1. What does classical Chinese mean?
The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language."
In ancient my country, there were differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you wanted to ask someone if they had eaten, you would express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ?", and expressed in book language, it is "Fan?" "Fanfou" is classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture, and the ancients left us a large number of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses. 2. What is the specific meaning or meaning of classical Chinese?
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular".
The first "wen" is The meaning of written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc.
"Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" means "oral language" as opposed to "oral language". "Also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language." "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language".
In ancient my country, there were two differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" means classical Chinese.
In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese." Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture. The ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese.
In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role. 1. Classical Chinese is very exciting. >
This is certainly true. The main body of Chinese traditional culture is classical Chinese.
This shows that China’s modern civilization has a very short history, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture. Because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely text, but classical Chinese is knowledge. It is also knowledge, so why not learn Oracle? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle is a more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of traditional advanced writing (study) such as Oracle.
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, comparisons, and deductions... fully embody the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas.
Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound influence on modern times. The understanding of Chinese is more profound, and there will be "laws" to follow for the construction of New Chinese. 4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "Vernacular"
The structure of this word is like this: Classical Chinese - Wen. The first "wen" means "words", and "yan" means language.
"Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It means two things: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is. A language; secondly, this language was later literalized.
The "literalized" language also has two meanings: first, there can be a culture with language but no writing, such as most. Ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; secondly, the language function has withdrawn from life and become history in the form of writing. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a style of language that has been written down.
The "wen" at the back refers to the style of writing.
So apart from archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any "future"? In other words, what other application value does it have in life? I think there is.
When the traditional form of life fades into modern society, it is only that people ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which causes modern applications to doubt or ignore classical Chinese. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese, written in calligraphy, and engraved using tools.
Most of the applications of seal script are like this. The term "classical Chinese" can also encompass the cultural and historical relationship between language and writing.
In a certain form, once a certain language - including dialects - is "wen" or literalized, that is, written, the charm of its language is suddenly reduced, while the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered a cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and more popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference.
As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style. When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves. 3. What does "need" mean in classical Chinese?
It is not easy to determine the meaning based on the two words. It must be seen according to the context. Below are all explanations
xū
①Wait. "The Book of Changes·Need Gua": "The clouds are in the sky, need."
It leads to hesitation. "Historical Records·Tian Jingzhong Wanshijia": "Need is the thief of things."
② Stop; do not advance. Zhang Heng's "Yingjian": "Although Lao's "Ququan", "advancing is as easy as retreating", but walking is also based on need."
③Need (meaning to be revealed later). "History of the Song Dynasty·The Biography of Gao Dingzi": "The land of Changning is connected with the barbarians, and the public relies on the salt of Jingjing for all their needs."
Something else is needed. "History of the Yuan Dynasty·Cheng Zong Ji": "Those who live in Shangdu, Dadu, and Longxing, as well as the princes and princes of the Shao kings and the meritorious officials who have their share of land, will receive supply and demand from the people."
nuò
Pass "cowardly". cowardly. "Warring States Policy·Qin Policy II": "It needs to be used by the weak, but not by the strong." 4. Why is it called classical Chinese?
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese".
"Classical Chinese": The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means to write, express, record, etc.
"Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language."
In ancient my country, there were differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you wanted to ask someone if they had eaten, you would express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ?", and to express it in book language, it is "Fan?" "Fanfou" is classical Chinese.
In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as classical Chinese. 5. What does the word "yao" mean in classical Chinese?
The meaning of the word "yao" in ancient Chinese is as follows: 1. Used as a noun, it means: the waist of the human body. This meaning was later written as "waist".
Source: Pre-Qin Xunzi's "Xunzi's Theory of Rites": "Tie the belt according to the needs." Interpretation: Tie the belt according to the waist.
2. Used as a verb, meaning: to "invite". invite.
Source: Jin Dynasty Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring": "I want to return home, set up wine and kill chickens for food.
"Interpretation: Someone in the village invited him to his home (as a guest) and entertained him with wine, chickens, and cooking.
3. Used as a verb, meaning: to intercept in the middle. Source: Ming Gao The book "Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi" reads: "The noble people heard about the trouble, and hundreds of child slaves from the Jiu clan wanted to usurp it and return. ”
Explanation: When the rich man’s son heard about the disaster, he gathered more than a hundred slaves from the same clan and wanted to block the road and take back (his father). 4. Used as a verb, meaning: to make an appointment.
Source: Han Dynasty Yuefu ancient poem "The Sun Bird Flying Southeast": "Although he wants to be with the government officials, he will never be destined. "Interpretation: Although I have made an oath with the official, I will never have a chance to meet him.
5. Used as a verb, meaning: threat. Source: "Prison Miscellaneous Notes" by Fang Bao, Qing Dynasty : "There is no point in making a big move, but I still want to question its head. ”
Interpretation: There is nothing to threaten, but his head must be left as collateral. 6. Need some explanation in classical Chinese
Black sheep
The Yellow Emperor was about to see ① the big (taì) 闗 (wěi) ② mountain with Juci ③. He happened to meet a boy herding horses and asked Tu ④ about it, saying: "If ⑤ you know the mountain of Juci ③? "Say:" But ⑥. "Do you know where Da Kui exists?" "Yes," he said. Huang Di said: "What a strange little boy!" Feitu ⑨ knows the mountains of Juci, and also knows the existence of Dakai. Please ask for the world ⑩. "The boy's speech⑾. Huang Di asked again. The boy said: "I am the one who controls the world, how can I ridicule him for being different from the horse herder? It’s just a matter of removing those who harm horses. "The Yellow Emperor paid homage to Ji (qǐ) again, called him Heavenly Master and retired.
(Selected from "Zhuangzi·Xu Wugui")
Notes
①See: visit. ②Daqi: the name of the mountain, in Xingyang Mi County (now Mi County, Henan Province) ⑤Ruo: You. Ran: Yes. ⑦Existence: Amazing. ⑨Feitu: Not only. ⑾Chinese way. Different from herding horses: Is there any difference between this and herding horses? Yi, Yin, different. Yu, equivalent to "with" and "with". ⒀Kowtow. >
The more the better
In the first year of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), Han Xin defected to the Han Dynasty from Chu and came to Nanzheng (today's Hantai District, Hanzhong City) with Liu Bang, the king of Han Dynasty. The seven-foot tall man who was "humiliated under his crotch" was not a coward, but a wise and foolish general. Han Xin, who was entrusted by Liu Bang with the small position of "Captain of Suzhou", often talked about his revenge in front of the Prime Minister Xiao He. Xiao He discovered that Han Xin. As a military genius with "unparalleled talents in the country", Liu Bang finally adopted Xiao He's suggestion, set up an altar in Hanzhong to worship the general, and granted Han Xin the power to command the three armies. He captured the Three Qin Dynasty, and then went to the Central Plains to eliminate Xiang Yu and win the world for Liu Bang, becoming the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty.
According to "Historical Records" and "Han Shu", Han Xin, Huaiyin (now Qingjiang, Jiangsu Province). He was from the southwest and was good at leading troops in battles. Liu Bang deepened his understanding of Han Xin from actual combat, and often discussed with Han Xin the strategies of leading troops in battles. At the same time, Liu Bang asked Han Xin: "How many generals can I lead?" The letter said: "Your Majesty can only command one hundred thousand." "How is it with you," he said? " Said: "The more ministers, the better the ears" ("Historical Records: Biography of Huaiyin Marquis"). This dialogue says that the King of Han asked: "In your opinion, how many troops can I lead?" Han Xin replied: "You can bring up to 100,000." The king of Han asked again: "So, how many troops can you lead?" "Han Xin replied: "The more the merrier," that is, the more the better. Later people summarized this allusion as "Han Xin orders troops, the more the merrier." ”
In May of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (201 BC), Liu Bang cut off all the heroes and conquered the world. He held a banquet in the Nangong of Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan) to reward the founding heroes. At the celebration banquet, the King of Han praised him greatly. Han Xin's contribution: "With an army of millions, we will definitely win the battle and win the battle. I am not as good as Han Xin" ("Historical Records of the Great Ancestor"). Liu Bang also admitted that he was not as good as Han Xin in leading his troops. Later, "Han Xin ordered more troops, the better." Simplified by the phrase “the more the merrier,” this is now a common phrase that means more is better.
7. How to understand classical Chinese texts
Classical Chinese *** Question method Step 1: Quickly browse the questions Extracurricular classical Chinese reading test questions have a characteristic: some question options provide the meaning of certain key words in the text: some The title hints at the main content of the classical Chinese article.
Browsing the questions will help students initially understand the general meaning of the classical Chinese text. Therefore, when you receive an extracurricular classical Chinese reading passage, you should first quickly browse the questions after the passage.
Step 2: Carefully analyze the title. Generally speaking, extracurricular classical Chinese reading passages will be given titles. Teachers should guide students to pay attention to and carefully analyze the titles of passages.
Because most of the titles themselves summarize the main content of the classical Chinese text. For example, in one test, an extracurricular classical Chinese reading passage called "Chu Ren Xuezhou" was tested.
The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph. We will know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, careful analysis of the titles of passages can enable us to quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese texts.
Step 3: Quickly read the full text with annotations. For extracurricular classical Chinese reading passages, annotations are generally given for some difficult classical Chinese words. These annotations help students accurately understand the main content of classical Chinese texts.
Therefore, teachers should remind students not to ignore these annotations, but to quickly read the full text in conjunction with the annotations. In addition, it should be noted that teachers should remind students that when encountering "blockers" in the process of reading the full text, they must not stop and think hard, but should continue reading.
In short, read the full text quickly, and don’t expect to fully understand it. Just be able to understand the general meaning of the article. Step 4: "Prescribe the right medicine" to answer the problem.
There are three types of extracurricular classical Chinese reading questions, namely word explanation questions, sentence translation questions and content comprehension questions. Different problem-solving methods are used for different questions: (1) Word explanation questions: Most of these questions are to examine the phenomenon of polysemy in classical Chinese content words, and these classical Chinese content words are basically what students use in classical Chinese texts in class learned.
When solving problems, we should first apply the meanings of the classical Chinese words we have studied, and then check them with the context. After checking that the meanings are smooth, it is the correct answer. (2) Sentence translation question: Translated sentences should be free translation based on literal translation.
First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, you need to pay attention to the following issues: ① Proper nouns such as year names, names of people, places, official names, names of things, book titles, and country names should be kept as they are without translation.
(For example: "In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli (year name), Teng Zijing (name of person) was demoted to Baling County (name of place)". This sentence can be translated as: In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli period, Teng Zijing was demoted Official, became the governor of Baling County.)
②Words that have no actual meaning in the sentence should be deleted. (For example: "Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng."
"Zhe...ye" means judgment and has no meaning and should be deleted. This sentence can be translated as: Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng.)
③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as subject-predicate inversion, object-prepositioning, adverbial-postpositioning, etc.) are different from the word order of modern Chinese, so appropriate adjustments must be made during translation. (For example: "It's so bad, you are not favored (subject and predicate inversion)!" This sentence can be translated as: Your lack of intelligence is too serious.)
④If the translated sentence is omitted If you want to make a sentence, you should add the omitted elements. (For example: "Naidan wrote on the silk silk that it said 'King Chen Sheng' (the subject is omitted)."
This sentence can be translated as: They (subject) used cinnabar to write 'King Chen Sheng' on the silk. (3) Content comprehension questions: There are three ways to solve this type of questions: first, answer by quoting sentences from the original text; second, answer by excerpting key words from the original text; third, answer by organizing the text in your own words.
Of the three methods, the first and second methods have a higher answer accuracy.