hieroglyphics, Chinese characters have developed into ideographic characters, and other word-forming methods have been added, such as understanding, referring to things, pictophonetic characters and so on.
However, these new word-making methods still need to be based on the original hieroglyphics, based on hieroglyphics, by splicing, omitting or adding or deleting symbols.
2. Point out things
Also called "elephant" and "doing things". Symbolic symbols, such as stippling, are used to express meaning. There are fewer indicators in Chinese characters, which may be related to the limitation of using symbols to express meaning.
Deixis can be divided into two categories. One kind is the so-called pure indicator, which is expressed by indicator symbols, such as one, two, three and four. This pointer may come from the original underlined symbol.
The other is to add stippling symbols to a certain part of hieroglyphics to show the intention of creating words. For example, "blade" means adding a point on the blade to represent the blade.
Step 3 know
Understanding is to synthesize a word with two or more independent words according to the relationship between meanings, and comprehensively express the synthetic meaning of these word-building components. This method of word formation is called understanding. The words created by the method of knowing are knowing words, which embodies the profoundness of China's writing.
4. Sound and form
Also called "mirror sound" and "harmony". A word consisting of a symbol and a note, where the symbol indicates meaning and the note indicates sound. Pictophonetic characters are the most productive synthetic characters in Chinese characters. So pictophonetic characters are the most in Chinese characters, accounting for more than 80%.
5. Transfer bills
One of the "Six Books of Chinese Characters". "Six Books of Chinese Characters" are pictographs, instructions, pictographs, phonology, reading through, annotation and borrowing. Transferred notes are mutual training, and words with the same or similar meanings explain each other.
Zhuan Zhu has different interpretations: first, the transformation of form; second, the transformation of meaning; and third, the transformation of sound. Because Xu Shen's definition of Zhuan Xu is relatively simple, and there is no example of Zhuan Xu in the 9,000 words of Shuowen, the exact meaning of Zhuan Xu is still inconclusive.
6, under the guise of
Loanwords refer to words with homonyms or similar sounds to express the words or meanings they want to express.
The background is as follows: Chinese characters are developed from pictographs and ideographs. Some foreign objects can be described by images, and some meanings can be expressed by images and strokes. Many concepts that represent certain things cannot be expressed by pictographs or hieroglyphics, so they are expressed by existing homophones or similar words.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Six Books