At the beginning of Tang Gaozong's accession to the throne, the monarch and his subjects kept in mind the legacy of Emperor Taizong, continued to implement various political and economic systems formulated by Emperor Taizong, developed the economy, advocated culture and education, and was assisted by Li Ji, Wuji and Chu Suiliang. During the reign of Tang Gaozong, Western Turkistan (657), Baekje (660) and Koguryo (668) were destroyed successively. At that time, the territory of the Tang Dynasty was the largest, starting from the Korean Peninsula in the east, bordering the Aral Sea (Caspian Sea) in the west, reaching Lake Baikal in the north and Mount Heng in Vietnam in the south, which lasted for 32 years. During the period of Yonghui in Tang Gaozong, the frontier was stable (the attack of the western Turks was defeated), the people lived in Fu 'an (the population increased from less than 3 million to 3.8 million in the period of Zhenguan), and the whole world was ruled, and Zhenguan survived the world, which was called "the rule of Yonghui" in history.
Chinese name: The beginning and end of Yonghui's reign: 649-655 Founder: Li Zhi Dynasty in Tang Gaozong: Population of Tang Dynasty: 3.8 million. Alias: Yonghui prosperous background, politics, economy, culture, military affairs, diplomacy, evaluation. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the centralized political system was strengthened. In the political, legal, military, imperial examination and other systems, the Tang Dynasty basically inherited the Sui system and improved it, which was more complete and thorough than the Sui Dynasty. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, inherited and developed Tang Gaozu's national policy of respecting ancestors and worshipping Taoism, and ruled the country and leveled the world with Taoism. Emperor Taizong can be honest and make good use of others. Speak freely, respect life, exercise self-restraint, and be open-minded to teach; And adopted policies such as taking agriculture as the foundation, practicing economy, recuperating, reviving culture and education, and perfecting the imperial examination system to stabilize the society; And vigorously pacify foreign invasion, respect border customs, stabilize the frontier, and finally achieve the ideal situation of world governance, which is called "Zhenguan governance" in history. In the later years of Emperor Taizong, Prince Li Chenggan and Mrs. Wang competed for the throne, but both of them were abolished, and Li Zhi, the ninth son of Jin Dynasty, was made Prince. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), Li Zhi acceded to the throne for Tang Gaozong. The capital of the Tang Dynasty moved to Luoyang. Emperor Taizong's "Rule of Zhenguan" laid a good foundation for Tang Gaozong's prosperity after he ascended the throne. However, the Liaodong campaign in the last years of Emperor Taizong put the "Zhenguan rule" into crisis. Li Zhi ascended the throne for four years (653), and the peasant uprising led by Chen Shuozhen broke out in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the class contradiction became acute again. In the fourth year of Yonghui (653), Fang, Li and Li Ke rebelled. Afterwards, Fang was killed, and Li, Li Ke and Princess Gaoyang all died, thus consolidating the throne of the emperor. At the beginning of Li Zhi's accession to the throne, Emperor Taizong changed his three-day rule to one-day rule and was diligent. After he acceded to the throne, he reused Li Ji, Sun Chang Wuji and Chu Suiliang, the old ministers of Taizong. The monarch and his subjects obeyed Cao Cao's instructions and carried out according to the laws of Emperor Taizong, which was quite a legacy of the rule of chastity. Li Zhi knows that people are good at their duties, and there are many virtuous ministers around him, such as Xin Maojiang, Lu Chengqing, Xu, Du, Xue, Wei,,, Wei and so on. Among them, Wei was attacked by Chu Suiliang, and Du was snubbed by Emperor Taizong. Politically, Li Zhi encouraged ministers to make suggestions, especially on issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood. In the late reign of Emperor Taizong, due to physical reasons, he usually went to court once every three days to meet with civil and military officials and handle daily affairs. However, in order to solve all kinds of problems that may be encountered at any time in time, Li Zhi insists on going to court every day, rain or shine. At the same time, the secretariat of more than a dozen places is called every day to ask them about the people's feelings, and this matter is formulated into a system and implemented every day. Li Zhi is like a robot, tirelessly managing everything. Tang Gaozong has made great achievements in legal construction. He ordered the amendment of Yonghui Law. Yonghui Law is the most complete and oldest existing typical feudal code in China, which provides a reference for the formulation of later laws. In the second year of Yonghui (65 1), an organization composed of senior officials, headed by Sun Chang Wuji, reported the revised versions of laws, decrees, forms and forms to the Emperor. Yonghui issued a letter to the whole country in September of the second year of the lunar calendar. After a comprehensive revision, the new law became one of the most important and influential laws in the Tang Dynasty. It is called Yonghui Decree. In the second year, Gao Zong and several legal experts organized another organization to prepare a detailed commentary on the official criminal law, which could be used for legal education. This form was slightly changed and became the Yi Shu of the Tang Dynasty, which has been passed down to this day. It was completed in September of the 4th year of Yonghui (653) and presented to the emperor. For centuries, it has been the authoritative annotation of criminal law. Economy During the reign of Tang Gaozong Li Zhi, the social economy continued to develop, and the national population increased from 3.6 million in the 22nd year of Zhenguan (6.48) to 3.8 million in the 3rd year of Yonghui (6.52). Tang Gaozong continues to implement a light tax policy. Paying taxes lightly and generously is an effective economic policy in Yonghui period. Just after the death of Emperor Taizong, Tang Gaozong explicitly ordered the cancellation of military service and the construction of earthworks. It is also stated in the memorial: "Respecting obedience is new, praising virtue is respect, and proclaiming the emperor of virtue is one trillion." Willingness to recognize Guan Xinmin's disease. Although there were a series of problems in this period, Li Zhi's * * * still put forward measures to control prices, which were partially successful and continued to be used throughout the Tang Dynasty. * * * regularly takes out food from his central barn and sells it at a low price. In the first year of Lu Dao (679), he even exchanged grain for privately minted money. The more important measure is to further develop regular warehouses in some important cities in the 13th year of Zhenguan (639), and to establish a regular department in Beijing in the 6th year of Yonghui (655) to buy back goods at a price higher than the current market price when the supply is sufficient, and sell them at a price lower than the market price when the supply is insufficient, so as to control the price fluctuation within a certain range. Later, every state established such granaries. Cultural Tang Gaozong Li Zhi has great achievements beyond his predecessors. He re-established the imperial examination system and selected a large number of officials who entered the official career through the imperial examination. During his reign, officials were employed more through the imperial examination system than through hereditary privileges. During this period, the number of people taking exams and taking exams began to increase rapidly, and the influence of the imperial examination system began to appear in the highest-level bureaucracy. Several prime ministers of Emperor Gaozong became famous, and quite a few officials began to embark on their careers in this way. The real achievement of Li Zhi's ruling is not an attempt to change the contrast of social forces within the ruling class, but a series of major changes to the imperial examination system itself. In the second year of Yonghui (65 1), the examination of the highest Jinshi in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty was interrupted. Few people have gained the reputation of scholars before. In addition to the two subjects of law and calligraphy (actually linguistics and ancient philology) established in Taizong period, in 656, a new special mathematics examination and a school specially trained candidates for this subject were established. Another innovation, though rare in the Gaozong era, had a great influence on later generations. This was the first court examination for a specific candidate ordered by the emperor himself in the third year of Qing Dynasty (658). In later dynasties, court examinations were almost as important as Jinshi. The election system of the country's main officials was completely changed during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. The electoral system implemented in the prosperous Tang Dynasty in the 8th century was basically handed down from the Gaozong period. After the military strategist Li Zhi ascended the throne, his literary ambition and martial arts were improved. In September of the first year of Yonghui (650), Gao Kun captured Chebi Khan, a Turk, pacified Mobei, and divided Khan and Hanhai into two capitals to protect the imperial court. In the first month of the 2nd year of Yonghui (65 1), shortly after Li Zhi ascended the throne, Ashnahulu, a western Turkic, broke the Khan in Sheke and established himself as Shaboro Khan. In July, Shaboro Khan invaded Tingzhou and sent Liang to discuss. In the first month of the 3rd year of Yonghui (652), Tang Jun defeated He Lujun in the Battle of Prison Mountain. Tuguhun, Silla, Koguryo and Baekje also sent envoys to pay tribute. In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), the Tang Dynasty sent Cheng Zhijie to attack Shabolo Khan in the western regions, and since then he has been in the western regions for years. In the second year of Xianqing (657), the general Su of the Tang Dynasty attacked the Shaboshi State (now Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan), a western Turkic state. In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), Goguryeo and Baekje jointly attacked Silla, Silla sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for help, and Li Zhi sent troops to attack Goguryeo and Baekje. In the third year of Longshuo (663), Liu, a general of the Tang Dynasty, defeated the Japanese troops who helped Baekje in Baijiangkou. Tang Jun occupied the whole territory of Baekje, and his king fled to Koguryo. The military strength and international prestige of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak in Yonghui period, even surpassing the period of Emperor Taizong. At this time, the territory of the Tang Dynasty expanded to the limit: from the Korean Peninsula in the east to the Sea of Japan in the west; West of the Caspian Sea, occupying half of Central Asia and reaching the Arabian Peninsula; South to Hengshan, Vietnam, across the Beibu Gulf, occupying half of Vietnam and reaching the Indo-China Peninsula; The north crossed Lake Baikal and occupied the whole of Mongolia. During the 34 years of Li Zhi's reign, the territory of Datang was maximized-13.5 million square kilometers, while it remained nearly12.5 million square kilometers in 32 years. Until Li Zhi's death, these territories were still there. During Tang Gaozong's diplomatic period, China first established contact with Arabs who conquered Sassanian Kingdom. The first Arab mission sent by the fourth caliph Osman contributed to the Tang Dynasty in the second year of Yonghui (65 1). In the second year of Yonghui (65 1), Dashi sent envoys to Tang, and since 148, Dashi sent envoys to Tang for 36 times. There were also many businessmen from the Arab region under the jurisdiction of Dashi who came to the Tang Dynasty. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou and Quanzhou all have their footprints. Some of them settled in China and some were officials in the Tang Dynasty. In May of the 4th year of Yonghui (653), Japan sent 121 envoys to Tang Dynasty, including Ji Shichang Dan, assistant ambassador Ji Shiku, scholar Yan Daoyan, and student lay scholar Yao (it is said that there were 14 other scholars and students), and at the same time sent 120 envoys to Tang Dynasty, including Ma Lu Takata. In July, Takada Genmaru and others were killed by a boat near Samar County, Samar State. This is the first time that Japan sent envoys to Tang after Dahua reform. Liu Shao and others in the Jin Dynasty praised "The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, the Fifth Chronicle of Emperor Gaozong" after evaluation: "With the help of Wen Hongye, there are only a few places left. Sealing Dai Litian has different virtues. Fu Rong was lying in bed, and the building finally fell down. This is a disaster, this is a disaster. Sima Guang's History as a Mirror in the Northern Song Dynasty: "Therefore, the government of Yonghui, the people in Fu 'an, has a legacy of chastity. Cambridge, History of Sui and Tang Dynasties in China, Denis Twitchett: "The real achievement during the reign of Emperor Gaozong was not an attempt to change the contrast of social forces within the ruling class, but a series of major changes to the imperial examination system itself. "Tang Gaozong is bold and cautious, and everything he wants to do has come true. Without the development, consolidation and foreshadowing of the Gaozong era, the rule of Zhenguan would only be a flash in the pan, and the prosperity of Kaiyuan would also become passive water. No matter measured by the traditional political thought of "the monarch does nothing" or by actual achievements, he is a successful emperor. However, historical books handed down from ancient times often describe him as a "weak and incompetent" person. This is because he trained Wu Zetian to replace Li Tang with Wu Zhou. Because later historians want to guard against the reappearance of the "Queen", they would rather mentally retard Tang Gaozong and sacrifice the truth of history.