Names and titles of ancient cultural common sense

1. Ancient cultural common sense about names and font sizes

Direct ancestors are actually included in this category. If the names have the same characters, they must be avoided and changed. A distinguished person is a noble person, usually referring to one's superiors and emperors. The characters in their names must not be included in the names. If there are any, they should avoid it and change their names. Otherwise, they will be easily misled and may even be killed. .

Therefore, another alias related to the meaning of the original name was chosen and called a word to express its virtue. When people call each other respectfully, they must call them virtuous words.

The latter word is called table word. 3. Hao refers to what ancient Chinese people called themselves in addition to their names and characters.

For example, Su Shi's courtesy name was Zizhan, and his nickname was Dongpo Jushi. The number is mostly given by oneself, but also by others.

Has no connection with names or characters. The way ancient Chinese people called themselves other than names and characters.

Abbreviation number. In ancient people's titles, nicknames were often used as titles.

Extended information: In ancient times, due to the special emphasis on etiquette, the names and characters were very particular. In interpersonal communication, first names are generally used as modesty, condescension, or as a term of address for superiors versus inferiors, or for seniors versus juniors.

Peers only call each other by name when they are very familiar with each other. In most cases, it is considered impolite to mention each other or to be called by their first name. It is considered polite among peers to address each other by name.

When writing letters or calling from inferiors to superiors, from inferior to superior, you can use names, but you must not use names, especially the names of the monarch or your parents and elders. You cannot even mention the names, otherwise it will be " "Disrespectful" or "rebellious", so the "taboo" system came into being. Baidu Encyclopedia - table word Baidu Encyclopedia - number.

2. Ancient cultural common sense about names and font sizes

1. The names of ancient people should not be the same as those of their relatives, especially elders. If there are the same words, they must be avoided. , change this word, otherwise it will be disrespectful to the elders. Direct ancestors are actually included in this category. If there are the same characters in their names, they must be avoided and changed.

A distinguished person is a noble person, generally referring to one’s superiors and emperors. The characters in their names must not be included in the names. If there are any, they should avoid it and change their names, otherwise they will be easily Wearing small shoes can even lead to death.

2. A word refers to a name other than the original name that expresses virtue or the meaning of the original name. In ancient times, it was inconvenient to call a man 20 years old and a woman 15 years old by their first names. Therefore, another alias related to the meaning of the original name was chosen and called a word to express its virtue. When people call each other respectfully, they must call them virtuous words. The latter word is called table word.

3. Hao refers to what ancient Chinese people called themselves in addition to their names and characters. For example, Su Shi's courtesy name was Zizhan, and his nickname was Dongpo Jushi. The number is mostly given by oneself, but also by others. No connection with names or characters. The way ancient Chinese people called themselves other than names and characters. Abbreviation number. In ancient people's appellation, nicknames were often used as titles.

Extended information:

In ancient times, due to the special emphasis on etiquette, the names and characters were very particular. In interpersonal communication, first names are generally used as modesty, condescension, or as a term of address for superiors versus inferiors, or for seniors versus juniors. Peers only call each other by name when they are familiar with each other. In most cases, it is considered impolite to refer to each other or to be called by his or her first name.

It is considered polite among peers to address each other by name. When you are writing or calling someone from a humble position to a superior, you can use names, but you can never use names, especially the names of the monarch or your own parents and elders. You cannot even mention the names of the monarch or your parents or elders. Otherwise, it will be "disrespectful" or "treasonous". ”, so the “taboo” system came into being.

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3. Who knows how ancient people called themselves and others

Compilation of ancient cultural common sense There are roughly three situations when a person is called by his or her name: (1) Calling one’s name or first name.

For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaced his poem by himself." (2) Used for introduction or biography.

For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou". (3) Call someone you hate or despise.

For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back." The ancients named the names when they were young, and then picked them up as adults (20 years old for men and 15 years old for women). There is a meaningful connection between the words and the names.

The name is for the convenience of others, and it is out of politeness and respect for peers or seniors. For example, Qu Ping is called Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is called Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is called Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai is called Li Taibai, Du Fu is called Du Zimei, Han Yu is called Han Tuizhi, Liu Zongyuan is called Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is called Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is called Sima Junshi, Su Shi For Su Zizhan, Su Zhe for Su Ziyou and so on.

Title numbers are also called nicknames and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a given name and a nickname is that the former is chosen by the father or elders, while the latter is chosen by oneself.

The title is generally only used to refer to oneself to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion; it is also a title of honor for a person. For example: Tao Qian was known as Mr. Wuliu, Li Bai was known as Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu was known as Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi was known as Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin was known as Yuxisheng, He Zhizhang was known as Siming Kuangke in his later years, Ouyang Xiu was known as Drunkard, and Liuyi Jushi in his later years. In his later years, Wang Anshi was known as Banshan, Su Shi was known as Dongpo Jushi, Lu You was known as Fangweng, Wen Tianxiang was known as Wenshan, Xin Qiji was known as Jiaxuan, Li Qingzhao was known as Yi Anjushi, Yang Wanli was known as Chengzhai, Luo Guanzhong was known as Huhaisanren, Guan Hanqing was known as Jizhaisou, and Wu Chengen The names are from Sheyangshan, Fang Bao is from Wangxi, Wu Jian is from Foshan, Yuan Mei is from Suiyuan Laoren, and Liu E is from Hongdu Bailiansheng.

Posthumous titles: In ancient times, the titles added to princes, generals, ministers, senior officials, and famous scribes after their death were called posthumous titles. For example, Tao Yuanming is called Jingjie Zhengshi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhonggong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Fan Wenzhenggong, Wang Ao is Wang Zhongsu Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Zhongyi Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong. male.

Calling the treacherous minister Qin Hui Miao Chou is an "evil posthumous title". Calling a house by its name means calling it by its house number or room number.

For example, the Southern Song Dynasty poet Yang Wanli’s restaurant was named Chengzhai, and people called it Yang Chengzhai; Yao Nai was called Yao Xibao and Mr. Xibao because his restaurant was named Xibaoxuan. Another example is calling Pu Songling Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao the owner of the ice drinking room, and Tan Sitong Tan Zhuangfei (the name of his restaurant is Zhuangfei Tower).

For example, the poet Meng Haoran of the Tang Dynasty was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang; Zhang Jiuling was from Qujiang, so he was called Zhang Qujiang; Liu Zongyuan was from Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he was called Liuhedong; the Northern Song Dynasty Wang Anshi was from Linchuan, Jiangxi, so he was called Wang Linchuan; the Ming Dynasty dramatist Tang Xianzu was called Tang Linchuan (from Linchuan, Jiangxi); the Qing Dynasty playwright Gu Yanwu was from Tinglin Town, Kunshan, Jiangsu, and was called Gu Tinglin; Kang Youwei was from Nanhai, Guangdong He was known as Kang Nanhai; the leader of the Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai was known as Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of sarcasm in the late Qing Dynasty: "The prime minister Hefei is thin in the world, and the agricultural minister Changshu is destitute in the world."

"Hefei" in the first couplet refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and "Changshu" in the second couplet means he was born in Jiangsu Weng Tongjie from Changshu. Although Han Yu was called Jun Wang, he was from Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), but because the Han family in Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was a prominent family in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", and the world called him Han Changli. .

Another example is Su Shi, who was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes jokingly called himself "Su Shi from Zhaojun" or "Su Zhaojun" because the Su family was a prominent family in Zhaojun. The official name is such as "Sun Tuolu is smart and benevolent", "Sun Tuolu" is Sun Quan, because he was awarded the official position of general Tuolu, so he was called.

"Mei Hualing Ji" has the sentence "Jing Lue came from the north" and "it is said that Taishi Yan used troops to relieve the enemy, and Wen Shaobao also realized the Great Bright Dharma and escaped from the cicada". "Jing Lue" is Hong Chengchou "Taishi" is the provincial title of Yan Zhenqing's official position "Prince Taishi", and "Shaobao" is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "A Letter to His Wife": "Sima Chunshan, I cannot imitate the Supreme Master's forgetfulness of love."

"Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was the Sima of Jiangzhou. It was quite common in ancient times to use official names as titles of people, for example, Jia Yi was called Taifu Jia; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest", served as an infantry captain and was called Ruan Infantry in the world; Ji Kang once worshiped the doctor of Zhongsan and was called Ji in the world. Zhongsan; Wang Xizhi, the great calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was promoted to the general of the Youjun Army, and people still call him Wang Youjun; Wang Wei once served as Shangshu Youcheng, and was known as Wang Youcheng in the world; Du Fu once served as Zuo Shiyi, so he was called Du Shiyi, and because he served as inspector He was a member of the Ministry of Industry, so he was also called Du Gongbu; Liu Yuxi was a guest of the prince, so he was called a guest Liu; Liu Yong was a member of the Tuntian, and was called Liu Tuntian; Su Shi was a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy in Duanming Palace, and was called Su Xueshi .

The title of the title "Xun Jian Shi Kang" "Kou Laigong was the most extravagant in modern times." Kou Zhun's title was Lai Guogong, and Laigong was the provincial title. "The Story of Meihua Ridge" "Prince Heshuo of Yu called him Sir", and Duduo was named Prince of Yu in the Qing Dynasty.

"The Biography of Liu Jingting" "When Ningnan went south, the commander-in-chief of Anhui wanted to marry Ningnan, so he paid tribute to Ting in the shogunate." Ningnan is the provincial name of Ningnanhou, the title of Zuoliang Yujue in the late Ming Dynasty. Another example is that Zhuge Liang once had the title of Marquis of Wuxiang, so later generations called him Wuhou; the poet Xie Lingyun of the Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited the title of his ancestor Xie Xuan, Kang Le Gong, and was called Xie Kang Le in his later life; Wei Zheng, the famous prime minister in the early Tang Dynasty, once knighted Zheng Guogong, and was called Wei Zheng Gong in his later life; The famous general Guo Ziyi was knighted as the Duke of Fenyang County for his meritorious service in pacifying the "Anshi Rebellion", and was known as Guo Fenyang in the world; the great calligrapher Chu Suiliang was knighted as the Duke of Henan Province, and was known as Chu Henan in the world; Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty was knighted as the Duke of Jingguo, and was known as Wang Jinggong in the world; Sima Guangzeng He was granted the title Wen Guogong, known as Sima Wen Gong in the world. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's minister Liu Ji was granted the title Lord Chengyi, and people regarded him as Lord Chengyi.

Official place refers to the name of the place where the official is appointed. For example, "The Battle of Chibi": "Where do you want to go to Yuzhou now?" Because Liu Bei once served as the governor of Yuzhou, it was called the official land.

Another example is that Jia Yi was once demoted to the title of Prince Taifu of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world; Kong Rong, one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", served as the Prime Minister of Beihai, and was known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming once served as the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Kong Beihai in the world. Tao Pengze; King Luo Bin once served as the Prime Minister of Linhai County, known as Luo Linhai in the world; Cen Shen once served as the governor of Jiazhou, known as Cen Jiazhou in the world; Wei Yingwu once served as the governor of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in the world; Liu Zongyuan once served as the governor of Liuzhou, known as Liuliuzhou in the world; Jia Dao once served as the governor of Liuzhou, known as Liuliuzhou in the world; He served as the chief administrator of Changjiang County and was known as Jia Changjiang in the world. His collection of poems is called "Changjiang Collection". It is also called "A Journey to Bao Zen Mountain".

4. Who knows how ancient people called themselves and others?

Compilation of ancient cultural common sense There are roughly three situations when a person is called by his or her name: (1) Calling oneself by his or her given name.

For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaced his poem by himself." (2) Used for introduction or biography.

For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou". (3) Call someone you hate or despise.

The title is generally only used to refer to oneself to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion; it is also a title of honor for a person.

For example: Tao Qian was known as Mr. Wuliu, Li Bai was known as Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu was known as Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi was known as Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin was known as Yuxisheng, He Zhizhang was known as Siming Kuangke in his later years, Ouyang Xiu was known as Drunkard, and Liuyi Jushi in his later years. In his later years, Wang Anshi was known as Banshan, Su Shi was known as Dongpo Jushi, Lu You was known as Fangweng, Wen Tianxiang was known as Wenshan, Xin Qiji was known as Jiaxuan, Li Qingzhao was known as Yi Anjushi, Yang Wanli was known as Chengzhai, Luo Guanzhong was known as Huhaisanren, Guan Hanqing was known as Jizhaisou, and Wu Chengen The names are from Sheyangshan, Fang Bao is from Wangxi, Wu Jian is from Foshan, Yuan Mei is from Suiyuan Laoren, and Liu E is from Hongdu Bailiansheng.

Calling the treacherous minister Qin Hui Miao Chou is an "evil posthumous title". Calling a house by its name means calling it by its house number or room number.

Another example is that Zhuge Liang once conferred the title of Marquis of Wuxiang, so later generations called him Marquis of Wu; the poet Xie Lingyun of the Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited the title of his ancestor Xie Xuan, Kang Le Gong, and he was called Xie Kang Le in his later life; The famous general Guo Ziyi was knighted as the Duke of Fenyang County for his meritorious service in pacifying the "Anshi Rebellion", and was known as Guo Fenyang in the world; the great calligrapher Chu Suiliang was knighted as the Duke of Henan Province, and was known as Chu Henan in the world; Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty was knighted as the Duke of Jingguo, and was known as Wang Jinggong in the world; Sima Guangzeng He was granted the title Wen Guogong, known as Sima Wen Gong in the world. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's minister Liu Ji was granted the title Lord Chengyi, and people regarded him as Lord Chengyi.

5. Common sense of ancient culture

Ancient astronomical four images The ancients divided the twenty-eight constellations into east, north and west , south and four directions, the seven constellations in each direction are imagined as four animal images, called four images.

The seven constellations in the east are like giant dragons flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so they are called east blue dragons; the seven constellations in the north are called east blue dragons. The seven constellations in the west resemble snakes and turtles that appear in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so they are called Northern Xuanwu. The seven constellations in the west look like tigers leaping out of the night sky in late autumn and early winter, so they are called west white tigers. The seven constellations in the south look like a flying red bird, appearing in the cold winter. The night sky in early spring is called the Southern Suzaku. The moon is the most prominently described object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems.

Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because of the early moon. Like a hook, it is called silver hook or jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow or bow moon.

(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk or a mirror, it is called a golden wheel. , moon wheel, silver plate, jade plate, gold mirror, jade mirror. (4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.

(5) Because it is said that there are laurel trees in the moon, it is called Guiyue, Guilun, Gui Palace, and Gui Po. (6) It is said that there are two palaces in the moon, Guanghan and Qingxu. /p>

(7) Because it is said that the god of the moon is named Wangshu, the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chan Juan. Many ancient geography rivers refer specifically to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "The general fights in Henan, and the minister fights. Hebei. ""On the Passage of Qin": "Then practice Huahua City, because the river is a pond. "

"The Tomb of the First Tomb is in Hangzhou, where the rivers are wide and deep", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "river" refers to the canal. Xihe is also called Hexi, the area west of the Yellow River.

For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Meet in Mianchi outside the Xihe River. ""On the Passage of Qin": "So the Qin people gave up their hands and took the area outside the Xihe River. "

Jiangdong is east of the Yangtze River. For example, Li Qingzhao's poem says: "I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong." "

"Battle of Chibi": "With the help of his father and brother, he separatized Jiangdong. "Jiangzuo is Jiangdong.

The ancients regarded the east as the left and the west as the right. "The Meeting of Heroes and Jiang Qian's Plan": "Immediately, an order was sent to summon the heroes from Jiangzuo to meet Ziyi. "

The river represents the area south of the Yangtze River. "The Battle of Chibi": "The river represents heroes, and Xian surrenders to it. "

Jiangnan is the general name for the south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is familiar to me. "

Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me?" "Huaizuo is east of the Huai River.

"Yangzhou Slow" "Huaizuo is the famous capital and the best place in Zhuxi". Yangzhou is east of the Huai River. As the name suggests, Shandong is to the east of the mountain.

However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions they refer to are not the same. The following is "Shandong" with Weishan as the standard.

For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong will produce prime ministers, and Shanxi will produce generals." "Hongmen Banquet": "When Peigong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth."

"On the Passage of Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then merged and destroyed the Qin tribe." In ancient times, Guandong refers to Hangu Pass or The area east of Tongguan refers to the northeastern area east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong, who raised troops to fight against the evil forces." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Guanxi refers to the area west of Hangu Pass or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi, so they are worried about future troubles."

Guanzhong refers to different scopes. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be king in Guanzhong and made his son and infant his prime minister."

"On the Passage of Qin": "The first emperor's heart was that Guanzhong was solid." Chronology The main chronology in ancient my country There are four types: (1) The method of chronology of the year when the prince ascended the throne.

The year is calculated based on the number of years the prince has been in power. "The Biography of Lian Lin": "In the sixteenth year of King Zhao Huiwen, Lian Po was the general of Zhao."

(2) Year number chronology. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to have reign titles.

After that, every emperor who came to the throne had to change the Yuan Dynasty and mark the year with the year name. Such as the "Ten Years of Yuanhe" in "Pipa Xing".

(3) Calculation of stems and branches. For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested and looked forward to it in the third month of Dingmao."

(4) The use of both stems and branches in the year number. When recording the year, the emperor's year number is placed first, and the stems and branches are listed behind.

"The Autumn Day of Tianqi Renxu" in "The Chronicle of Nuclear Boat". There are three main methods of marking the moon in ancient my country: Ordinal method of marking the moon. For example, in "Collecting Herbs": "Like flowers in March on the plains, there are flowers in April in the deep mountains."

Earthly Branches Monthly Method. The ancients often referred to the twelve earthly branches as twelve months, and a specific word "build" was added before each earthly branch.

For example, Du Fu's poem "The Thatched Cottage": "The deserted village is built in the month of Zi, and the only tree is the old man's house." "The month of Jian Zi" refers to the eleventh month of the lunar calendar according to the Zhou Dynasty's lunar calendar. The law of seasons and months.

For example, "Nineteen Ancient Poems": "The cold weather is coming in Mengdong, and the north wind is so miserable." "Mengdong" represents the tenth month of the lunar calendar.

There are four main types of date-keeping methods in ancient my country: Ordinal date-keeping method. "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi": "On the night of March 5th, the moon is half bright."

"March 5" refers to the 15th day of the lunar calendar. The method of keeping track of the stems and branches.

For example, "The War of Yao": "Xinsi in the fourth month of summer, the Qin army was defeated in Yao." "Xinsi in April" refers to the moon phase calendar method of April 13th in the lunar calendar.

It refers to using special names to express the moon phases such as "朔, 朏 (fei), Wang, Ji Wang, Hui" to mark the date. The first day of each month is called Shuo, the third day of each month is called Shuo, the middle of the month is called Wang (the fifteenth day of the small month and the sixteenth day of the big month), the day after Wang is called Ji Wang, and the last day of each month is called Hui.

Use both stems, branches and moon phases. The stems and branches are placed in front, and the moon phase is in the rear.

Time-keeping methods There are two main types of time-keeping methods in ancient my country: The sky color time-keeping method. The ancients originally divided the day and night into twelve hours based on the changes in the sky. Their names are: midnight, rooster crow, Pingdan, sunrise, eclipse time, Yu (yu), Rizhong, Ri 昳 (die), and midday. (bu) Time, sunrise, dusk, and people are determined.

For example, "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "The cock crows into the machine, and it can't rest every night." "After the dying dusk, the lonely man settles in the beginning."

Earthly Branches Time Method . The twelve earthly branches represent the changes in the twelve hours of the day and night.

There are roughly three situations in which people are called by their names: (1) Calling yourself by your given name. For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poem by himself."

(2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou".

(3) Call someone you hate or despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in the front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back."

Call the ancients young.