Question 2: There are four ways to make Chinese characters. Which of the following words is made in hieroglyphics? There are four ways to make Chinese characters. Which of the following characters is made by pictographic method: Shan.
Understanding: prisoners
Sound shape: square
Four ways to create Chinese characters
Sound, image, understanding and reference.
First, pictophonetic characters: there are various combinations of pictophonetic characters and phonetic characters: some are on the left and phonetic characters are on the right; Some shapes are on the right and sounds are on the left; Some shapes are above, and the sound is below; Some shapes are next to the bottom, and the sound is above; Some shapes are outside, sounds are inside, or shapes are inside and sounds are outside. For example:
(1) Left-shaped and right-voiced: The material is too copper-frozen, and the seedlings are broken when riding.
(2) Right-shaped left sound: attack the neck, cut the gourd ladle, and release the female parrot.
(3) Metaphysical voice: Guanfangya nocturnal figure.
(4) Physically and vocally: put on record and pay tribute to the plaster stool.
(5) Appearance and internal sound: plaque package in the hospital valve garden.
(6) Internal voice: boring questions and smelling braids.
(7) corner modeling: cutting and planting
(8) Voice in the corner: aldehyde canal. phonogram
Two. Pictograph: Originated from pictures and characters, it is the most primitive method of word-making. The essence of the picture is weakened, while the symbolism is strengthened. Because some physical things and abstract things cannot be drawn, it has great limitations. Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian languages, ancient Indian languages and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in China are all independently produced from the simplest pictures and patterns in primitive society. About 5000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians invented hieroglyphics. This writing is slow and difficult to understand. As time went on, even the Egyptians themselves finally forgot how to interpret it. Later, after French explanation, this writing was recognized. Dongba script and Shuishu script adopted by Naxi people in China are the only hieroglyphic systems still in use.
Mountains, the sun, the moon, people, eyes, mouth, nose, hands, birds, rain, fish, turtles, horses, cows, sheep, mice, tigers and elephants.
Third, knowing words: that is, using existing phrases to synthesize a new word, the two (or several) parts that make up the new word are related in meaning, and both * * * indicate the meaning represented by the word.
take for example
(1) "Yu" is composed of the existing words "horse" and "hand", which means driving a carriage.
(2) Analyze the woodcut Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Jin Dynasty. Gold is the hieroglyph of the axe. The original meaning is to break wood, that is, chop wood.
(3) Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who cuts Ge Cong, cuts a man's head with Ge Jian. The original intention is to chop and kill. According to Xiao Zhuan's explanation, Shuowen is "conformity", which is not true.
(4) Oracle Bone Inscriptions followed the example of others, grasping the people in front of him. The original intention is to catch up.
(5) Light Oracle Bone Inscriptions shines on people from the fire, indicating that there is a fire shining on people's heads. The original intention is brilliant.
(6) Only Oracle Bone Inscriptions holds a spear and catches birds. Originally meant to hunt animals. Get the first word for future generations. Shuowen is defined as "one bird also", which is a post-uprising.
(7) Bing Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin hold this pattern again. The original meaning is to hold.
(8) Oracle Bone Inscriptions followed others. It is like a bed, and it is the first text of "". There may be a few spots next to people, like people who are sick and sweating. The original meaning is disease. The people of Xiao Zhuan made a mistake.
(9) Living in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and being a teacher means that there is a teacher in the room (that is, God). The original meaning is ancestral temple.
(10) is a woman's slave in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which means that women have children, and its original meaning is fertility. It is the first text of the word "education".
(1 1) works by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a male Tian. Force is like a shape. People who work hard in the fields. The original meaning is human.
(12) Oracle Bone Inscriptions woman holds a broom. Refers to women who do housework and take care of dustpans and brooms. The original meaning is female.
(13) From Oracle Bone Inscriptions's point of view, two people go with each other, and their original intention is to listen to each other.
Fourthly, deixis is an abstract word-formation method, that is, when it is not convenient or convenient to draw with concrete images, it is represented by an abstract symbol, such as "up", "down" and "fierce". The words "up" and "down" are defined by the horizontal line "1", and the upper position is represented by a point or a short line on the horizontal line, which is written as "2", that is, the word "up"; The symbol drawn under the horizontal line is "",which is the word "Xia". The word "fierce" means there is a deep pit on the ground, and pedestrians don't see it when they step into it. "ㄩ" stands for a deep pit, and the symbol "x" in the middle symbolizes the feeling of panic and danger when falling into the pit.
Finger type
1, monomer refers to things
Any unique text used to express abstract things without subsequent increase or decrease or formal changes is called unique reference, that is, the reference to things is a positive example. This unique writing usually uses line symbols to represent the image of abstract things. Examples of integral deixis: Shang, Yi, Er, ... >>
Question 3: Who knows how to do these words? There are four ways to create Chinese characters: pictographic, knowing, knowing and pictographic. Who can tell me 5 points? Pictographic characters, also known as linguistic signs, are the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation-an inheritance of the original recording methods used by ancestors to describe things, the earliest characters in the world, and the most vivid and well-preserved Chinese fonts. Hieroglyphs refer to writing with graphics, which are similar in shape to what they represent. Generally speaking, hieroglyphics are the earliest characters. Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. China's original characters belong to hieroglyphics, so do Oracle Bone Inscriptions, stone carvings and inscriptions on bronze. Although Chinese characters still retain the characteristics of hieroglyphics, after thousands of years of evolution, they have been far away from the original image, so they are not hieroglyphics, but ideograms. Example: Cang Jie, a writer of Netpower, is waiting to enter and rise in the afternoon. Second, deixis is an abstract word-making method, that is, when it is not convenient or convenient to draw with a specific image, it is represented by an abstract symbol. Most indicators add and subtract strokes or symbols on the basis of hieroglyphics. Example: The last element illustrates the lack of understanding. 3. Literacy is to synthesize two or more independent words into one word according to the relationship between meanings, and comprehensively express the synthetic meaning of these word-building components. This method of word formation is called knowing. Words made by cognitive methods are cognitive words. Example: instead of friends, friends learn from each other and learn from each other. Fourthly, pictophonetic characters are formed on the basis of pictograph, signifier and literacy. They are composed of two words or characters, which are composed of ideographic characters (phonetic symbols) representing meaning classes and phonetic symbols (phonetic symbols) representing sound classes. Pictophonetic characters are the most effective way of word formation. Generally, ideographic characters or signifiers are used as symbols, while phonetic symbols can be used as pictographs, signifiers and cognitive characters. Example words: left shape and right sound: the material is copper jelly, and the seedling is broken and right. Left voice: tap the neck, cut the ladle and let the female bird go. The sound went up and down. The word "night boundary" goes up and down. A stool with an axe and paste is up and down. The sound is inside. The plaque in the hospital valve garden is wrapped outside. The sound is boring. The sound of cutting seeds came from the corner.
Question 4: Since Ganjia in Qing Dynasty, the theory of "Four Bodies and Two Uses" advocated by Dai Zhen and Duan Yucai has had a great influence in academic circles. It is generally believed that the previous "four books" were the so-called "word-making method", while "note" and "loan" were just the so-called "word-using method", which were fundamentally different in nature. Based on the above re-analysis, we think that the nature of "Six Books" is exactly the same in the sense of explaining laws and regulations and the configuration of Chinese characters. Say "transfer" first. As mentioned above, whether adding signifiers or transforming signifiers, annotations are a way of Chinese character configuration, which means that new words can be "created" in the words of predecessors. If we understand Zhuan Zhu in this way, then the appearance of ancient and modern words (distinguishing words), classified words and transliteration words that we often say has a reasonable explanation. Ancient and modern words such as "brother" mean "brave", "Jing" means "essence", "Chen" means "array" and "feng" means "Peng". Classified words such as "Phoenix Emperor" means "Phoenix", "Partridge" means "Partridge" and "This utensil" means "Wandering". The transliteration words such as "lion" are "lion" and "creeping pottery" is "grape". The last three words above are all newly coined so-called "Zhuanzhu", so it is reasonable to explain them according to the configuration method of "Zhuanzhu". How is this different from the first four books? When discussing Zhuan Xu, Jiang Sheng in Qing Dynasty was mentioned earlier. He thinks that the so-called "building style" refers to the radical of Shuowen, and Shuowen says "everything belongs to it" under each radical, that is, "agreeing to accept each other". Jiang saw the isomorphic relationship between annotation and pictophonetic characters, which has its positive side; However, he regards all homographs as Zhuan Zhu characters. After all, he confuses the boundaries between pictophonetic characters and Zhuan Zhu characters. The reason is that he lacks a diachronic perspective. If the emphasis on static analysis refers to the type of structure, then words constructed by transfer method belong to phonological structure. This is * * * when the view. If dynamically analyzed, it refers to the evolution of Chinese character configuration, then seal script is a configuration method to transform the old form (there are original characters before it is formed), while shape and sound are a configuration method to create new forms inspired by it (there is no prototype before it is formed). This is a diachronic view. Zhuzhuan and pictophonetic characters are isomorphic, which is easy to be confused from the time plane of * * * *; From the diachronic evolution, the two are heterogeneous and easy to separate. Say "borrow" first. Whether it can be used as a configuration method, the so-called "word-making method", is fundamentally opposed. It is almost one-sided to think that "borrowing" cannot "create" new words. On the surface, it seems so, but we still need to think calmly. Xu's definition of "borrowing" focuses on the meaning of characters that need to be "made", rather than the physical structure of Chinese characters. The so-called "this book has no words" is based on the need to create words; The so-called "according to the sound", this "sound" first refers to the sound of words, and then also refers to the pronunciation of borrowed words; This "thing" should refer to the meaning of the word, and then lend it to that one. "Borrowing", as a configuration method, does not seem to create a new writing form. However, judging from the original facts of the words that need to be created in the language and the psychology of the ancestors to create words, "borrowing" did make the words that could have been "managed with eyes" finally get a writing symbol that could represent it. From this point of view, "borrowing" is not a configuration method using prototype (that is, the so-called "word-making method" by predecessors). The theory of "four forms and two uses" not only ignores the thinking characteristics and psychological facts of the ancestors in the process of word-making, but also does not conform to the original intention of Xu Shen's definition of "borrowing". We should look at this problem historically and regard "borrowing" as a "collocation method that does not create new words", so that we can not only recognize its essence, but also see its characteristics. Zhang Taiyan said: "Those who pass notes are also arrogant; Under the guise of borrowing, the fruit of saving words is also milk. The news of the two is different, treating each other positively and negatively. The lyricist thinks this is a big example. " As far as the objective functions of "two books" are concerned, what Zhang said is very reasonable; However, as far as the evolution of configuration mode is concerned, Zhang believes that this is not historical. It should be said that borrowing is the exhaustion of rescuing "pictographs, images and meanings", and transferring notes is to adapt to the diversity of borrowing (including extension) (the result is polysemy). Inspired by "borrowing" and "tune", "pictophonetic characters" came into being. This evolution law proves that Chinese characters have always strongly maintained their own ideographic system and basic pattern.
Question 5: The concept of Chinese characters in pictographic dictionaries 1. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation depends on the rejuvenation of Chinese culture; The revival of Chinese culture depends on the revival of Chinese; The revival of Chinese depends on the revival of Chinese characters. Quality education depends on self-study education; Self-study education depends on reading education; Reading education depends on Chinese character education. Obviously, Chinese character education is the bottleneck and breakthrough of quality education. Second, it is an urgent task for Chinese character tools to activate Chinese characters and restore their glyphs. Chinese characters are the core of Chinese civilization. An atomic bomb that activates the nucleus and can detonate the mind. History shows that it is the pictographic simplified Chinese characters in the pre-Qin period that created countless "thought atomic bombs" of all sizes, which detonated the glory of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since then, with the revolution of Chinese characters, with the continuous abstraction and fuzziness of glyphs, China people's thoughts and creativity are also shrinking. Thirdly, ancient Chinese characters (seal script, especially bronze inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions) are the fundamental basis for explaining the original meaning of Chinese characters, so as to avoid blindly following the authoritative conclusions of ancient books; Avoid replacing objective analysis with subjective understanding; Avoid circular explanations. The concept cycle of "being stupid is stupid" (A is AB) or "being stupid is stupid" (B is AB) should be completely avoided. Fourth, the arrangement of meaning should be flat. Chinese characters have experienced thousands of years of evolution, most of which have rich meanings and subtle changes. The linear arrangement of meanings makes many meanings appear chaotic. Only the plane arrangement of meanings can clearly show the contextual origin between meanings. 5. All characters are "ideographic characters". There is a confused concept in the field of Chinese characters: Chinese characters are ideographic characters and Latin characters are phonography. Font, pronunciation and meaning are the three elements that any writing must have, that is, all writing is ideographic, so it is sheer nonsense to say that "Chinese characters are ideographic"; It is even more ignorant to say that "Latin words don't express meaning". What is the purpose of inventing words that don't express meaning? Glyph and pronunciation are the two major means that characters can choose to express their meanings, but some characters tend to express their meanings with glyphs, while others tend to express their meanings with pronunciations (syllables). According to the relationship between means and goals, all characters can be divided into pictographs and phonograms. Six, the word formation method of "knowing" should be expressed as "meaning". The field of Chinese characters has always written the method of "knowing meaning" in word formation as "knowing meaning" This is an obvious mistake. Writing "Yi Hui Zi" as "Yi Hui Zi" is like writing "Ziyi" as "Ziyi". "Yi Hui Zi" and "Ziyi" are both puzzling things. In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Xu Shen classified the methods of creating Chinese characters into six types: pictographic characters, ideographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, loanwords and annotations. Among them, the word-making method of combining two or more pictographic characters into a new word (which should be called "semantic method") is called "cognitive method", and the method of "knowing" may be a temporary misuse by Xu Shen himself in the Eastern Han Dynasty, or it may be a mistake that later generations copied and printed the meaning of "knowing". In any case, it is a great pity that literary experts have been using the obviously wrong concept of "knowing" so far. "Meaning" refers to personal thoughts and concepts, such as "meaning", "meaning" and "meaning", emphasizing individuality and subjectivity; "Understanding" means understanding other people's thoughts and ideas. "Righteousness" originally refers to God's will to promote good and punish evil, and then it is extended to recognized morality, truth and accepted literal connotation, such as "righteousness", "loyalty" and "word meaning", emphasizing universality and objectivity; "Yi Hui" refers to the combination of the meanings of two or more pictographs into a new compound word by means of merger, metonymy and so on. Seven, "meaning" method is the main method of Chinese characters. Traditionally, most Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters. This site believes that this is the biggest misunderstanding in the field of Chinese characters. On the contrary, most Chinese characters are "Yi Hui"; Accurately speaking, most Chinese characters are composed of "meaning sound"; More precisely, most Chinese characters were created by China's wise ancestors in the mode of "ellipsis and Italian pronunciation". "Ideographic characters" originated from silent pictures and have no pronunciation. Even in the mature period of word-making, between the extremely limited square inches of a Chinese character, the primary task of each stroke and word is to express the meaning. Secondly, a copy of all the words in Yi Hui Font Library can be used as a "phonetic side" to prompt pronunciation. This site believes that only the word "meaning" has not been reasonably explained, and there is no pure word "sound and form". For example, the word "Qing" in Qing, Qing, Qing, Please, Qian, Jing and Jing not only implies pronunciation, but also has ideographic function. ......& gt& gt