General situation of thirteen States in eastern Han dynasty
condition
Name of prison area in Han dynasty. Also known as the Ministry. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were thirteen states in China, and the number of counties under the jurisdiction of each state varied. Every state has a secretariat or state shepherd to inspect county, state, county officials and local strongmen, correct lawlessness and impeach corrupt officials. In the fifth year of Zhong Ping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Ling chose the imperial court as the state shepherd. Since then, the state has gradually become an administrative region, and the state shepherd has also become a permanent military and political chief. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, each state set up animal husbandry or secretariat, depending on the importance of the capital.
Li Si county
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Also known as Captain Li Si's Department. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it governed seven counties and 106 counties. Governance, that is, the seat of the state administration, is located in Luoyang County. Luoyang Old Town is located in the northeast of Luoyang City, Henan Province. Li Sifu's jurisdiction is equivalent to southern Hebei, northern Henan, southern Shaanxi and Weihe Plain in Shaanxi.
Qingzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Administer counties, townships, eleven counties and sixty-five. Linzi County, where the city is located, is located in the north of Linzi, Zibo City. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to the northern area east of Nanlin in Shandong today.
Youzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, countries and counties. Jixian county is located in the southwest of Daxing county in Beijing today. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to Beijing, northern Hebei, southern Liaoning and northwestern Korea.
Xuzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, townships, five counties and sixty-two counties. Yong County, in today's Dingdu County, Shandong Province. At the end of Han Dynasty, Pi moved to the east of Pi County, Jiangsu Province. The Three Kingdoms Cao Wei moved the capital to Pengcheng, which is now Xuzhou, Jiangsu. The jurisdiction is equivalent to the north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu and the south of Shandong.
Jizhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, nine countries and hundreds of counties. Yexian County is located in the southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province. The Three Kingdoms Cao Wei moved the capital to Xindu County, now Hebei Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to central and southern Hebei, western Shandong and northern Henan.
Jingzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It governs 7 counties 1 17 counties. Hanshou County is located in the northern part of Hanshou County in Hunan Province. At the end of Han Dynasty, Xiangyang County moved to Xiangfan City, Hubei Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to most of Hubei and Hunan, and a small part of Henan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.
Yangzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, six countries and ninety-two counties. Li Yang, who is now in Shexian County, Anhui Province. At the end of Han Dynasty, Shouchun moved to Shouxian County, Anhui Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to the south of Huaihe River in Anhui and the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, eastern Hubei and southeastern Henan.
Kenji
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, countries and counties. Changyi County is located in the northwest of Jinxiang County, Shandong Province. The jurisdiction is equivalent to the southwest of Shandong and the east of Henan.
Yuzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, six countries and ninety-seven counties. Governing qiaocheng county is in Bozhou, Anhui province today. The jurisdiction is equivalent to the north of Huaihe River, the east of Funiu Mountain, the east of Henan and the north of Anhui.
Liangzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, countries and counties. Longxian County, now Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County in Gansu Province. The Three Kingdoms camp moved Wei to Guzang County, now Wuwei County, Gansu Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to Gansu, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Huangshui River Basin in Qinghai and western Shaanxi.
Yizhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over counties, countries and counties. Zhi Luo County is in Guanghan, Sichuan today. At the end of the Han Dynasty, it moved to Chengdu, which is now Chengdu, Sichuan. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to most of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, and a small part of Shaanxi, Gansu and Hubei.
Bingzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Jurisdiction over nine counties and ninety-eight counties. Jinyang is located in the southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to parts of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hebei and Shaanxi.
Jiaozhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. County seven, Cangtai sixteen. Zhisuolongbian is located in the north of Hanoi, Vietnam today. Sun Wu of the Three Kingdoms moved to Panyu, now Guangzhou, Guangdong. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to most of Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and parts of Vietnam.
Yongzhou
Title of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the first year of Xingping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was divided into Liangzhou and Sanfu areas. Jurisdiction over the ninth county. Chang 'an, the seat of the government, is located in the northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to the present central Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu, southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and a part south of the Yellow River in Qinghai.
China ancient personnel system
China ancient personnel system
The appointment and management system of officials in ancient China. The selection of civil servants mainly solves the source of officials, and the management of official positions includes the appointment, performance appraisal, rewards and punishments, rank, salary, vacation and retirement of officials.
Civil servant election system
There were many ways to select civil servants in ancient China, such as hereditary system, universal system, military service system, recommendation system, lang election system, grace election system and imperial examination system. There are mainly three stages and three systems, namely, the hereditary system in pre-Qin, the recommendation system from Qin and Han Dynasties to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the imperial examination system from Sui and Tang Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Genetic line
Also known as Shiqing Shilu system, it prevailed in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At the end of primitive society, after the demise system of "the world is public" was destroyed, the hereditary system of "adults take it as a gift" appeared. Hereditary system is characterized by the unity of kingship and clan power. It determines the appointment of government officials at all levels through family blood relationship, and determines the rank and rank of officials according to blood relationship. Anyone who sets up titles and official positions has enjoyed fiefs and fiefs from generation to generation.
Recommendation system
It is an official selection system for recommending talents and awarding official positions. The recommended standard is mainly moral integrity, rather than relying entirely on family background, which breaks through the barrier of hereditary system of aristocratic descent in pre-Qin dynasty. The appearance of the system of investigation and recruitment in the Western Han Dynasty marked the maturity of the recommendation system, while the implementation of the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System" in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties marked its decline.
Chaju is an official selection system in which senior central or local officials recommend Jinshi or junior officials to the central government through inspection according to the subjects stipulated in the imperial edict. It is also the essence of recommendation system. Chaju is divided into imperial edict and annual edict. The imperial edict is the imperial edict for selecting special talents. The annual ceremony is appointed by the local governor regularly to recommend talents to the court. Tea for the main subjects are virtuous founder, filial piety, doctoral students in imperial academy, special topics. Sometimes the emperor uses "countermeasures" and "shooting strategies" to assess virtuous and upright people. Expropriation is a system for emperors and county chiefs to select and appoint subordinates. The characteristics of the emperor and the recruitment of talents are "levy", and the chief appointed aides and aides as "monarchs". In the election of officials at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the trend of drilling gangs, cronyism and fraud prevailed, and the inspection system gradually deteriorated.
During the Cao Wei period, Wang Pi accepted the suggestion of Chen Qun, a senior official in the official department, and implemented the "Nine-grade Official Law", that is, the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System". In prefectures and counties, there are officials, large and small, who are responsible for judging local scholars from top to bottom according to their family background and moral integrity, and collecting public opinion for the court to award officials according to their grades. The "nine-grade system" is the development of the procuratorial system, which brings the power of selecting officials from the local to the central government. It is an innovation in talent classification, and the criteria for selecting talents tend to be thorough. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the rule of the gate valve was strengthened. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, this system had many disadvantages, such as Chiang Kai-shek's emphasis and random evaluation. The gate of the clan controlled Chiang Kai-shek and controlled the election. In the later period, it caused "the noble gate valve won the glory of the world, and the Han family had no way to enter." Do is making the gate valve of the ruling tool.
imperial examination system
After the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, in order to strengthen centralization, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the Nine-grade Zhengzhong system in 587 and established the Scholar Department. In the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di established the Imperial Examination Department, selected scholars through "examination first", and established an imperial examination system characterized by public examination and selection of outstanding talents. The imperial examination system was founded in the Sui Dynasty and formed in the Tang Dynasty. The development of Song Dynasty was complete, strengthened in Ming Dynasty and declined in Qing Dynasty. It lasted 1300 years, and it was the main official appointment system in the middle and late feudal society of China. Its main features are: ① The examination is open and there is fair competition. In addition to those who advocate industry and commerce, regardless of family background and wealth, as long as they have certain cultural knowledge, they can apply openly in prefectures and counties. It broke through the gate rule since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and opened up a road for small and medium-sized landlords to become officials. ② The examination system is becoming more and more complete. The imperial examination is divided into imperial examinations, and according to the nature of the subject, there can be nothing or martial arts. There are two kinds of literary works: systematic branch and conventional branch. The system was a temporary subject established by the emperor to recruit celebrities. Regular courses are a system that regularly accepts students from different disciplines. There are many general subjects, such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Faming, Shu Ming, Boy Scout, etc. The examination methods and contents of each subject are different. The source of candidates is becoming more and more formal, and students belonging to schools in Beijing or counties are called "students"; Those who pass the local examination are called "township tribute". Examination procedures, there were state examinations and provincial examinations in the Tang Dynasty, and palace examination was added in the Song Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty, there were college entrance examination, township examination, general examination and palace examination. The palace exam is held every three years, and the emperor personally decides the ranking and decides one, one, two and three places, which are called first place, second place and flower exploration. ③ Take cultural knowledge as the main admission criteria. The subjects and contents of the imperial examination are different, but they are poetry, classics, strategy, mathematics, law and so on. They all focus on cultural knowledge. The imperial examination system has certain positive significance in the early stage. After the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, great changes have taken place in the imperial examination system from the examination content to the form. Mainly manifested in: ① The examination content is not practical. The examination questions must be based on Zhu's four books and five classics, and "speak for sages". Confucianism has become a compulsory course for entering the official position. (2) Stereotyped writing is rigid in form and empty in content, which fetters people's thoughts. ③ The examination questions are fragmented, biased, difficult, strange and abstruse, and the examination room is falsified. Please ask for supervision, official corruption is getting worse. The imperial examination system gradually became an obstacle to social development and was finally abolished in the late Qing Dynasty (see the imperial examination system).
Although the imperial examination system was the main way to select officials after Sui and Tang Dynasties, hereditary system, recommendation system and other official selection systems, such as military service, official promotion, official donation and official seal, still exist as supplementary forms of the imperial examination system.
Official management system
Including the appointment of officials, performance appraisal, rewards and punishments, rank salary, vacation and retirement, etc.
appointment
In order to ensure the political level of officials at all levels, all previous dynasties attached importance to the appointment of officials after selection. In order to ensure the quality of recommending officials, the Qin Dynasty stipulated that "those who are incompetent deserve what they deserve" (Biography of Historical Records and Fan Sui). After the Han Dynasty, there were many restrictions on the appointment of officials, and the court had certain requirements on the candidates' family background, occupation, property, qualifications, nationality, physique and appearance. For example, since the Qin and Han dynasties, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business has been implemented, and businessmen have been restricted to be officials in different degrees in previous dynasties. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Han nationality was restricted from being senior officials, and there were certain ethnic restrictions on the appointment of officials in the Sixteen Countries, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. In a hierarchical bureaucratic team, background and qualifications are the first factors to consider when serving as an official. The more perfect the bureaucracy, the stricter the restrictions on birth and qualifications.
In order to avoid favoritism in officialdom, there has been a rule of avoiding officials since the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han Dynasty practiced the "Three Mutual Laws". Its basic spirit is that local people are not allowed to be local officials, and marriage rooms are not allowed to supervise each other. It was also stipulated in the Han Dynasty that brothers, sons and nephews and people who were related by marriage were not allowed to be officials in a department or region. If they choose to be an official in a department or region, one of them should declare his withdrawal. In the Tang Dynasty, officials were not allowed to work in their native places, nor were they allowed to work in neighboring counties where their native places were located. The Tang Dynasty also stipulated that all official positions with responsibilities or supervision and inspection should be avoided among relatives. For example, the son of a prime minister cannot be an admonisher, and his brother cannot serve in the same province. In the Qing Dynasty, the regulations on avoiding officials were stricter. For example, it was clearly stipulated that you could not be an official within 500 miles of your native Fiona Fang; The heads of departments in charge of provincial affairs of the central ministries shall not use the people of this province; Children of Beijing officials with three or more titles, governors and governors among local officials. , can't be a censor in Beijing.
In some dynasties, there were some special regulations on the appointment of officials. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the criteria for being an official increased the conditions of body, speech, calligraphy and judgment, requiring the official to be handsome in appearance, generous in rhetoric and reasoning, neat and beautiful in calligraphy, and excellent in arts and sciences.
After the appointment of officials, the court will issue them with certificates of status. Since the Warring States period, there have been ribbons made of gold, silver and copper, as well as ribbons of different colors such as purple, cyan, black and yellow, indicating the status level of officials.
Appointed officials have a one-year probation period since the Han Dynasty, and those who are incompetent are either transferred, moved to the left or dismissed. Before the official conferment in Ming Dynasty, there was an internship stage of "learning things" and "inspecting politics".