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Song Dynasty is a new period in which China's ancient paintings compete for beauty and scenery. She lasted for more than 300 years, and her paintings developed well on the basis of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. Folk painting, court painting and scholar-bureaucrat painting are self-contained, influencing, absorbing and infiltrating each other, which constitutes the colorful face of painting in Song Dynasty.
First of all, the relative unification of the Northern Song Dynasty eliminated the barriers caused by feudal separatism. For a period of time, the society maintained a relatively stable situation, the commercial handicraft industry developed rapidly, and the urban layout broke the strict boundary between the square and the city, resulting in unprecedented prosperity. Secondly, although the Southern Song Dynasty was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, because Fujiang, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guangzhou were all within its territory, a large number of northerners and southerners moved south to jointly develop the south of the Yangtze River, which enabled the economy and culture of the Southern Song Dynasty to continue and develop and surpass the north. Furthermore, the political form, economic development and social ideological and cultural conditions of each period have different degrees of influence on the development of painting. The progress of handicraft industry, commerce and science and technology has promoted the further development and improvement of painting. The demand for fine arts by the royal nobility is increasing day by day, and the ruling class attaches importance to and is interested in fine arts, which leads to unprecedented prosperity of palace painting. In addition, the appreciation and collection of calligraphy and painting and Wan Wen became a common practice among literati, and many accomplished painters and painters emerged, which also played an important role in the development of painting after the Song Dynasty. In addition, the prosperity of the city and the growth of the citizen class have also established a broader and closer relationship between painting and the public than the previous generation. For example, in the areas ruled by Liao, Jin and Xixia, which coexisted with the Song Dynasty, Han painters and painters worked together with other ethnic painters, and on the basis of absorbing and preserving the Han painting tradition, exchanges and integration took place among ethnic groups.
In the long history of Song Dynasty, the splendor of court painting, the elegance of literati painting and the vividness and popularity of citizen painting all showed different artistic characteristics, which promoted and influenced each other. Painting shows a very prominent prosperity. Landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting and literati painting have developed simultaneously, and their techniques have reached a quite mature level. Sculpture is closely linked with other arts and crafts and society, creating many new art forms. The service scope of painting is constantly expanding, and the theme and style are more diverse, which makes the painting in Song Dynasty have an indelible significance in reality.
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1. The development of painting in Song Dynasty promoted the shift of the focus of painting;
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an and Luoyang lost their former prosperity because of years of war, and the Central Plains of the Five Dynasties was constantly in war because of frequent changes of dynasties. Only the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Sichuan are relatively stable, and their economy and culture are constantly developing. Moreover, the attention of the rulers of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the regime of Xishu led some painters to flow to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, which led to the transfer of painting centers. The establishment of the Song Dynasty kept the society relatively stable for a long time, and the economy and culture in the Central Plains were restored and developed. Kaifeng, the capital, is not only a political, economic and cultural center, but also a metropolis with a population of one million. Therefore, painting creation is unprecedentedly active. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, painters from Western Shu and Southern Tang came to Kaifeng one after another, and together with painters from the Central Plains, they formed a huge painting team. At that time, a group of painting experts had gathered inside and outside the court. As a commodity, painting appeared in the market. Every holiday, seasonal painting appeared in the market. Paintings in Jiangnan and Sichuan are still very active, and some painters went to Kaifeng to perform and became famous in one fell swoop. With the fall of Kaifeng in 1 127, Song Gaozong established the Southern Song Dynasty in Lin 'an, and then established the Palace Painting Academy. With the political and economic center moving south, Hangzhou became the center of painting development after Kaifeng, and some painters from the north went south one after another, which promoted the prosperity of painting art in the Southern Song Dynasty together with Jiangnan painters.
2. The activities of professional painters promote economic development and social prosperity;
Painting in Song Dynasty entered the ranks of handicraft industry and commerce, and established close ties with more people. In some teahouses, restaurants, shops and other places in Kaifeng and Lin 'an, paintings are often used to decorate the facade to attract customers. Besides decorating and painting murals for the aristocratic class, painters also need to meet the needs of the general public. Some professional painters sell their works as commodities in the market to meet the needs of buyers at different levels. Bianjing Suoguo Temple holds temple fairs five times a month, and there are many department stores, booths selling books and paintings, and the back porch of the temple also has a business of painting portraits. The paper painting industry in the market and the year-round painting market are mainly supplied to the public. With the popularization of printing and the development of block printing industry, many pictures are sold by block printing, which promotes the development of printmaking. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xing Wu painter Yang Weishan painted Dengaku in the village. When a vendor in Kaifeng bought a painting, he told them that if he took it to the painting academy for sale, he could sell it at a high price. There is a painter in Kaifeng who is famous for painting babies and is called Du. Some are good at drawing palace paintings and are called "Zhao Loutai"; Liu Zongdao, a painter, is good at painting Baby in a Pot. Every innovative draft should be painted with hundreds of pictures and sold once in the market to prevent others from copying. Li Tang, a painter in the early Southern Song Dynasty, lived in Lin 'an and once made a living by selling paintings in the market. In Lin 'an market, there are fine finger fans of painters, flower fans with different colors, Meizhu fans and landscape paintings of Zhangshan people. Therefore, the social demand for painting and the active creation of folk professional painters are important factors to promote the development of painting in Song Dynasty.
3. The prosperity of palace painting has produced many artistic talents and created many successful works:
The Song Dynasty inherited the practices of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the Western Shu Dynasty, and set up the Hanlin Painting Academy in the imperial court to train the painting talents needed by the imperial court. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hui Zong once founded painting. Most emperors in Song Dynasty, such as Renzong, Zongshen, Hui Zong, Gaozong, Guangzong and Ningzong, were interested in painting to varying degrees. For the needs of decorating palaces and painting temples, they all attach great importance to the construction of painting academies, especially Evonne and Hui Zong. They have high accomplishment and skills in painting, pay attention to recruiting painters, expand and improve the palace painting academies, and constantly look for famous paintings to enrich the collection of the palace, thus leading to the prosperity of palace painting. The painters in the Academy maintained a certain connection with the society, but were restricted by the emperor. Palace painting has obvious characteristics of aristocratic art, which is precise and meticulous, and some works have a lazy and charming interest. The painting academy concentrated a large number of outstanding painters in the society at that time. For example, Zhang Zeduan, a scholar, studied in Beijing, then studied painting, and was summoned to the Academy of Painting as an academician. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, which he painted, condensed all aspects of urban social life in the Northern Song Dynasty with superb skills and realistic techniques, making people never tire of watching it. It is not only an outstanding painting, but also has historical document value. Another example: Wang Ximeng, a student of Hui Zong's Painting Academy, was personally taught by Zong Zhao Ji. His "Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" mainly inherited the traditional "green method" in artistic techniques, appropriately absorbed the brushwork of Dong Yuan and Guo, and flexibly integrated Guo's "three-distance" framing and composition, representing the highest achievement of court landscape painting in the Northern Song Dynasty. In addition, there are Guo's Early Spring Map, Guan Shan Map, Wei Cai Map, Wan He Map, Tan Qing Map and Shui Tu, all of which have created a lot of successful works.
4. The surging trend of literati painting influenced the painting after the Song Dynasty:
From ancient times to the present, the history of China's painting has been dominated by the description of realistic objects and the exploration of technical forms. In the Song Dynasty, the perfection of realistic form almost reached the peak of history in court painting. At this time, other painters gradually began to realize that they gradually gave up imitating realistic objects and resolutely withdrew from the traditional realistic road, which actually promoted the development of literati painting.
Literati painting appeared in the Tang Dynasty and formed a huge artistic trend after the mid-Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, the collection, evaluation and painting of Ye Na's painters had become a common practice among the upper-class literati. Many scholars have personally participated in painting practice, and expressed their feelings like poetry. It has its own unique requirements in theme selection, image processing and aesthetic taste. They gradually increased the number of poems on paintings, opened up a new world of calligraphy and painting, and consciously introduced the forms of calligraphy art into painting, greatly enriching and improving the means of expression of painting art. In the Song Dynasty, there appeared scholars and scholars such as Zhong Ren, Yang Wuxia Mo Mei, Wen Tong's bamboo, Su Shi's ancient stones, Mi Fei and Mi Youren's father and son Yunshan, and Zhao's narcissus. It has become a model for later literati and painters to learn. In addition, there are Yan Su, Chao,,, Zhang Shunmin and other celebrities. Scholars have also made great achievements in painting theory. Ouyang Xiu put forward the feeling of expressing depression and indifference. Chen advocates that "the meaning is not enough for color, while the predecessor is like a horse with nine squares." Su Shi's series of views, such as "on the similarity of paintings, seeing neighbors", are representative. It can be seen that the literati painting in Song Dynasty directly influenced Liao and Jin areas and became the forerunner of the development of literati painting in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
5. In terms of painting theme and style:
The development of painting themes in Song Dynasty has a wide range of contents. There were paintings in Song Huizong period, which were divided into Buddhism and Taoism, figures, landscapes, birds and animals, flowers and trees, houses and trees. The descriptions of Tibetan paintings in Xuanhe Huapu can be divided into ten categories: Taoism and Buddhism, figures, palaces, fans, arowana, landscapes, animals, flowers and birds, Zhu Mo, fruits and vegetables. During the three years of filial piety, Deng Chun's paintings were divided into eight categories: immortals, buddhas, ghosts and gods, biographies of people, landscapes, forest stones, flowers and bamboo feathers, animals, insects and fish, houses, trees, boats and cars, fruits and vegetables, herbs and small landscape paintings. These phenomena all reflect the expansion of the scope of painting and the careful division of themes. The style of painting has also been formed to a certain extent, with meticulous brushwork occupying a prominent position. Green and heavy colors are still used by many painters, but ink painting is more popular in landscape painting, and elegant freehand brushwork has also begun to rise. The following are mainly divided into the following three aspects according to different themes:
First, figure painting has made great progress in reflecting real life, from painting major historical events and aristocratic life in the Tang Dynasty to depicting all aspects of the lives of ordinary people in urban and rural areas, such as Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, Su Hanchen's Baby Scene in Autumn Pavilion and Song Li's Merchant Map, all of which show the expansion of the painter's vision and his interest and enthusiasm for real life. Festive paintings depicting urban folk customs in Song Dynasty, such as Sui Dynasty pictures, Wu Rui pictures, Da Nuo pictures and lights-off pictures, also appeared one after another. Paintings depicting the life of noble literati are still very popular, and figure paintings with plots, such as Li's "Elegant Garden" and "Listening to the Piano", also have high artistic achievements. Folk tales are often incorporated into historical story paintings, which show the attitude towards politics at that time in a tortuous way. For example, taking pictures of witches, Zhu Yun's broken threshold, Yuan Ang's sitting map, and Chen Yuanda's admonition map, etc., they depict upright and upright people, convenient bridge alliance maps, etc., and reflect the correct strategies for solving ethnic problems. It is particularly noteworthy that the paintings depicting the misfortune and sadness brought by the war and the complicated ethnic relations are very popular, such as "Moon Hee Returning to Han" and "Fei Ming Going to Fort", which, like the folk stories at that time, show obvious patriotism and sense of hardship.
Secondly, the development of flower-and-bird painting greatly surpassed that of the Tang Dynasty in art, especially in the period of 12 century Huizong Evonne, when flower-and-bird painting reached its peak. In addition, Hui Zong himself is an excellent expert in flower-and-bird painting. His painting academy has a group of highly skilled experts in flower and bird painting. His painting style is basically yellow, emphasizing sketching, modeling and careful observation, which makes flower-and-bird painting reach the realm of both form and spirit.
Thirdly, due to the attention of society, landscape painting has gradually become the main position of painting, and has further developed in breadth and depth, paying more attention to the exploration of sketching and techniques, showing the prosperity of a group of masters. Famous painters include Li Cheng and Fan Kuan, who inherited Hao Jing's ink and wash tradition and described the magnificent natural landscape in the north. Of course, there are also many landscape painters who go deep into mountains and rivers to observe and experience day and night, thus accurately drawing the characteristics of different regions, seasons and climates; They pursue beautiful and moving artistic conception, from panoramic turquoise of mountains and rivers to corner scenery, and show outstanding creations in different periods with simple pens and highly tailored compositions. The landscape is not only a castle in the fairy mountain, a famous garden tour, but also a secluded scene of a scholar-bureaucrat building. It is more a kind of natural scenery of north and south Shan Ye. During this period, there were ordinary life plots such as overturning, grinding water, ferrying, shipping, fishing, etc., and the life atmosphere was strong. Moreover, through the real scenery description, it embodies the beautiful imagination and shapes the poetic mood.
6. Achievements in painting history and painting description:
Because of the high activity of creation and the prevalence of collection appreciation in Song Dynasty, it directly promoted the development of painting theory, and also promoted the progress of painting creation on the basis of summing up practical experience theory.
First of all, in the history of painting, there have been some works, such as The Story of Painting by Guo in the Northern Song Dynasty and The Story of Painting in the Southern Song Dynasty. These two books mainly record the development of painting from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty. Among the works of painting history in dynastic history, Liu Daochun's Supplement to Five Dynasties' Famous Paintings and his other work Comments on Holy Paintings appeared earlier. In addition, there is Huang Xiufu's Records of Famous Paintings of Yizhou in Northern Song Dynasty, which mainly comments on the talents of contemporary painters. These works are of great significance to our understanding of the painting history of the Song Dynasty today. They not only provide first-hand historical materials, but also enable us to get a glimpse of some aesthetic opinions of people on painting art at that time.
Secondly, in terms of painting description, in order to meet the needs of various painting collections and appreciation, painting descriptions and books have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. The famous Painting Spectrum of Xuanhe classifies painters in Song Taizong period, which is of course the richest and most complete description of palace paintings in history. In addition, Song Gaozong's famous painting "Four Spirits Map" and Song Ningzong's "Secret Pavilion Map" both recorded the collection of palace paintings and calligraphy at that time. These works are of great historical significance to the study of China's ancient painting history, the spread of calligraphy and painting, and the appraisal of calligraphy and painting.
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To sum up, the painting in Song Dynasty is an important period for the high development of ancient painting in China, which reflects a wide range of real life contents, which is outstanding in the history of ancient painting. Using colorful art forms to create many artistic expressions is closely related to society. Most of the painting styles and theories in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties can be based on the paintings in Song Dynasty, which shows that China's paintings are mature and highly prosperous.
In terms of artistic skills, it has many new and important creations, focusing on excavating the mental outlook and touching plots of characters, shaping artistic images with distinctive personalities, flower-and-bird paintings and landscape paintings, pursuing beautiful and touching artistic interests, paying attention to true and ingenious artistic expressions, and striving to refine images. To put it bluntly, the main achievement of painting in Song Dynasty is realism. At that time, the painters' works were very calm and had no feminine taste. Of course, this is also very rare today. The era has developed to the industrial age, and the calmness and tranquility in paintings, as well as the ancient and ancient meaning, are exactly what people in busy cities yearn for. Therefore, in recent years, the retro and antique Song painting style is particularly popular. In addition, literati painting has also promoted the prosperity and improvement of painting art, and they have made great contributions to the exploration of subjective expression and pen and ink effect. Palace painting has been highly developed on the basis of the prosperity of painting in the whole society.
Generally speaking, the painting in Song Dynasty broke through the fetters of religion, the painter's vision was broadened, the scope of subject matter was expanded, and the expression technique was a big step forward than that in Tang and Five Dynasties. Genre paintings, portraits and historical paintings depicting ancient deeds, landscape paintings depicting the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland, neat and gorgeous flower-and-bird paintings, and freehand brushwork with high generality and lyricism are all competing.
To some extent, the development of painting reflects the political form, economic development and social ideological and cultural conditions of the Song Dynasty, so that we can indirectly understand the development degree of handicrafts, commerce and science and technology in the society at that time through the performance of previous paintings, and provide first-hand reference materials for future generations to study the ancient history of China. Therefore, painting in Song Dynasty still has indelible practical significance in our reality.