Jue refers to a title or a title, which is a conferment bestowed by ancient emperors on nobles and heroes. It is said in the Zhou Dynasty that there were five kinds of titles: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi and Male. Later generations' title and title system often changed with time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang not only made the prince king, but also made seven meritorious officials kings. Peng Yue was the king of Liang, Yingbu was the king of Huainan, etc.; Cao Zhi of Wei was named the king of Chen; Guo Ziyi of the Tang Dynasty was named the king of Fenyang; Zunurhachi named his son Azig as Prince of Ying, Duduo as Prince of Yu, and Hauge as Prince of Su. Another example is that in the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun was granted the title of Duke of Lai, Wang Anshi was granted the title of Duke of Jing, and Sima Guang was granted the title of Duke of Wen; in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang was granted the title of Duke of Korea, Li Wenzhong was granted the title of Duke of Cao, Liu Ji was granted the title of Chengyi Bo, and Wang Yangming was granted the title of Xinjing Bo; in the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan was granted the title of first-class Yiyong Marquis. Zuo Zongtang was granted the title of second-class Ke Jinghou, and Li Hongzhang was granted the title of first-class Su Yibo.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy. He is the person who upholds the monarch's will and manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the prime minister, often referred to as the prime minister, or "prime minister" for short. For example, "Chen She's Family": "Princes and generals have a lot of talent." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "A mediocre person is still ashamed, how much more so than a general!" "Xiang of Shu": "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? Jin Xiangru There are many people outside Guancheng. ""Guide Record) Afterword": "In addition to the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy on the right, I will be in charge of all the troops and horses. "
Taishi refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were called the "Three Dukes." Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials to express favor but no actual duties. For example, Zhao Pu in the Song Dynasty , Wen Yanbo, etc. were once awarded the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called the Prince Taishi, the Prince Taifu, and the Prince Taibao as the "Three Masters of the East Palace". They were all teachers of the Prince. Taishi was the abbreviation of the Prince Taishi. Gradually it became a false title. For example, in "The Story of Meihua Ridge", "Yan Taishi was defeated by troops", Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince and Grand Master, so he was called. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and was finally given the title of Prince and Grand Master; In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also awarded the title of Prince Taishi, but he actually did not teach the prince. Taifu refers to one of the "Three Masters" in ancient times, such as Jia Yi. He served as the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huaiwang, so he was granted the title of Taifu. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give the title of Taifu after their death.
Bao refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaoshi, Shaofu, and Shaobao were called "Three Gus". Later, they gradually became empty titles, such as "Wen Shaobao also realized the Great Light Dharma and escaped from the cicada." , Wen Tianxiang once served as a Shaobao official, so he was called. Secondly, in ancient times, the Prince Shaoshi, the Prince Shaofu, and the Prince Shaobao were called the "Three Young Masters of the East Palace", and later they gradually became virtual titles.
The minister was originally in charge. There were no six bureaus in the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the six bureaus were identified as officials, households, rites, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each ministry had ministers and ministers as chief and deputy officials. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng" says: "Send letters to beg for bones and collect tributes." Shangshu. "Another example is the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, the poet Bai Juyi who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Justice, and Shi Kefa who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of War.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the scholar was in charge of ceremonies and compiled various affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, it was referred to as the Imperial Academy. A bachelor became the emperor's secretary, advisor, and participated in secret affairs, so he was known as the "inner minister". Although the imperial edicts, ministers, lecturers, editors, and sage scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also Hanlin bachelors, they were not related to the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the status and duties of Hanlin bachelors were different. For example, in "(Guidelu) Afterword", "he was appointed as a bachelor of Zizheng Palace", which was the official position awarded by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; in "Tan Sitong", "the king was recommended by Xu Gong as a bachelor." ", Xu Zhijing was serving as a bachelor of Hanlin Academy at that time, which was an official position dedicated to giving lectures to emperors. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all bachelors of Hanlin Academy.
Shangqing Zhou Dynasty Official According to the system, the emperor and the princes all have ministers, divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. The most noble one is called "Shangqing". For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "Lian Po is the general of Zhao...he is worshiped as Shangqing." ”
General) was the highest title for generals in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. For example, the emperor of the Han Dynasty regarded Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty regarded Wei Qing as the general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a false title without actual duties. Ming Dynasty During the Qing Dynasty, the rank of general was only established during the war and was abolished after the war. According to "The Biography of Zhang Heng", "General Deng Zhi was very talented". Deng Zhi was the general of Emperor He of the Han Dynasty.
Involved in political affairs. Also referred to as "Shengzheng", he was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, Privy Envoy, and Deputy Envoy of Jiami, he was collectively known as "Zai Zhi". Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. "Jian Shikang" "Participated in the political affairs of Lu Gong as an admonishment officer", "Lu Gong" refers to Lu Zongdao during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty.
The Military Aircraft Department, the Minister of Military Aircraft, was a government agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of vacancies, and they are usually held concurrently by princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers, or ministers of the capital, who are called military ministers. There are as few as three or four military ministers and as many as six or seven, and they are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai and others served as military ministers for a short period of time among the Han people. "Tan Sitong" "The minister of military aircraft at that time was resolute in overseeing the execution."
For military aircraft Zhang Jing, please refer to the article "Military Aircraft Minister". He is a staff member of the Military Aircraft Department and an official subordinate to the Minister of Military Aircraft. He is called a "little military aircraft". "Tan Sitong": "The emperor promoted Si Jingqing to the military title Zhang Jing, and participated in the New Deal together with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi."
The censor was originally a historian, such as "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" "The Prehistoric Book of Qin Yu said", "Xiangru Gu Zhaozhao Yu Shi said". After the Qin Dynasty, the imperial censor was appointed. His position was second only to the prime minister, and he was responsible for impeachment and inspecting officials' faults. Han Yu once served as the censor of supervision, and Hai Rui served as the censor of Youqiandu in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke was the censor of the capital and guarded Liaoning with a certain eunuch." Wang Ao was the chief procurator of the capital at that time.
The Privy Councilor is the head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, the position was held by eunuchs, but after the Song Dynasty, it was changed to ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state institutions that manages important military affairs. The power of the Privy Council is equivalent to that of the prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, military ministers were often respectfully called "Privy Councilors". Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty served as deputy envoy to the Privy Council. "Post-Preface to "Guide Record"": "In addition to the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy on the right, I will supervise all the troops and horses." Wen Tianxiang was in charge of important military affairs at that time.
Zuo Tu’s official name in the Chu State during the Warring States Period is equivalent to that of the left and right in later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan's name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu."
The official title of Taiwei before the Yuan Dynasty. He was the highest military officer assisting the emperor and was called Da Sima in the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he was designated as the highest military attaché. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple": "I hated Taiwei Gao, caused trouble and framed me, and suffered a lawsuit." Taiwei Gao refers to Gao Qiu.
The official title of Shangdafu in pre-Qin Dynasty is one level lower than that of Qing. "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "I worship Xiangru as a senior official." At that time, Lin Xiangru had a lower official position than Shang Qing Lian Po.
The content of "dafu" varies in different dynasties. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as censor doctor, admonishment doctor, etc. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Shangguan officials are in the same category as him. They compete for favors but are unwilling to harm their abilities." "Shangguan officials" are generally believed to refer to Shangguan Jin Shang. "Zi Fei San Chang Da Fu?" Qu Yuan served as the chief executive in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of the royal family: Zhao, Qu and Jing. "The Preface to the Guide": "Jin gentry, officials, and scholars gathered in the Prime Minister Zuo's Mansion." This refers to the imperial censor, the admonishment doctor, etc.
Scholar-bureaucrats used to refer to officials or intellectuals with greater prestige and status. "Shi Shuo": "As a clan of scholar-bureaucrats, when someone calls him a disciple, he or she will gather together and laugh." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-bureaucrats will never use their small boats to anchor under the cliff at night, so there is no way to know." "Xun" "Jian Shikang": "All the scholar-bureaucrats' families were like this at that time." "Tombstones of Five People": "The wise scholar-bureaucrats in the county were invited to be in power."
Tai Shi was a high-status court minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. In charge of drafting documents, giving orders to princes and officials, recording historical events, and also managing classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Ling was established, and the scope of his duties gradually became smaller and his status gradually declined. Sima Qian served as Taishi Ling. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "At the beginning of Emperor Shun's reign, he was transferred to Taishi Ling again." "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "As a wise scholar and official, I asked you why it was Duke Wu, Taishi Wenqi Wen Gong, and Meng Chang Yao Gong." Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was an official historian, so he was called Taishi.
The Chang Shi was an official subordinate to the Prime Minister during the Qin Dynasty. For example, Li Si once served as the Chang Shi, which was equivalent to the Prime Minister's secretary-general. After the Han Dynasty, he became an officer affiliated with the general and the chief of staff. "Chu Shi Biao": "Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Chang Shi, and Join the Army, these are the ministers of Zhenliang's death festival." "Chang Shi" refers to Zhang Yi. "Battle of Chibi": "Ziyu, Liang's brother Jinye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and became Sun Quan's long history."
The minister first served as a palace attendant. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the Vice Minister was the deputy position of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see the article "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details). Han Yu once served as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Personnel. "Shi Shi Biao" "Shi Zhong, Shi Lang Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is the Shi Lang. "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of the eighth month, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was specially rewarded." Yuan Shikai was the minister of the Ministry of War.
Shi Zhong was originally one of the additional officials in addition to regular official positions. As he served the emperor, his status gradually increased and his rank surpassed that of the minister.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao" are the servants.
During the Warring States Period, Langzhong served as a palace guard. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official below the minister and minister, and was responsible for the affairs of various departments. For example, in "Jing Ke's Assassination of the King of Qin": "All the men holding the troops are Your Highness Chen." This refers to the palace guards. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" "The characteristic of public cars is to worship the doctor". "Langzhong" is the official name for managing the chariot and riding family.
Joining the army is the abbreviation of "staff military affairs". It was originally the military staff of the prime minister, such as Jiang Wan who joined the army as mentioned in "Shi Shi Biao". After the Jin Dynasty, their status gradually declined and they became the aides of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming served as a soldier in the army, and Fan Ye, the author of "Book of the Later Han", served as a soldier in the army of Liu Yikang, the fourth son of Liu Yu. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they gradually became local officials. For example, Du Fu served as the right guard and led the governor to join the army, and the Huazhou Sigong Cao joined the army. Bai Juyi once served as the governor of Jingzhao to join the army.
Ling Yin was the chief in charge of military and political power in the Chu State during the Warring States Period, equivalent to the prime minister, such as "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Ling Yin Zilan was furious when he heard about it." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it referred to the county magistrate, such as "Promoting Weaving": "Heaven will reward those who have grown up and are generous, and will entrust the ministers and ministers to be favored."
Please refer to the article "Ling Yin" for Yin. During the Warring States Period, the assistants of the Chu State Ling Yin were Zuo Yin and You Yin. For example, in "Hongmen Banquet", "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo", Zuo Yin's status was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc. ·
A military attache whose position is second to that of a general. "Chen She's Family": "Chen She established himself as a general, and Wu Guang became the captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has come out, and King Xiang sent the captain Chen Ping to summon Pei Gong."
冏令太PU Temple Minister Another name for the emperor, who was in charge of the emperor's carriages, horses and livestock. "The Tombstones of Five People" "The wise scholar and the official, the minister is the Duke of Wu". "Yinzhi" is Wu Mo's character.
The official positions in each dynasty of Sima were different. During the Warring States Period, he was the adjutant in charge of military affairs and military rewards. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gongzuo Sima Cao Wushang said." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official subordinate to the prefect (provincial governor) of prefectures and counties. For example, "Pipa Xing": "Yuanhe Ten In the year of 1978, he moved to the left to be the Sima of Jiujiang County. "Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, and was under the post of Chang Shi of the prefecture and county.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jiedushi was in charge of the military and political affairs of several states. Originally, they were only located in border states. Later, they were also established in the interior, resulting in a separatist situation, so they were called "vassal towns" in the world. Chapter 4 of "Dream of Red Mansions": "Yucun hurriedly wrote two letters to Jia Zheng and joined the Jiedu envoy Wang Ziteng in Beijing."
The envoy of Jinglue is also referred to as "Jinglue". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military commander of the border defense, juxtaposed with the governor. For example, Fan Zhongyan once served as deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi Province. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, when there were important military tasks, a special manager was appointed, and his official position was higher than that of the governor. For example, in "Meihua Ridge", "Hong Chengchou had an old relationship with him as a manager". After Hong Chengchou was surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he served as the manager of seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
The governor was originally the name of the inspector. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer of the state and county, and was sometimes called the prefect. During the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi served as the governor of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan served as the governor of Liuzhou.
For the governor, see the article "Provincial Governor". Also known as the "county governor", the highest chief executive of a state or county. Fan Ye once served as the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Spring": "When I went to the county, I went to the prefect and said so." "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "Speaking directly about the prefect's family, there is this son-in-law." "The Battle of Chibi": "I had a meeting with Wu Ju, the prefect of Cangwu. Old, I want to surrender to him."
For the governor, please refer to the article "Jinglue Envoy". The official name of a military commander or a leading general. In some dynasties, the highest local governor is also called "dudu", which is equivalent to the military governor or the governor of a state or county. For example, "Meihua Ridge": "Ren Taishou Min Yu and all generals Liu Dudu Zhaoji and others died." Liu Zhaoji was the military commander stationed at the local guard station.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the governor referred to officials from the capital to inspect local areas. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a status slightly lower than that of the governor. He was also known as "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun". For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "At that time, the person who used Dazhong Prime Minister to Fu Wu was Wei's private person." Fu Wu means serving as the governor of Wu.
For Fujun, see "Governor". "Promoting Weaving": "It is rewarded and presented to the Fu army." The Fu army was overjoyed and entered with a golden cage. "Also known as "Fuchen", such as "The imperial edict bestows the name of Fuchen on horse clothes and satin".
The official position of Xiaowei was second to that of general during the Han Dynasty. For example, "Battle of Chibi": "With Lu Su as the Praise to the military captain. "Lu Su served as the deputy general who assisted the commander Zhou Yu in planning the military. After the Tang Dynasty, his status gradually declined.
The officer who taught martial arts in the Song Dynasty army. Lin Chong in "Water Margin" was the gun of the 800,000 forbidden troops in the capital.
The official name of the military attache of the state and county in the Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army and supervising the arrest of thieves.
For example, Lu Tiha and Lu Zhishen in "Water Margin".
The staff members appointed by the central government or local governors are also called "employees". "Battle of Chibi": "To achieve his fame and position, he still does not lose his job under Cao Cao."
The prefect is the "prefect", also known as the "zhizhou". "Record of Climbing Mount Tai": "At the end of the month, I climbed up from the southern foot with the prefect Zhu Xiaochun and his son Ying."
The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate". "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "After returning home for more than ten days, the county magistrate sent a matchmaker."
The ancient township officials in Li Zheng were one mile long. For example, "Promoting Weaving": "Orders are followed by responsibilities."
Lixu manages the tolerance of township affairs. "Promoting Weaving": "Lixu is cunning, and he pretends to be a master to get Dingkou."
The three provinces and the six departments are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally, the Zhongshu was in charge of decision-making, the subordinates were in charge of deliberation, and the Shangshu was in charge of execution. The chief officials of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Ling, and he has the official title of Zhongshu Shilang, Zhongshu Sheren, etc.; the governor of Zhongshu Province is called Shizhong, and he has the title of Shizhong, and he has the title of Shizhong, and he has the rank of minister; the governor of Shangshu Province is Shangshu Ling, and he has left and right servants. Shooting and other official positions. The Shangshu Province has six departments: the Ministry of Personnel (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, etc., equivalent to the current Organization Department), the Ministry of Husbandry (in charge of land and household registration, taxation and finance, etc.), the Ministry of Rites (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), and the Ministry of War (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.) In charge of the military, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), the Ministry of Punishment (in charge of justice, prisons, and prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice), and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, farmland, water conservancy, etc.). Each minister is called Shangshu, and his deputy is called Shilang. He has the following official positions: Langzhong, Yuanwailang, and Chief. The Six-Ministry System was implemented from the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.