First, an overview of the pen.
Pen is a widely used writing tool, which was invented at the beginning of19th century. The pen is made of metal, and the writing is smooth, elastic and quite smooth. On the mouth of the pen or the surface of the pen tip, there are obvious trademark numbers and models.
A pen is a writing instrument mainly made of metal. It contains ink (mostly black or blue) through a hollow pen tube, and then writes through a duckbill pen through gravity and capillary action. It can be said that it is a writing tool of western calligraphy. Most pens can be replenished with ink. Generally speaking, vials or straws such as eye drops are used to supplement the kit. The earliest historical record of fountain pen can be traced back to 10 century, and this earliest fountain pen has been used until 18 century. The development process was very slow, but it was not until the beginning of the 9th century that a pen with stable and accelerated flow was invented in the production process. Only three key inventions have made the pen a widely popular writing tool. These inventions are: gold nib made of iridium, hard rubber and free-flowing ink.
Second, the structure of the pen.
1. Pen tip.
The nib can be said to be the most critical part of the pen, with various changes from fine to thick. Generally, the most common pen tip sizes are "B (width), M (medium), FM (fine-medium), F (fine), EF (extra fine)", etc. B is from coarse to fine. M>F & gtEF, pen tip size Each pen factory will have some differences in specifications. Under the same size unit, the Japanese pen will be thinner than the European pen.
2. Hold your ground.
The assembly formed by wrapping and fixing the pen tip and tongue with tubular material is called the holding position. The position of grip is closely related to the comfort of grip. In addition to the common circular cross section, various ergonomic designs often contain the ingenuity of designers. In addition, the friction, hardness, size and shape of the pen holding position also have a great relationship with the writing feel.
3. Pen container.
The tubular structure connecting the holding position and covering the ink storage device is called a pen holder. The material and shape of the pen holder are variable. The design is divided into general size and short rod. When writing with a short rod, the pen sleeve is sleeved at the end of the pen holder, and the increased length makes it more comfortable to hold and write.
Third, the principle of ink absorption pen:
After the air in the pen bag is squeezed out, the air pressure in the pen bag is less than the external atmospheric pressure, which can squeeze the pen water in.
Fourth, the types of pens.
Golden pen: the nib is made of gold alloy, which is soft, elastic and comfortable. However, the gold pen is expensive, the nib is soft and difficult to master, so it is not suitable for beginners, and of course it is not suitable for the elderly.
Iridium pen: the nib does not contain gold, some are gold-plated, and the nib is hard, but it is cheap and good. Is a tool suitable for beginners to write.
5. Why are gold pens and iridium pens durable?
The reason why gold nib and iridium nib are more durable than pen nib lies in the small round particles on the pen nib. This small round particle is made of iridium ruthenium alloy, which is very hard and wear-resistant. According to the experiment of Shanghai Jinxing Golden Pen Factory, if the pen tip and the pen tip are placed on the oilstone at the same time, after one hour, the wear of the pen tip is only 0.07 mm, while the wear of the pen tip is as high as 5 mm.
Although the price varies greatly, the iridium particles in the nib are all special alloys "iridium, ruthenium"! The reason why the smoothness is so different is that the polishing method and fineness are different. So in a sense, the gold pen and the iridium pen are the same. But the material and feel are different, which leads to the price gap!
Ink contains a small amount of sulfuric acid, but this corrosive sulfuric acid will pose a serious threat to pens. If the nib is made of ordinary steel, it won't stand the corrosion of sulfuric acid for a long time. What metal can resist corrosion? Gold, iridium and stainless steel. Gold is a corrosion-resistant metal, and people think of using it to make pen tips. But pure gold is too soft to be used directly as a nib. The golden pen we usually talk about, the nib is all alloy. The tip of a better gold pen is marked with the words 14K, indicating that it contains 58% gold, and there are also silver and copper: those marked with 12K indicate that it contains 50% gold. This not only improves the hardness, but also has excellent elasticity. The silver-white round particles on the gold nib are called iridium particles. This is an alloy, mainly iridium and other rare metals, which is particularly wear-resistant. Because when you write, you have to rely on it to draw on paper, and it often takes a lifetime of "Wan Li Road". The nib of iridium pen is made of stainless steel. Fortunately, the small round particles on the iridium pen are exactly the same as those on the gold pen. Therefore, the use effect of iridium pen is similar to that of gold pen, but the price is much cheaper. So cheap iridium pens are very popular. Ordinary dip pens and pens have a much shorter service life without embedded iridium particles in their tips.
The vowel letter e is usually pronounced as a short vowel/? When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue clings to the lower teeth, the tongue protrudes forward, the tongue position is moderate, it does not touch the upper jaw, there is no friction, the gums are between half closed and half open, and the lips are flat. This sound appears at the beginning and end of words, but rarely at the end, such as:
balls
alright
Red red
Pen pen
Hen hen
Net network
Bed bed
Bells, bells.
I hope it can help you solve the problem.