What are the general characteristics of the book circle in Song Dynasty?

In Song Dynasty, the emphasis on meaning in calligraphy was the result of Zhu Da's advocacy of Neo-Confucianism. The connotation of meaning includes four points:

A philosophy.

Double bookishness

Triple stylization

Quadruple artistic expression

At the same time, it mediates the individuality and originality in calligraphy creation. These are all reflected in calligraphy. If the worship of dharma in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties was the embodiment of seeking "writing", then in Song Dynasty, calligraphy began to appear in front of the world with a new look of respecting meaning and expressing emotion. In other words, calligraphers should not only have two levels of "nature" and "hard work", but also have "learning", that is, "bookish", so that northern Song Sijia can change the face of Tang Kai. Direct promotion and calligraphy heritage.

Throughout the calligraphy of Song Dynasty, Cai Xiang, the talented Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, who admired the ancients, and Mi Fei, who dared to take risks in the third grade school, all tried to show their calligraphy style, and at the same time highlighted an unconventional posture, which made the atmosphere of learning and cultivation gloomy and sandy between pen and ink, giving people a new aesthetic artistic conception, which was further extended by calligraphers such as Wu Shuo, Lu You, Fan Chengda, Zhu and Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty. Calligraphers in Song Dynasty were represented by Su, Huang, Mi and Cai.