Art, the upper left of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is "wood", representing plants, and the right hand is operated by both hands; Also written as "forgiveness, from V (Lu, clod), from M( jí, take); Later it became "art". The original meaning is planting, and it is extended to skill. Confucius asked his students to master six manners (etiquette, that is, moral education today), music (music), archery (riding), calligraphy (including writing, literacy and writing) and counting (counting), which should be all-encompassing at that time. Wandering in art means mastering all kinds of practical skills in society, reaching the level of perfection and changing roles calmly.
Question 2: What do you mean by "wandering in art"? "Swimming in the operation" and "Benevolence" precede "swimming in the operation". Swimming is a swimming tour, not a game tour. We should pay special attention here. The game swims next to the "U", and here is a swimming tour by the water. The art of "swimming in art" includes six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics. Confucius' education in that year was mainly based on six arts. In modern times, "ceremony" includes all cultures of philosophy, politics, education and society. As for modern art, dance, drama, music, art and so on all belong to music. "Shooting", military and martial arts. It used to be said that archery with bow is equivalent to modern shooting, fighting, sports and so on. "Royal", driving, in modern times, of course, also includes flying planes and spaceships. "Book", literature and history. "Number" refers to science. The cultivation of all talents and the enrichment of life must be based on six arts, and art is by no means a narrow art. Painting used to be literature and art, but now art and literature are separated, and the more they are divided, the thinner they are, but the narrower they are. Some people say that science is so subdivided that it is moving towards a morbid state. For example, if someone has a stuffy nose and goes to see a doctor, the rhinologist says it may be caused by teeth, so he goes to the dentist first, and then returns to the original rhinology department after all the examinations of radiology, neurology and electrocardiogram are completed. At this time, the nose doctor said to the patient, you have the wrong doctor. I specialize in treating the left nostril. Your right nostril is blocked. You need to find a doctor over there. This is to use medical diseases to satirize the excesses of scientific classification. There was no such subdivision in ancient China, and the six arts were all arts. In life, we should understand the four cultural and ideological points of self-cultivation, namely, Tao, virtue, benevolence and art. The first half of these four key points "taking Tao as the purpose and relying on virtue" contains spiritual thoughts, and "relying on benevolence and relying on art" is the criterion of life and behavior, which is all his principles. At the same time, he told everyone that having these key points is called learning. Without lofty ideas, it would be tacky, and real life would only make you feel bored. Life is rootless, without a considerable moral foundation, and ultimately cannot be mature. If there is no inner cultivation of benevolence, there is no place to stay psychologically. Without "wandering in art" and profound knowledge, life will be boring. Therefore, these four points are very important, and future generations are biased towards these four points. In fact, Confucius thought should develop in a balanced way from here.
Question 3: What do you mean by taking Tao as the purpose, virtue as the basis, benevolence as the basis, and wandering in art? 1. "Zhi Dao" can be interpreted as metaphysical Dao, that is, yearning for lofty goals and the realm you hope to achieve. This "Tao" includes heaven and humanity, both metaphysical and metaphysical. This is the most basic and highest goal that teaches us to aspire to. Whether it can be done or not is another matter. Just as everyone had just gone out to work when he was young, he was determined to gain fame and fortune. As far as making money is concerned, at least I hope to earn tens of millions. But despite my determination, I actually earn thousands of dollars a month now. If you only take a few thousand dollars because you are determined to want tens of millions, "Stop it!" Don't want to go back to work! This shows that whether ambition can be realized is another matter. Therefore, Confucius said that learning should aim high, which is the first meaning of "aiming at Tao"
2. "Put morality first", aim high, but proceed from human nature. The so-called harmony between man and nature should start with moral behavior. In other words, "taking Tao as the aim" is philosophical thinking, and "taking morality as the basis" is an act of treating people. The ancients explained that virtue is virtue, and achievement is virtue. It can be seen that Confucius told us that thought is based on Tao and behavior is based on virtue. If we analyze the truth in The Analects of Confucius according to the four points here, many of them are "based on morality".
3. "Benevolence", as I have said, is useful. Benevolence's body is internal cultivation, and the so-called life and spiritual learning are internal. External use shows the love of people and things, such as the universal love of Mozi's thought and the universal love of western culture. "Benevolence" means benevolence, that is to say, how to play Tao and virtue depends on whether you love people or things. With this love, we can love people, things, society, our country and the world, and extend our love to the whole world. This is the play of benevolence.
4. "Swimming in the operation" and "relying on benevolence" can "swim in the operation". Swimming is a swimming tour, not a game tour. We should pay special attention here. The game swims next to the "U", and here is a swimming tour by the water. The art of "swimming in art" includes six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics. Confucius' education in that year was mainly based on six arts. In modern times, "ceremony" includes all cultures of philosophy, politics, education and society. As for modern art, dance, drama, music, art and so on all belong to music. "Shooting", military and martial arts. It used to be said that archery with bow is equivalent to modern shooting, fighting, sports and so on. "Royal", driving, in modern times, of course, also includes flying planes and spaceships. "Book", literature and history. "Number" refers to science. The cultivation of all talents and the enrichment of life must be based on six arts, and art is by no means a narrow art. Painting used to be literature and art, but now art and literature are separated, and the more they are divided, the thinner they are, but the narrower they are. Some people say that science is so subdivided that it is moving towards a morbid state. For example, if someone goes to see a doctor with a stuffy nose, and the rhinologist says it may be caused by teeth, he will go to the dentist first, and then return to the original rhinology department after all the examinations of radiology, neurology and electrocardiogram are completed. At this time, the nose doctor said to the patient, you have the wrong doctor. I specialize in treating the left nostril. Your right nostril is blocked. You need to find a doctor over there. This is to use medical diseases to satirize the excesses of scientific classification. There was no such subdivision in ancient China, and the six arts were all arts.
In life, we should understand the four cultural and ideological points of self-cultivation, namely, Tao, virtue, benevolence and art. The first half of these four key points "taking Tao as the purpose and relying on virtue" contains spiritual thoughts, and "relying on benevolence and relying on art" is the criterion of life and behavior, which is all his principles. At the same time, he told everyone that having these key points is called learning. Without lofty ideas, it would be tacky, and real life would only make you feel bored. Life is rootless, without a considerable moral foundation, and ultimately cannot be mature. If there is no inner cultivation of benevolence, there is no place to stay psychologically. Without "wandering in art" and profound knowledge, life will be boring. Therefore, these four points are very important, and future generations are biased towards these four points. In fact, Confucius thought should develop in a balanced way from here.
Question 4: What does Confucius mean by "taking Tao as the aim, relying on morality, relying on benevolence and traveling by art"? Confucius said: Take Tao as the aim, virtue as the basis, benevolence as the basis, and swim in art.
If someone asks, what is Confucius' academic thought? You can boldly quote these four sentences to answer, which is his center. It can also be said that the real purpose of Confucius education is all these four points. These four educational methods are what Confucius said in his later Taber article: "Prospering in poetry, standing in ceremony and becoming happy." What kind of Tao can you learn from the "aspire to the Tao" mentioned in the first item? Most people say that Confucius is talking about human nature, not heaven, because heaven is far away and belongs to the metaphysical category. Is there a God? How did life begin? How did the universe come into being? These are all heavenly ways. "The sky is far away" does not mean that it is far away from our space. According to modern concepts, it is even more unreasonable. At present, there are only a few days away from the moon. How can you say far? This far word actually means lofty, which means too far away from human knowledge. "Humanity" is relatively simple and easy to understand. So I won't talk about it for the time being, because it is too lofty. Solve people's own personal problems first, and then talk about the problems of the universe. Generally speaking, Confucius only talks about human nature, which is defined by later generations. Actually, Confucius didn't say that. At that time, only his student Zi Gong said, "Confucius' articles can be obtained and heard." The nature of Confucius' words and nature of heaven cannot be obtained and heard. "-see GongYe often. According to Zi Gong's words here and Confucius' knowledge in the Book of Changes, he absolutely understands heaven, the source of the universe. Therefore, Zi Gong said that he spoke about human nature, which we can understand. He is talking about the mysteries of the universe, because our knowledge is not enough, and we really can't understand it.
Therefore, we can't rigidly define the "Tao" that Confucius talks about here, saying that he only talks about human nature and doesn't talk about heaven. To study Confucius' thoughts, we must study the Book of Changes. Many of his important thoughts are reflected in Biography of the Department, and so are his metaphysical knowledge. So what is the Tao that Confucius said here? We can honestly answer: "Confucius didn't define himself, so it is difficult for us to define him." As for his "ambition in Tao" here, there are many examples to prove that he knows metaphysical Tao. From the ordinary behavior of life-physics, to the highest mysterious way of everything in the world, he fully understands. But the average student has not received a good education, so he is not biased in this respect. If he concentrates on this aspect, Confucius will become a religious leader. Although later generations called him the founder of Confucianism, he was very simple at that time and did not take the route of the founder.
According to the original text, "aspiring to the Tao" can be interpreted as metaphysical Tao, that is, aspiring to the sublime and reaching the realm of hope. This "Tao" includes heaven and humanity, both metaphysical and metaphysical. This is the most basic and highest goal that teaches us to aspire to. Whether it can be done or not is another matter. Just as everyone had just gone out to work when he was young, he was determined to gain fame and fortune. As far as making money is concerned, at least I hope to earn tens of millions. But despite my determination, I actually earn thousands of dollars a month now. If you only take a few thousand dollars because you are determined to want tens of millions, "Stop it!" Don't want to go back to work! This shows that whether ambition can be realized is another matter. Therefore, Confucius said that learning should aim high, which is the first meaning of "aiming at Tao"
"Put morality first", aim high, but proceed from human nature. The so-called harmony between man and nature should start with moral behavior. In other words, "taking Tao as the aim" is philosophical thinking, and "taking morality as the basis" is an act of treating people. The ancients explained that virtue is virtue, and achievement is virtue. It can be seen that Confucius told us that thought is based on Tao and behavior is based on virtue. If we analyze the truth in The Analects of Confucius according to the four points here, many of them are "based on morality".
"Benevolence", as I have said, is useful. Benevolence's body is internal cultivation, and the so-called life and spiritual learning are internal. External use shows the love of people and things, such as the universal love of Mozi's thought and the universal love of western culture. "Benevolence" means benevolence, that is to say, how to play Tao and virtue depends on whether you love people or things. With this love, we can love people, things, society, our country and the world, and extend our love to the whole world. This is the play of benevolence.
"Benevolence" and then "swimming in art". Swimming is a swimming tour, not a game tour. We should pay special attention here. The game swims next to the "U", and here is a swimming tour by the water. The art of "swimming in art" includes six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics. Confucius' education in that year was mainly based on six arts. In modern times, "ceremony" includes philosophy ...
Question 5: Take Tao as the aim, morality as the basis, people as the foundation and art as the tour. Please explain in detail what you mean. 1. "Aspiring to the Tao" can be interpreted as metaphysical Tao, that is, aspiring to the sublime and reaching the desired realm. This "Tao" includes heaven and humanity, both metaphysical and metaphysical. This is the most basic and highest goal that teaches us to aspire to. Whether it can be done or not is another matter. Just as everyone had just gone out to work when he was young, he was determined to gain fame and fortune. As far as making money is concerned, at least I hope to earn tens of millions. But despite my determination, I actually earn thousands of dollars a month now. If you only take a few thousand dollars because you are determined to want tens of millions, "Stop it!" Don't want to go back to work! This shows that whether ambition can be realized is another matter. Therefore, Confucius said that learning should aim high, which is the first meaning of "aiming at Tao" 2. "Put morality first", aim high, but proceed from human nature. The so-called harmony between man and nature should start with moral behavior. In other words, "taking Tao as the aim" is philosophical thinking, and "taking morality as the basis" is an act of treating people. The ancients explained that virtue is virtue, and achievement is virtue. It can be seen that Confucius told us that thought is based on Tao and behavior is based on virtue. If we analyze the truth in The Analects of Confucius according to the four points here, many of them are "based on morality". 3. "Benevolence", as I have said, is useful. Benevolence's body is internal cultivation, and the so-called life and spiritual learning are internal. External use shows the love of people and things, such as the universal love of Mozi's thought and the universal love of western culture. "Benevolence" means benevolence, that is to say, how to play Tao and virtue depends on whether you love people or things. With this love, we can love people, things, society, our country and the world, and extend our love to the whole world. This is the play of benevolence. 4. "Swimming in the operation" and "relying on benevolence" can "swim in the operation". Swimming is a swimming tour, not a game tour. We should pay special attention here. The game swims next to the "U", and here is a swimming tour by the water. The art of "swimming in art" includes six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics. Confucius' education in that year was mainly based on six arts. In modern times, "ceremony" includes all cultures of philosophy, politics, education and society. As for modern art, dance, drama, music, art and so on all belong to music. "Shooting", military and martial arts. It used to be said that archery with bow is equivalent to modern shooting, fighting, sports and so on. "Royal", driving, in modern times, of course, also includes flying planes and spaceships. "Book", literature and history. "Number" refers to science. The cultivation of all talents and the enrichment of life must be based on six arts, and art is by no means a narrow art. Painting used to be literature and art, but now art and literature are separated, and the more they are divided, the thinner they are, but the narrower they are. Some people say that science is so subdivided that it is moving towards a morbid state. For example, if someone goes to see a doctor with a stuffy nose, and the rhinologist says it may be caused by teeth, he will go to the dentist first, and then return to the original rhinology department after all the examinations of radiology, neurology and electrocardiogram are completed. At this time, the nose doctor said to the patient, you have the wrong doctor. I specialize in treating the left nostril. Your right nostril is blocked. You need to find a doctor over there. This is to use medical diseases to satirize the excesses of scientific classification. There was no such subdivision in ancient China, and the six arts were all arts. In life, we should understand the four cultural and ideological points of self-cultivation, namely, Tao, virtue, benevolence and art. The first half of these four key points "taking Tao as the purpose and relying on virtue" contains spiritual thoughts, and "relying on benevolence and relying on art" is the criterion of life and behavior, which is all his principles. At the same time, he told everyone that having these key points is called learning. Without lofty ideas, it would be tacky, and real life would only make you feel bored. Life is rootless, without a considerable moral foundation, and ultimately cannot be mature. If there is no inner cultivation of benevolence, there is no place to stay psychologically. Without "wandering in art" and profound knowledge, life will be boring. Therefore, these four points are very important, and future generations are biased towards these four points. In fact, Confucius thought should develop in a balanced way from here.
Question 6: What does Confucius mean by "punishing without teaching"? Confucius stresses benevolence and righteousness. ...
Meaning: it can be called tyranny to destroy them by force without educating them in the vassal war. ...
Question 7: What are the main political views of Confucius? What is the benevolent government of the ruler?
be strict with oneself and work wholeheartedly for the people
1, about benevolence
Confucius had the concept of benevolence before. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, people called the corporal of respecting the elders, loving the people and being loyal to the monarch, and being virtuous as benevolence. Confucius inherited the ideas of his predecessors and developed into a systematic theory of benevolence.
What is benevolence? Confucius mentioned benevolence in 100 places in The Analects of Confucius, which has a wide meaning, but it has two basic meanings: one is love. His disciple Fan Chi asked Confucius what benevolence was, and Confucius replied: Love. There is an explanation in Shuowen: benevolence, affinity and subordination conform to Confucius' thought. Benevolence is the relationship between people. We should be friendly and help each other. Love is different. According to Mencius, it is: kiss kiss kiss close to the people, Kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss, kiss It is the first generation, the first inside and the second outside, with both the second and the thickness. This is a kind of kindness different from human nature.
2. About the ceremony
The second meaning of benevolence is self-denial. Confucius said in reply to disciple Yan Yuan: Self-denial is benevolence (Yan Yuan). Self-denial is consciously restraining yourself. Courtesy means that all words and deeds should be treated with courtesy. What is emphasized here is people's moral consciousness. By restraining themselves, people can reach the realm of conscious etiquette and reach see no evil. Don't listen to evil words, don't say evil words, and evil will do. Seeing, listening, speaking, doing and courtesy are consistent, which is the realm of benevolence.
Ceremony is also an ancient concept, which was formulated by the Duke of Zhou. However, Confucius was the first person to discuss it in many ways. What is a gift? The meaning of ceremony includes two aspects: First, it belongs to the fundamental political system. "Zuo Zhuan" has been hidden in the public for eleven years: courtesy, serving the country, fixing the country, giving orders to the people and benefiting future generations. In other words, the ceremony is to govern the country, consolidate the state system and maintain the order needed by society. Confucius also said that courtesy is a great classic of Wang Zhi (Zuo Zhuan was written for fifteen years), and it is the fundamental law and key to governing the country. Therefore, it is impolite for a bad country to lose its home (>