The life of Cheng Dawei, the life of Hua Luogeng. twenty

Cheng Dawei (1533 ~ 166), born in Qianyuan Village, Tunguang Town, Tunxi District, was a famous mathematician and abacus inventor in Ming Dynasty. China was a abacus operator in Ming Dynasty. The word Rusi is from Xiuning, Anhui. Born on the 1th day of April in the 12th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (May 3, 1553), he died on August 17th, 34th year of Wanli (September 18th, 166). When I was a teenager, I read extensively and was interested in calligraphy and mathematics. I never became an official all my life. Since the age of 2, he has been doing business in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Because of the need of business computing, he always pays attention to mathematics, visits famous teachers, collects a lot of mathematics books, studies hard, and sometimes gains experience. When he was about 4 years old, he went home, concentrated on his research, referred to various theories, and added his own opinions. At the age of 6, he completed his masterpiece "Directing at Algorithm Unification" (hereinafter referred to as "Algorithm Unification"). Most of the 595 questions in the book "The General Collection of Algorithms" are extracted from other mathematical works, such as Liu Shilong's "Nine-chapter Bright Algorithm" (1424) and "Nine-chapter Algorithm Comparison" (145). The algorithm was relatively complete at that time, and it was a better one of its kind at that time. In the course of the development of ancient mathematics in China, "Arithmetic Unification" is a very important work. It has spread widely and for a long time, which has played a great role in popularizing abacus among the people in China. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was also introduced to Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia, and it also played an important role in spreading abacus to these places. In this book, Cheng Dawei not only absorbed the accuracy of various algorithms, but also accepted some wrong opinions. In some places in the book, the wrong formulas in traditional mathematics books are also used, which leads to the misinformation. These have a bad influence on the future development of mathematics. In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Cheng Dawei cut down < Algorithmic Unified Clan > and took its essential parts. In addition, it was compiled into four volumes, which were published in Tunxi successively with "Arithmetic Collection". When I was a child, I was often nicknamed "Luo idiot" by my companions because I was too absorbed in thinking. Only a junior high school diploma, with self-study finally took to the Tsinghua University forum. Hua Luogeng's life: During the Anti-Japanese War, he wrote the classic book "On Prime Number of Stacking Bases" in a small attic like a cowshed on the outskirts of Kunming, which popularized the optimization method and the overall planning method in industrial and agricultural production, and traveled all over 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, creating huge material wealth and economic benefits. Hua Luogeng was born in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province on November 12, 191. His father made a living by opening a grocery store. When he was young, he loved to use his brain. Because he was too absorbed in thinking, he was often dubbed "Luo nerd" by his companions. After he entered Jintan county junior high school, his mathematics talent was discovered by teacher Wang Weike and he tried his best to cultivate it. After graduating from junior high school, Hua Luogeng went to Shanghai China Vocational School, but dropped out of school because he couldn't afford the tuition, so he only had a junior high school diploma all his life. Since then, he began to teach himself tenaciously, reaching more than 1 hours a day. It took him five years to learn all the math courses in senior high school and junior college. In 1928, he was unfortunately infected with typhoid fever, and was saved by the care of his new wife, but his left leg was disabled. At the age of 2, he caused a sensation in the field of mathematics with a paper and was invited to work by Tsinghua University. Since 1931, Hua Luogeng has been working and studying in Tsinghua University, and he has completed all the courses in the Department of Mathematics in one and a half years. He taught himself English, French and German. After publishing three papers in foreign magazines, he was appointed as a teaching assistant. In the summer of 1936, Hua Luogeng was sent to Cambridge University in England for further study, and published more than ten papers in two years, which attracted the appreciation of the international mathematics community. In 1938, Hua Luogeng returned from a visit to Britain and became a professor at Southwest United University. In a small attic like a cowshed on the outskirts of Kunming, he struggled to write the famous book "The Theory of Prime Number of Stacking Bases". In March 1946, he was invited to visit the Soviet Union. After returning to China, he gave a report on "Visiting the Soviet Union in March" for young people in Kunming despite the restrictions of the reactionary authorities. In September 1946, Hua Luogeng gave lectures in the United States at the invitation of Princeton University in new york, and was hired as a tenured professor by the University of Illinois in 1948. Soon, my wife came to the United States with her three sons to reunite with her. In 1949, Hua Luogeng resolutely gave up his affluent life and returned to the motherland with his family. In March, 195, he arrived in Beijing, and later served as the director of the Department of Mathematics of Tsinghua University and the director of the Institute of Mathematics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the 195s, he wrote a lot under the academic atmosphere of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and also discovered and trained mathematics talents such as Wang Yuan and Chen Jingrun. In 1956, he set out to build the Institute of Computational Mathematics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1958, he served as vice president and head of the Department of Mathematics of the University of Science and Technology of China. Since 196, Hua Luogeng began to popularize the overall planning method and optimization method in industrial and agricultural production, covering 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, creating huge material wealth and economic benefits. In March 1978, he was appointed vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and joined the Party the following year. In his later years, Hua Luogeng was still on the front line of construction, regardless of his old age and physical decline. He was invited to give lectures in Europe, America and China and Hong Kong for many times, and was awarded honorary doctorates successively by Nancy University, Illinois University and Chinese University of Hong Kong in China. In 1984, he was elected as a foreign academician of the American Academy of Sciences by unanimous vote. On June 12, 1985, he died of a heart attack while giving an academic report in Tokyo, Japan, at the age of 74.

Hua Luogeng (191-1985), a famous mathematician and educator, made important contributions to number theory. Born in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province, after graduating from junior high school, he dropped out of school because of his family's financial difficulties, but he still studied mathematics hard by himself and began to write mathematical papers and submit them to magazines. In the meantime, he was appreciated by Xiong Qinglai, the head of the Department of Mathematics in Tsinghua University, and hired him as the library assistant of the department. Later, Tsinghua University promoted Hua Luogeng as a teacher. Later, he went to Cambridge University as a visiting scholar. After returning to China, Tsinghua University hired him as a professor and has been engaged in extensive academic and scientific knowledge popularization activities.

Hua Luogeng Hua Luogeng (Chinese pinyin: Huà Luó-Gēng, November 12, 191—June 12, 1985) was born in Jintan, Jiangsu Province and died in Tokyo, Japan. China famous mathematician, academician of China Academy of Sciences, foreign academician of American Academy of Sciences. He is the founder of China's research on analytic number theory, musical group, matrix geometry, automorphic function theory and multivariate complex function, and one of China's most influential mathematicians in the world. Since 1931, Hua Luogeng has been studying and working in Tsinghua University. He has completed all the courses in the Department of Mathematics in just one and a half years, taught himself English, French and German at the same time, published three papers in international academic magazines, and was appointed as a teaching assistant by Xiong Qinglai. His achievements in analytic number theory are particularly well known. The internationally renowned "China Analytic Number Theory School" is the school founded by Hua Luogeng, which has made many significant contributions to the distribution of prime numbers and Goldbach's conjecture. His contribution to the function theory of multiple complex variables has influenced the development of mathematics in the world. According to Qiu Chengtong's view, he is one of the three China mathematicians who have an influence on the contemporary world. The other two are Chen Shengshen and Feng Kang. He used to be the director of the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, and in 1958, he presided over the establishment of the Department of Mathematics of the University of Science and Technology of China and served as the head of the Department of Mathematics. Therefore, the University of Science and Technology of China established the "Master Hua Luogeng Chair". He is also a famous social activist. He was elected as a member of the 1st to 6th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), vice chairman of the 6th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of China Democratic League. Joined China in 1979. On June 12, 1985, Hua Luogeng was invited to give an academic report in Tokyo, Japan. After the report, he suddenly suffered a heart attack and collapsed on the podium. He was confirmed dead after being sent to hospital. In order to commemorate him, his alma mater, Jiangsu Jintan County Middle School, was changed to a mathematics school named after him (Jiangsu Hualuogeng Middle School). His research achievements have been named Fahrenheit Theorem, Brouwer-Gadang-Hua Theorem, Hua-Wang Method, Fahrenheit Operand and Fahrenheit Invariant by the international mathematical community. He wrote 2 academic papers, 1 monographs and more than 1 popular science works in his life. The book "Introduction to Number Theory" by Hua Luogeng, Beijing Science Press, 1957; Optimality, by Hua Luogeng, Beijing Science Press, 1981; Harmonic Analysis of Curved Domain in Function Theory of Multiple Complex Variables by Hua Luogeng, Beijing Science Press, 1965; Introduction to Advanced Mathematics by Hua Luogeng, Beijing Science Press, 1963; Typical Group, by Hua Luogeng and Wan Zhexian, Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1963; Talking from Yang Hui Triangle by Hua Luogeng, Beijing People's Education Publishing House, 1964. Others: Theory of Pile-up Prime Numbers, Harmonic Analysis on Typical Fields, Comments on Optimization Method and Its Supplement, Comments and Supplement on Overall Planning Method, etc. zh. *** /w/index? title=%E8%8F%AF%E7%BE%85%E5%BA%9A& Variant=zh- Cheng Dawei, born in Xiuning, Anhui. In 1592, when he was 6 years old, he wrote "Directing at the Algorithm Unification". It is an applied mathematics book, with abacus as the main calculation tool, and there are 595 questions in the book. The compilation and wide spread of "Arithmetic Unified Sect" indicated the completion of the transition from preparation to abacus calculation, and from then on, preparation was gradually forgotten and lost. Up to now, people still carry the big abacus and the portrait of Cheng Dawei, the god of abacus, on August 8th every year in Japan to show their respect for this abacus promoter. Cheng Dawei (1533-166, Ming Dynasty) was born in a merchant's family, and he was smart and studious since he was a child. According to the records in Genealogy of Cheng's Family, he was good at ancient seal characters and made good use of arithmetic. When I was a teenager, I went into business with my father and traveled all over Wu Chu. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China still used abacus to count, but gradually replaced it in the Ming Dynasty. In his business dealings, he felt the inconvenience of the traditional chip counting method, so he planned to compile a concise and practical math book. In his spare time, he visited famous mathematicians and abacus experts, and spared no expense to buy a suicide note. He also collected a large number of ancient mathematical problems and calculation methods and studied them hard to enhance his understanding of the basic theory of mathematics. 4 years old, abandoned business and concentrated on writing books. After nearly 2 years' hard study, Cheng Dawei completed the book "Algorithmic Unified Clan", which has a profound influence on later generations, with a total of 17 volumes, and published it at his own expense. Later, Cheng Dawei revised and published the concise edition of Arithmetic Synopsis * * 4 volumes, which became the basic reader for later folk mathematicians. Cheng Dawei not only made great achievements in abacus calculation, but also invented a "measuring walker", which was made of bamboo sticks, similar to today's tape measure and marked with length units, and solved the problem of using a ruler for field measurement. The book "The Unified Collection of Arithmetic" is entitled "The Newly Compiled Unified Collection of Arithmetic", which includes all kinds of practical mathematical problems and mathematical methods that can be collected at that time. According to the compilation method of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", various problems are described according to nine items, such as square field, millet, difference, less breadth, business merit, even loss, profit, equation and pythagorean. The book lists various calculation methods, and compares the most convenient algorithm. For example, he thinks that multiplication by leaving the head is the best, while division by quotient is the best. These methods, which are convenient to use and accurate in calculation, are still commonly used by people, such as "Nine Returns to Songs" by abacus division, "21 adds five, and every two adds ten ...". The essence of Arithmetic Unified Clan is a detailed introduction to abacus, as well as its various methods and formulas of division and division, which has made great contributions to promoting abacus to replace calculation, which promoted the application of abacus in social life, so that abacus was completely the main counting algorithm in Qing Dynasty. In addition, the book is illustrated in detail with graphics, and nearly 6 calculation problems are listed in the book, all of which are accompanied by detailed notes and solutions. During this period, due to the progress of production technology and the popularization of commercial behavior, the research of advanced mathematics almost stopped, but commercial mathematics was popularized. Of course, Cheng Dawei's "Arithmetic Unification" had a great influence. The 13th to 16th volumes in the book were mostly composed of formulas and poems, and the poems were profound. Fortunately, they were all explained by notes, so the general public could have a glimpse of their mathematical meanings and widely used them. In the past, the first textbook of junior high school mathematics quoted the title in "Arithmetic Unification": "It's hard to say how much money a catty is less than 4, and how much meat is it if you can count it?" This means that a mute came to buy meat, and he couldn't tell how much money he had brought. I only know that buying a catty of meat is less than 4 pence, and buying 9 ounces of meat is 16 pence more. Excuse me, how many taels of meat can a person who can count buy with his money? (Note 1 Jin =16 Liang) "Yesterday, I drank wine to visit my relatives and friends, and it was four miles away. I doubled my journey, but an tong stole six liters. Line to in-laws inside, nothing in the bottle. Ask someone who is clever and can calculate, and the geometric original wine should be clear. This means that buying wine to visit relatives and friends yesterday is a long way, four miles away. After walking a mile, the wine in the bottle was doubled, but the wine boy stole six liters every time. After walking through four places like this, I came to my relatives' door, and there was no drop of wine in the bottle. Excuse me, you are a master. How much wine was in the original bottle? (Note 1 Stone =1 buckets, 1 bucket =1 liters, 1 liter =1, 1 =1 spoons, 1 spoon =1 seconds). From the notes, the decimal value system that has been used since Shang Dynasty is also presented. Mathland.idv/history/c

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