Academy is the carrier of inheriting civilization and spreading ideology and culture, and it can't be inseparable from culture. Throughout the history of academy development, the number and quality of academies in the Yangtze River valley are much higher than those in the Yellow River valley. Take the six famous academies in Song Dynasty as an example. Except Songyang Academy and Yingtianfu Academy, which belong to Henan and abroad, the other Bailudong Academy, Yuelu Academy, Maoshan Academy and Shigu Academy are all located in Jiangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang on the banks of the Yangtze River.
The materials include A Brief History of Yuelu Academy (1986), A Dictionary of Chinese Academy (1996), Research on Chinese Academy System (1997) and Historical Materials of Chinese Academy (all three volumes, 1998).
Yuelu Academy, the four major academies in ancient China.
On Yuelu Mountain, between Qingxi Maolin, there is an elegant Millennium courtyard, shaded by green, with a couplet hanging in front of it, saying, "Only Chu Youcai can prosper in Sri Lanka." This is the Yuelu Academy officially founded by Zhu Dong, governor of Tanzhou, on the basis of running a school by monks in the ninth year of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Outsiders may feel too complacent about this golden cultural signboard that has made Hunan people proud for hundreds of years, but if you look at the historical materials, you will silently admit that this quiet courtyard really has such capital. Since the Qing Dynasty alone, the academy has trained17,000 students, including Tao Shu, Wei Yuan, Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Guo Songtao, Tang, Shen Zhou, Yang Changji and Cheng Qian. Who is not a first-class outstanding person?
Bailudong Academy, one of the four major academies in ancient China.
During the Zhenyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Li Bo, a native of Luoyang, and his brother Li Shao studied in seclusion here and raised a white deer for their own entertainment. This deer knows human nature and always follows around. It can travel dozens of miles to Xing Zi County to buy back all books, paper, pens, ink and so on. That's what his master wanted, so Rip was called Mr. Bailudong and lived in Bailudong. After Li Bo was appointed as the secretariat of Jiangzhou, he founded a terrace in the former site of Yuetai. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, he was promoted to Yuan Zhong, where he established a school called "Lushan Guo Xue", which was the predecessor of Bailudong Academy.
At the peak of Bailudong Academy, there were more than 360 buildings, which were repeatedly upgraded and abandoned. Today, there are still Li Temple, Imperial Book Pavilion and Temple. In the academy, large and small courtyards cross in order; Pavilions, simple and elegant; Beautiful flowers and famous trees have different postures; Poems and couplets on the tablet abound. This fully embodies the characteristics of ancient academies, such as studying classics and history, asking questions, writing poems as couplets, dancing and writing ink, etc.
Songyang Academy, one of the four major academies in ancient China.
Songyang Academy, formerly known as Songyang Temple, is located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain, 2.5 kilometers north of Dengfeng City, Henan Province, with Ji Junfeng as its back and Shuangxi River as its face. It is named because it is located in the sun of Songshan Mountain. Songyang Academy is a famous institution of higher learning in ancient China, which is famous for Neo-Confucianism in history. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, masters of Luopai Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, all gathered here to give lectures, which made the Academy famous. Sima Guang, Fan Zhongyan, Li Gang, Zhu and Lu Hui, famous Neo-Confucians in the Northern Song Dynasty, also gave lectures here. Songyang Academy has always been an important holy place for spreading Confucianism.
In ancient times, Songyang Academy did not simply refer to a courtyard, but consisted of a main courtyard and several single buildings around it, with a wide geographical distribution. Generally speaking, in addition to the buildings of Songyang Academy that we see today, there are other famous buildings belonging to the Academy, such as Tianguang Yunying Pavilion, Guanlan Pavilion, Chuanshang Pavilion and Songyang Academy Villa-Scholar's Pavilion located at the west foot of Hutou Peak in Taishi Mountain. Renzhi Pavilion and other buildings are located in the south of Sangong, south of Qixingling, and under the Jade Everest in the northwest of the Academy.
Yingtian Academy is one of the four major academies in ancient China.
Yingtian Academy was formerly a private school run by Yang Yun in the late Jin Dynasty, and the Northern Song regime began to recruit scholars. Yingtian Academy is full of talented people, and 100 students got as many as 50 or 60 in the imperial examination. 1009, Song Zhenzong officially awarded the title of Yingtianfu Academy. In Song Renzong, Yingtian Academy was changed to Nanjing imperial academy in 1043, becoming one of the highest institutions of learning in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, with the support of Ying Tianzhi, the famous writer Yan Shu and others, the academy was greatly expanded. Fan Zhongyan, a famous politician and writer, and many other famous teachers have taught here and achieved great success.
ancestral temple
In rural areas, you can often see some ancestral temples, which are a kind of family temples left over from local history. In the ancient feudal society of China, the concept of family was quite profound. Often one family or several families live in a village, and more temples are built to worship their ancestors. This kind of family temple is generally called "ancestral hall", which is divided into ancestral hall, branch temple and family temple. The name "ancestral hall" first appeared in the Han Dynasty, when ancestral halls were built in tombs, which were called tombs. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu's Family Rites established the ancestral hall system, and from then on, he called his family temple the ancestral hall. At that time, there was a hierarchical restriction on the construction of ancestral temples, and people were not allowed to set up ancestral temples. During Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, "many people entered the ancestral temple", but later when they became emperors or marquis, they were called "home temples", and the rest were called ancestral temples. The number of existing ancestral temples in our county has been greatly reduced, and there are more than 200 well-preserved ones, most of which are North Road.
Besides offering sacrifices to ancestors, ancestral temples have many uses. The ancestral hall is also the place where the patriarch exercises clan rights. Anyone who violates the clan rules is educated here until he is expelled from the ancestral hall, so it can also be said to be a court of feudal morality. Ancestral temples can also be used as social places for families. There are many ancestral halls and stages in our county, and there are always a sea of people on holidays. Some schools are attached to ancestral halls, such as Qiantong Ancestral Hall and Zixi Yimen Ancestral Hall, where children of ethnic minorities study. Because of this, ancestral temple buildings are generally larger and of better quality than residential buildings. The more powerful and wealthy families, the more exquisite their ancestral halls are. The tall hall, exquisite carvings and excellent materials have become the symbol of this family's glory. The existing Ma 'ao Shi Yu Ancestral Hall, Xiashan Yousi Ancestral Hall and the rebuilt Zhangshu Sun Shrine are all representatives in this respect.
Ancestral halls have hall numbers, such as King Ninghai, with Sanhuaitang as the hall number. Because Wang You is quite prominent in history, Su Dongpo wrote the inscription of Sanhuaitang, and Wang was proud of him, so he called it Sanhuaitang. Other surnames are no exception. There are two surnames in China that originated from Ninghai. One is Fang's "Zhengxuetang" to commemorate Fang Xiaoru's solitary loyalty; The other is Shu's surname "Langfengtang", which lists Langfengtai where Shu Yuexiang studied. This is the pride of Ninghai. The hall number was written by a great calligrapher of clan or surname, made into a gold plaque and hung high in the main hall. Next to it are other plaques, such as the origin of surnames, the glory of ethnic groups, the chastity of women, and exquisite couplets. If it is sealed by the emperor, you can make a "straight plaque". The specifications and quantity of plaques in the ancestral hall are the capital that the people show off. Some ancestral halls have flagpole stones in front of them, indicating that the people have won fame. Up to now, there are still more than 20 pairs in the county, and some stone carvings are very exquisite, such as Chen Ancestral Hall and Liu Ancestral Hall in xia yang.
Generally speaking, ancestral halls have surnames and shrines. In the old society, clan rules were very strict, not to mention foreign surnames, that is, women or underage children in the clan were not allowed to enter without authorization, otherwise they would be severely punished. But there are also some special ones, such as Xi 'ao Village in Long Street, which are the four major surnames in history. The existing ancestral hall has become a public place in the village due to the changes of collective property and the complicated population flow. Now more old people's associations have been set up as venues for the elderly in the village. Some are for the convenience of villagers, for them to buy banquets, and a few ancestral halls are used for other purposes.
The ancestral temple in Ninghai was built in Ming Dynasty, and it was the most common in Qing Dynasty, which is undoubtedly the material basis of architectural history. And most of them have a stage. If a small troupe is set up in the village, it is better to stage a passbook drama (Ninghai Pingdiao) in the ancestral hall regularly; In order to travel, if we learn from the successful experience of other places and hold ancient folk sacrifices, dragon lanterns, lion dances and other activities with local characteristics and national vocals, we can completely display them in the ancestral hall. There is also a small folk museum, which can be built in the horizontal compartment of the ancestral hall. Furniture, farm tools, daily necessities, etc. , has lost its utility, classified by door, to provide tourists with physical information about the past. Conditional, can be built in the family celebrity memorial room. If we can make overall plans, jointly manage several villages and make a fuss about ancestral temples and surrounding scenic spots, it will certainly attract foreign tourists.