First, red and white
1, the definition of red and white
Those with red patterns on a white background are called red and white.
Red and white are the representative varieties of koi fish. As the saying goes, "koi fish starts with red and white, and ends with red and white", which means that beginners just see red and white, feel wonderful and extraordinary, and start to raise them. But after a while, they think other varieties are also good, such as light yellow, Qiu Cui, Nine Dragons, gold and so on. But as they got to know koi fish better, they finally decided that red and white was the best.
2. Red and white history
The first red and white carp was found between 1804 and 1829. At first, the real carp suddenly mutated to produce a red-faced "red-faced carp", and then the white carp produced by it mated with flying carp to produce a white carp with red stripes on its abdomen, and then gradually improved into a koi fish with red spots on its back.
/kloc-around 0/880, the valley in Niigata Prefecture, Japan was widely cultivated with red and white. After continuous improvement, quite good varieties have appeared. Especially with the help of Mu Lan and the efforts of famous artists such as Zhiweimen and Miwu Saemon, the inheritance of "modern red and white" has been successfully restored.
3, marking should have the conditions
The most important thing about red and white is that the white background should be pure white, like snow, not yellow, not yellow. The thicker the red, the better, but it must be elegant and clear red. Generally speaking, you should choose red with orange as the chassis, because its color tone is elegant and clean, and once it is colored, the grade is higher. And if it is based on purple, red is indecent. Although it is thick and not easy to fade, it is difficult to give people a bright feeling.
In addition, the color of erythema must be uniform, not blurred or even white spots. The edge of erythema should be clear and distinct, but the part near the head is sometimes blurred, which is the result of scales covering the lower color, which is called "embedding color". This kind of color insertion has a unique style.
4. Location conditions of spots
Koi fish's markings must be evenly distributed throughout the body and symmetrical.
Only the left half or the right half of the pattern is called "@ pattern", which is not ideal. Small stripes all over the body are called "small patterns", which is not as good as "big patterns" where stripes are concentrated into big patterns. Because as the fish grow up, the "big pattern" will gradually show the color of koi fish, and the pattern has courage.
The position conditions of speckle distribution are described as follows:
(1) header
There must be erythema on the head. Even if there are very found patterns on the trunk, those without erythema on their heads are called "monks" and have no ornamental value.
The bigger the erythema on the head, the better, but don't render it to the eyes, chin, cheeks and mouth. It is best to reach the nostril line at the front end of erythema, at least to the eyeliner. From erythema to "covering your nose" or "covering your face" with red head is indecent.
The small round erythema on the mouth and kiss is called "lipstick". It is best not to wear lipstick when there is a big red mole on your head, but if the erythema on your head only reaches the eyeliner or is slightly higher than the eyeliner, the existence of "lipstick" is wonderful.
Recently, some people appreciate the ever-changing patterns on their heads, such as oblique hook patterns, shoehorn patterns and other personalized patterns. For example, the famous red and white "Loulan", which won the 22nd and 24th japanese koi Appreciation Fair, won the first place, which is very distinctive.
(2) trunk
The pattern on the trunk must be symmetrical, and it is best to have large stripes on the shoulders near the head, which is the focus of the whole fish. The erythema between the head and trunk should be cut in white, preferably not in a monotonous straight line pattern.
There must be erythema near the tail, which is called "tail knot". Ideally, the tail knot is about 2cm away from the tail and must not be spilled on the tail. But if it is a big carp, it can be allowed to have a tail knot in front or no tail knot.
In short, erythema must not be top-heavy, uneven or disharmonious, but should be balanced from head to tail and harmonious from left to right.
5. Types of red and white
(1) paragraph
Red and white erythema is generally distributed in segments, called segments. According to this, it can be divided into two sections, three sections and four sections. This kind of stripe is balanced and beautiful, and it is very popular.
(2) Red
Still "flying with one product". From beginning to end, this knot consists of only one constant red stripe.
(3) Lightning is red and white
The erythema that bends continuously from beginning to end is called "lightning red and white".
④ German red and white
German carp is called red and white.
(5) White without land, red without land.
It's called red and white without stripes. All-white fish are called "white ownerless land" and all-red fish are called "red ownerless land" or "flying fish", which are worthless fish and will be eliminated as soon as they are selected.
In addition, Dante red and white is classified as Dante, deer red and white as variant carp, platinum red and white as patterned leather carp, and gold and silver scales as gold and silver scales. These four kinds will be introduced in detail later.
6. Matters needing attention when watching red and white.
(1) The background color must be white and close to pure white, especially the bright white background is the best, such as yellow and white background or black spots, and the evaluation is poor.
(2) The edge of the red stripe is obvious but not blurred.
(3) Deep red tone is the best.
(4) No matter the size, there must be red stripes on the head, but the ornamental value of red-headed carp is low.
(5) The configuration of disks or stripes should be symmetrical.
(6) It is best to cut some erythema between the head and trunk. Red can't be rendered to mouth, eyes, pectoral fin, dorsal fin and caudal fin.
Second, the big positive three colors
1 and the definition of big positive tricolor
Red and black stripes on a white background are called "big positive tricolor". Only the head has red spots and no black spots, and black stripes on pectoral fins are the basic conditions. Red and white are the representative varieties of koi fish.
2. History of Dazheng Tri-color
Dazheng Tri-color, named after the figures were fixed in Dazheng four years (19 15 years). Later, it was gradually improved, resulting in excellent lineages such as "Jinbei", "Yincang" and "Dingcang".
3, stripes should have the conditions
White background and red and white requirements are the same, it must be pure white, not yellow.
Erythema, like red and white, must be uniform, thick and with clear edges. Erythema on the head should not appear on the eyes, nose and cheeks. It is best to have a white background behind the tail knot, the stripes on the trunk should be even left and right, and there should be no red stripes on the fins.
There should be no black spots on the head, but on the shoulders, which is the focus of the whole fish. The ink spots on the white background are called cave ink, and the ink spots on the erythema are called overlapping ink. Acupoint ink is preferred. Several solid black spots are evenly distributed on the white background, which makes the taste higher. There should not be too many dark spots in the back half of the body.
It is best to have two or three black stripes on the pectoral fin, but not too many black stripes.
4. Types of Dazheng Tri-color
(1) Three colors of lipstick: Dazheng three colors, with little red dot on your mouth, kiss.
(2) Red tricolor: A large tricolor with continuous red stripes from beginning to end, which gives people a strong sense visually, but has a low taste.
(3) German tricolor: German carp is called Dazheng tricolor.
In addition, clothing tricolor is classified as clothing, deer tricolor and tricolor Qiu Cui are classified as variant carp, Dage brocade is classified as patterned leather carp, and gold and silver scales tricolor and Dante tricolor are classified as gold and silver scales and red-crowned cranes respectively.
5. Precautions for viewing Dazheng Tri-color
(1) It is best that the red and black of frisbee and ink dots must be bright and heavy.
(2) White land is the same as red and white, and the closer to pure white, the better.
(3) The head must have a disc, and it is best to have no ink spots on the head and striped ink spots on the pectoral fin.
(4) The ink dots should not have a sense of disorder, and the ink quality is not a point-like aggregate, but the edge is very clear and sharp.
(5) Fishplate and ink spots must be evenly distributed, balanced left and right, and harmonious before and after.
Third, Showa tricolor.
1, Showa tricolor clarity
The tricolor with red and white stripes on a black background and black spots at the base of pectoral fin is called Showa Tricolor, and it is also called "royal family" with red, white and big tricolor, and it is a representative variety of koi fish.
2. History of Showa Tricolor Flag
Showa tricolor was created by Hoshino Shigeru Turmeric in the second year of Showa (1927), which is a combination of red and white. The early Showa trichromatic erythema was orange. Later, Kobayashi successfully improved it into such a bright thickness by matching Miwu Saemon with red and white.
3, stripes should have the conditions
There must be a big red spot on the head, with uniform red substance, clear edge and strong color.
White ground requires pure white, and the taste with white spots at the head and tail is higher.
It is best to cut the face on the head, and the ink line on the trunk must be lightning or triangle, thick and rolled to the abdomen. The pectoral fin should be black, not all white, all black or erythema.
4. Types of Showa Tricolor Light
(1) Light black Showa: refers to the black spots of Showa with three colors, and the fish scales are light black.
(2) Fee: This is called continuous red pattern all over the body.
(3) Modern Showa: White stripes occupy a large area, which at first glance looks like a big positive trichromatic light.
(4) DeZhaoDe: German Showa tricolor called it.
In addition, Yi belongs to Yi, Lu Zi, Yinghe Showa all belong to variant carp, gold and silver belong to Guangxiu, gold and silver scales belong to gold and silver scales, Dante Showa belongs to gold and silver scales, and Dante Showa belongs to Dan Ding.
5. Precautions for viewing Showa tricolor light
(1) Fei Wen should be evenly distributed like red and white.
(2) The crimson edge is clear and distinct, and should not be blurred, and the tone should be dark red.
(3) Glossy lacquer black is the best ink, and the edges of the ink should not be blurred.
(4) There must be obvious ink spots on the head.
(5) The pectoral fin should be of moderate size without black.
6. The difference between Taisho tricolor and Showa tricolor
Koi fish with red, white and black stripes is divided into three colors: Dazheng and small intestine. The former has erythema and black spots on white background, while the latter has erythema and white spots on black background. The specific differences are as follows:
(1) Taisho tricolor spots and Showa tricolor heads have black spots.
(2) The black spots of Dazheng tricolor exist on the upper side of the fish in the form of round blocks, while the black spots of Showa tricolor sweep the abdomen and even the whole body in the form of continuous stripes or strips.
(3) Dazheng tricolor pectoral fin is white or has black stripes, while Showa tricolor pectoral fin has round black spots at the base, which is called no black.
People who know the frying stage of the two can clearly understand that their ink spots are essentially different, so they can be distinguished by looking at the quality of ink spots.
Fourth, write carp.
1, write the definition of carp.
There are triangular white stripes on the black background, which are called white characters.
There are triangular yellow stripes on the black background, which is called yellow handwriting.
The yellow color of yellow writing is close to orange-red, which is called Fei writing.
2. Write the history of carp
The white character was founded in 1925 by Kazuo Toyomura of the village of Shangu, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Yellow writing appeared as a good product in 1870, and 1920 was named by Hoshino Shinichi.
3, stripes should have the conditions
White words written on a white background are like red and white, and the texture should be pure white. The pectoral fin should be black. The black dot texture and stripes required for white writing and yellow writing are the same as those required for Showa tricolor. The stronger the color, the better. The pectoral fin is a beautiful striped spot.
In addition to the above three kinds of writing carp, there are also writing carp in German cars, such as German white writing.
4. Notes on viewing and writing carp
(1) Like the Showa Tri-color, it is advisable to engrave ink on the head or on the mouth.
(2) No matter what you write about carp, there is no small piece of ink or sesame ink on the fish.
(3) Ink lines are exactly the same as Showa tricolor. For example, a large amount of ink is pleasant and has a sense of weight, while a small amount of ink is light, smooth and beautiful.
(4) Yellow writing will have different charm because of the different yellow tones of yellow patterns.
Fifth, don't be light.
1, not light
Koi fish with black spots on white, red or yellow background is called Bieguang, which belongs to Dazheng trichromatic system.
2. Types of other lamps
(1) white light
Dazheng tricolor removes erythema, which means white light, that is, there are black spots on the white background, which is often called "another family" in China.
Because it's a three-color koi fish, you can have black spots on your head, and there must be big black spots on both sides of your shoulders. The pectoral fins usually have black stripes, and some are all white.
White light is pure white on the head, not yellow.
(2) Red light
There are dark spots where there is no land in the north, which is called "red light". The texture of black dots is exactly the same as that of white light.
The difference between red light and red tricolor light is that red light has no white line and red tricolor light has a slightly white edge.
(3) Yellow light: called by koi fish with black spots on a yellow background.
(4) German special light: the special light of German system.
3. The difference between white writing and white light
Koi fish with black and white stripes will be written one day, and it will be white. The differences are as follows:
(1) There must be black spots on the white head, or there must be black spots on the tip of the nose, and there are characters on the top of the head, but there are no black spots on the white head.
(2) The black spots on the trunk extend all the way to the abdomen, while the white spots are only on the back.
(3) The pectoral fin written in white is usually black, while the pectoral fin written in white has striped black spots or all white.
In a word, white is written with white stripes on a black background, while white is written with black stripes on a white background. The ink quality of the two is completely different.
Six, light yellow, Qiu Cui
1, light yellow and the definition of Qiu Cui.
The northern part is dark blue or light blue, the outer edge of fish scales is white, and the left and right faces, abdomen and fin bases are red, so koi fish is called "light yellow".
The light yellow color of the German carp strain is called "Qiu Cui".
2. Pale yellow, the history of Qiu Cui.
Pale yellow is one of the original varieties in koi fish, which has a history of about 160 years. Qiu Cui was obtained by mating German carp with pale yellow in 19 10.
3, stripes should have the conditions
The most important thing about light yellow is that the head must be clear light blue, and there can be no shadows and sesame black spots. The blue fish scales on the back are dazzling, and the left and right faces, abdomen and fin bottom are red as the basic type, and red calligraphers are preferred. There'd better be no red spots on your back.
Qiu Cui's head is clear and light blue, and his back is cyan. The nose tip, face, abdomen and fin base are all red, and there can be no shadows or sesame black spots.
Generally speaking, German carp must meet the following conditions:
Fish scales must be arranged neatly, especially a thick row of green scales on Qiu Cui's back. Large scales often exist alone between a row of scales in the north and a row of scales on the side of the abdomen, which is called "redundant scales". It's best not to have this extra scale. There are many irregular scales called "mill scale", which have no ornamental value.
4. Types
(1) Light blue: the strongest color, which is closest to the light yellow of real carp.
(2) Bright yellow: the center of the scales is dark blue, and the surrounding areas are light yellow, which is called bright yellow, which is the most representative light yellow.
(3) Pale yellow water: the lightest color is called it.
(4) Pale yellow tricolor: the upper part of the body is pale yellow, the head and abdomen have red stripes, and the lower abdomen is milky white, which is called pale yellow tricolor.
(5) Flower ball green: If there is a red stripe between the dorsal scale and the abdominal scale, it is called flower ball green.
(6) Emerald: the back is not blue, and it is all red as the abdomen, which is called "Fei".
(7) yellow: yellow and blue back. If the scales on the back are black, it is called "German yellow pine leaves".
(8) Real Pearl Qiu Cui: Qiu Cui's back lodicule is called Silver Scale.