Ma Zhiyuan
Dead vines, old trees, faint crows,
Small bridges and flowing water,
The ancient road and the west wind are thin.
The sun went down,
Heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
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The dead vine old tree-dwelling crow returns to its nest at dusk,
The flowing water by the bridge reflects several families.
On the desolate ancient road, a lonely thin horse came against the bleak autumn wind.
The sun is setting, and the wandering wanderer is still at the end of the world. This poem has only five sentences and 28 words, and its language is extremely concise but its capacity is huge. With a few strokes, I drew a homesick picture of a wandering wanderer, which vividly conveyed the voice of a wandering wanderer.
This picture consists of two parts:
First, carefully selected groups of scenery that can represent Xiao Qiu form a twilight autumn wild map;
Second, describe a wanderer walking alone in the cold autumn, with endless pain in his heart.
The first painting is *** 18 with nine nouns, without empty word, which is natural and fluent, with rich connotations. With his skillful artistic skills, the author bathed nine different landscapes in the afterglow of the sunset, presented them to us in a "montage" brushwork like a focal plane, and brought the readers into the late autumn season at once: several dead vines were wrapped around several bald trees with yellow leaves. We can imagine that crows can still have old trees to return to, but wanderers are homeless. How miserable and helpless it is! Next is a small bridge, flowing water, and a small farmhouse with faint smoke. The rural scenery in which such people live is so quiet and sweet, comfortable and carefree. All this can't help but remind the wanderer of the bridges, flowing water and relatives in his hometown. Here, the sad feelings are written in the happy scene, which sets off the helpless sadness of the wandering wanderer.
In the second painting, we can see that in the bleak autumn wind, on the lonely ancient road, a wanderer suffering from homesickness rides a long-delayed thin horse and wanders into the distance in the heavy twilight. At this time, the sun sets, scattering a bleak oblique light. This is the reunion moment when birds return to their nests, cattle and sheep return home and people return home. However, the wanderer is still "the end of the world is reduced." At this moment, this situation, a wandering in a foreign country, in the face of such a bleak and desolate scene, how can it not be sad, heartbroken and heartbroken! The heart of a wandering wanderer drops blood in the autumn wind. ...
A very short ditty expresses its indescribable connotation, vividly depicts the sad inner world of a wanderer and gives people a shocking artistic feeling. Reading makes people feel bitter, and singing makes people feel more sad. People who watch this song without tears don't know what it means.
On the one hand, this poem has won such high praise because it depicts a wonderful late autumn evening scene and truly shows the loneliness and sadness in the world. Although depressed, it reflects the depressing atmosphere of the times at that time and has certain social significance. On the other hand, more importantly, it has high artistic achievements. The obvious features are:
1. Simple and profound interdependence
Song Yu, an ancient man, once described a beautiful woman's figure as "adding one point is too long and subtracting one point is too short". The refinement of the characters in Tianjingsha Qiu Si can also be said to have reached the point where one word cannot be added or subtracted. There are only five sentences and twenty-eight characters in the whole article. No exaggeration, no allusions. This vivid picture is outlined by pure line drawing: at dusk in late autumn, a travel-stained wanderer rides a thin horse and walks alone on the ancient road against the chilly west wind. He walked past an old tree covered with withered vines and saw crows hovering in the treetops at dusk. He crossed the small bridge across the stream and came to the doors of several families by the stream. At this time, the sun is about to set, but he hasn't found a place to stay. It will be a long night, and he can't help feeling sad and deeply sad. As for why the wanderer drifted here? Where on earth is he going? These meanings can be left to the reader to imagine. This poem is really a masterpiece with simple words and rich meanings, and less wins more. In the first three sentences and eighteen words of the poem, * * * wrote nine things: rattan, tree, crow, bridge, water, home, road, wind and horse. Every word, every word and every scene can be described as "cherishing ink as gold". However, brevity is not simple. Before the names of nine things, there are modifiers expressing their own characteristics, such as withered, old, faint, small, flowing, human, ancient, western and thin, which make all things have distinct personalities and make unrelated things form a unity in the desolate late autumn twilight. The author has no place to write these things, nor does he write about the relationship between these things and the activities of vagrants, but readers can imagine them and connect them closely. In simplicity, you can see depth and fineness.
2. Static and dynamic scenes set each other off.
The artistic effect of Tianjingsha Qiu Si is also due to the successful use of foil techniques. The author brings many relatively independent things into a picture at the same time, thus forming the mutual contrast between movement, light and shade, background and subject: the dynamic "flowing water" is in contrast with the static "small bridge" and "people", showing a quiet environment; "West Wind" and "Ancient Road" set each other off to make the road more desolate; On the autumn scenery map sketched by the author, on the one hand, the dead vines, old trees and crows are gloomy in the autumn wind and small showers, and on the other hand, the afterglow of the sunset paints the dead vines, old trees and crows with a touch of gold; The "small bridge flowing water" presents an elegant and comfortable scene, which is in contrast with the wanderer who fell into a foreign land, making the "heartbroken person" more sad. Judging from the whole composition, the first four sentences are about scenery and the last one is about people. But people are the main body and scenery is the background of people's activities. When the background is written, the main body is set off. This is the wonderful use of mutual contrast.
3. Scenery and emotion blend together
Poetry expresses ambition. This poem aims to express the sorrow of the people who were born. But people's thoughts and feelings are abstract and difficult to express. The author uses the traditional writing method of attaching affection to things to portray this bitterness and sorrow incisively and vividly. Dead vines, old trees, faint crows, westerly winds, thin horses, sunset, tangible and sensible things all have obvious late autumn colors, which are similar to intangible and abstract bitterness. Only by seeing and touching can people feel concrete and vivid. Just like "Ask you how worried I can be?" ? Just like a river flowing eastward, "sorrow" has nothing to do with "water", but the author uses the river as a metaphor for sorrow, and the two are "like". It is very profound to express infinite sadness with the scenery of the river flowing eastward. Natural scenery originally had no thoughts and feelings, but when the poet incorporated these objective things into his aesthetic comprehension and feelings, they were endowed with emotional colors and merged with people's thoughts and feelings. "Little Bridge Running Water" is just a very common landscape, but when it is in the same picture with "Tianya heartbroken man", it is no longer an isolated scene, but the fuse of heartbroken people, which brings a sad atmosphere to the picture. The so-called "feelings are presented by scenes, and scenes are born by feelings" is the truth. "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" can be called a masterpiece with feelings in the scene, scenery in the feelings and a seamless scene.
The song "Tianjingsha", although short in length, is well known by many people, and it can be regarded as a swan song throughout the ages. In just 28 words, it depicts a very real and vivid picture of the sunset in the suburbs in autumn. The first three sentences are a pair of legs, and nine pictures are presented in turn: dead vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, people, ancient roads, west winds and thin horses. The scenery is set off by the scenery, and the feelings are born in the scenery, which outlines the wandering and sad feelings of travelers on the desolate background. Here, the author creatively combines isolated natural objects skillfully, making the whole picture full of fluidity and life. At the same time, consciously highlight the darkness and cold of the picture, thus fully showing the strong sadness of "sad people" wandering around the world.
Second, "Clear Sand and Autumn"
Bai Pu
Sunset in a lonely village
Crows fly at dusk on the old trees with rotten vines;
A small flying shadow.
Clear water and lush mountains
White grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
Although it is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, it also has its own characteristics. The first two sentences are drawn from Lonely Village, deliberately rendering the cold silence of autumn dusk. "A Little Hong Fei" brought vitality to the cold static picture, which caused the emotional transfer of the song. Then the poet described the beautiful autumn scenery in five colors: blue, green, white, red and yellow, from far to near, from high to low, multi-level and multi-faceted, which made the whole picture full of poetry. This song is full of artistic tension. It successfully combines the bleak scenery of autumn with the bright and beautiful scenery, and takes the pleasing autumn scenery as the main theme of the song. It is another masterpiece of writing autumn.
Third, Ma Zhiyuan's other poems.
At the same time, Ma Zhiyuan was a master of Sanqu and Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty. Now there are more than 30 Sanqu/kloc-0, and his landscape works, such as Qiu Si, are picturesque and memorable. His works lamenting the world can also vividly express his feelings. Among the writers of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, he was regarded as the leader of the "bold school". Although he also has elegant works, his language is mainly sparse and bold, and his language combines poetry and spoken language, creating a unique artistic conception of songs.
[Double Tone] Night Rain in Xiaoxiang, Shouyang District
The fishing lamp is dim, the guest dreams back, and the sound is heartbreaking. Wan Li, the home of a lonely boat, is a tear in the people's market.
[Double Tone] Shouyang Qu Yan Temple Night Bell
The cold smoke is fine, the ancient temple is clear, and the Buddha's light is quiet near dusk. How to teach the old monk to meditate when the death knell of the west wind rings three or four times?
[Double Tone] Qinglan, Qushan City, Shouyang
Besides, Cao Dian is in the west, and the sun is harvested in the sunset and rain. In the residual photos of the surrounding mountains, the Jinping wind adds greenery.
[Disyllabic] Original score of Shouyang Qu Fan Gui
The sun is setting, the wine is idle, and two or three flights have not fallen. It's getting late in the cottage, and the fish seller at the end of the broken bridge is scattered.
[Double Tone] Sunset in the fishing village of Shouyang District
Ring the bell and flash the twilight. Green Di Yang sang several songs and hung several idle nets in Chai Men, all of which were collected on the fishing map.
Tianjingsha Qiu Si
Old vines are faint crows, small bridges are flowing, and old roads are thin horses. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
[Lu Nan] Four Jade Poems and Three Poems.
Take wild flowers and village wine, how to worry. Who can strut and eat meat often? Two hectares of land, one cow, rest after eating.
Help the country, lead the cloud, and ask for it all the time in your life. You can have a rest at any time. A few pieces of cotton and a piece of silk are warm and peaceful.
Walk with the moon, walk with the stars, and eat cold food in your hometown in autumn. Wife and children are fat, but we are thin. Worry on the pillow, immediate worry, and rest after death.
[Lu Nan] Four Yutai Tiantai Road
The herbalist boy went out on a trip and was dissatisfied with Liu Lang's going down to the roof. Where is the spring breeze?
Peach blossoms no longer bloom, poor scholar, who told you to come back.
Four Jade Xunyang River
In Qiu Jiang, Fujian, the pipa of a merchant woman is heartbroken. Do you know that Sima He is worried about listening? The moon wakes up drunk. The guests woke up at first.
Four Yumatuopo (South Law)
Sleeping in Haitang, doing it in late spring, I can't wait to see it in the hands of Ming Chengzu. Nishang is the chaos of the Central Plains. This Yuhuan is not a mountain, so how can we know that the Shu Road is difficult to walk!
Four Jade Wushan Temple [Southern Law]
Evening rain greets the clouds and disappears without a trace. Xiang Dui said balcony dream. The clouds are empty and the rain is empty. How can I get the Twelve Peaks?
Qingjiang attracts wild interest.
Dongli is a master of romance, and the evening festival is fun. A pillow gourd rack and several rows of poplars. This is a happy and leisure place.
[Out of tune] Night boat Qiu Si
At the age of one hundred, it is a shame to dream of a butterfly and look back. Spring has come today, and the bright flowers have withered. Emergency punishment: the midnight light goes out.
[Qiao Mucha] I miss Hanque and Qin Gong. I graze many cattle and sheep. No, Yu Qiao has nothing to say. Cross-cutting the monument in the grave does not dispute the dragon and snake.
[Qing Xuanhe] How many heroes have been cast in the rabbit hole. Although the feet are strong, they are half folded. What about Wei?
[meifeng] Heaven teaches you to be rich, not too extravagant. It will be a sunny night. Rich kids even say that your heart is like iron and you have failed to live up to the beautiful scenery.
[The wind blows into the pine tree]
At present, the sun is red and the west is oblique, and the disease is downhill. There is no doubt that adding snow to the mirror, going to bed and shoes are all different.
Don't laugh at bird's nest, you always play dumb in the gourd.
【 Dial constantly 】 fame and fortune, right and wrong. Don't mess with the door in the world of mortals, the green trees should cover the corners, and the green hills should fill the cracks in the walls. Not to mention a thatched cottage.
[Constantly dialing] When the glass is deep, people will be happy. Don't refuse to drink when you meet. You sing, I slowly pour, and Qu Yuan dies peacefully. What's the difference between drunkenness and sobriety?
[Leaving the Pavilion for Dinner] It takes a sleep to stick to it, and everything will not be interrupted when the rooster crows. When is the bus?
Look at the ants waiting in line, the bees making honey and the flies fighting for blood.
Pei Lv Gong Tang Ye, Ling Tao Bailian Sect, loved Qiu Lai: picking yellow flowers with dew, dividing purple crabs with frost, and cooking wine with red leaves.
How many double ninth festivals do you think life has is limited? Someone asked me, urchin reporter: Beihai came to see me, and Daodongli was drunk.