1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou Man (who lived about 1.7 million years ago and was found in Yuanmou County, Yunan Province).
2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools.
3. Beijingers: It was found in Longgu Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, about 700,000 years ago. Beijingers still retain some characteristics of apes; The use of rough stone tools, the use of natural fire (they use fire to barbecue food, drive away wild animals, and also use fire for lighting and cold protection. The use of fire enhances people's adaptability to nature, which is a great progress in the process of human evolution, and also preserves fire and social life.
4. Neanderthal: It was discovered about 30,000 years ago in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. The appearance of cavemen is basically the same as that of modern people; Use hammer to hit stone tools, but master polishing and drilling techniques; Use artificial fire; Sewing clothes with bone needles; The collective in which they live is a clan united by blood relationship.
Lesson two:
1, Mudu aborigines: aborigines' sites located in the Yangtze River valley about 7,000 years ago, reflecting the primitive farming times in the Yangtze River valley. China is the first country in the world to grow rice through cultivated land. Live in a barn, dig wells, raise livestock, hunt and fish; Can make pottery and simple jade, primitive musical instruments.
2. Banpo aborigines: aborigines' sites located in the Yellow River valley about five or six thousand years ago, reflecting the primitive farming times in the Yellow River valley. The millstone tool has been used to grow millet, and China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Living in a house in a semi-basement; Making painted pottery; Raising animals, using bows and arrows, hunting and fishing; I already know how to spin, weave and make clothes.
3. Due to the development of social productive forces, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor have emerged, especially in the tombs in the late Dawenkou period.
Lesson three:
1, Huangdi and Yan Di are two famous tribal leaders living in the Yellow River valley, about four or five thousand years ago. Later, the Yellow Emperor formed an alliance with Yan Di and defeated Chiyou in the battle of Zhuolu. From then on, the two tribes formed an alliance, and after long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation.
2. The Yellow Emperor has made great contributions to Chinese civilization and even the world civilization. He built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells, and invented boats and cars, which laid the foundation for later generations. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling, his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing, Linglun compiled music scores, and so on. Therefore, the Yellow Emperor is also called "the ancestor of mankind".
3. Yao Shun and Yu's abdication. They all have noble qualities and are loved by the people. Yao himself lives a simple life, self-denial and love for the people; Be generous to others and set an example; Yu led the people in fighting floods and shared weal and woe with the masses. This democratic method of selecting tribal alliance leaders is called "abdication" in history. Its essence is primitive democracy.
Lesson four:
1, about 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty (the last leader of primitive society and the first king of slave society), which was the first dynasty in the history of China. China began to enter the period of slave society.
After Yu's death, his son Qi succeeded to the throne and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Hereditary system replaced abdication system.
3. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state. The state institutions in Xia Dynasty were tools for slave owners to oppress slaves and civilians.
4. Due to the tyranny of Jie, the last king of Xia Dynasty, Shang Tang destroyed Xia Dynasty, Xia Dynasty perished and Shang Dynasty was established.
5. Shang Dynasty is also called Yin Dynasty. Because Pan Geng, King of Shang Dynasty, moved to Yin, the ruling area of Shang Dynasty expanded continuously and became a big country in the world at that time.
6. Due to the tyranny of Shang Zhou, the last king of Shang Dynasty, King Wu was cut and Shang Dynasty perished. Later, Zhou Wuwang established the Western Zhou Dynasty, with pickaxe (also known as Haojing) as its capital.
7. In order to consolidate the rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which was the main reason why the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country. The hierarchy of the Western Zhou Dynasty: (emperor → vassal → Qing Dafu → scholar) → (civilian → slave)
Ruling class (ruled class)
Lesson five:
1. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China. Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China. Among them, the famous bronzes are Simu Wuding (the largest bronze unearthed in the world so far) and Siyang Fangzun.
2. During the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a unique bronze culture, called Sanxingdui Culture, prevailed in Chengdu Plain in southwest China. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed there attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people.
China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world.
4. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties were societies dominated by agriculture, but the bronze casting industry was a typical representative of this period, so the civilization of this period was also called "bronze civilization". Slaves are the main labor force and lead a miserable life.
Lesson 6:
In 770 BC 1 year, it moved eastward to Luo, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. The main overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.
Qi Huangong was the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. (Taking advantage of the superior geographical and natural conditions that Qi is located in the east and rich in fish and salt, Guan Zhong was appointed as the prime minister to reform internal affairs, develop production, reform the military system, and respect the king over foreign countries) Jin Wengong was the second overlord. He developed production, reformed internal affairs and developed the army.
4. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the hegemony between Chu and Jin was the fiercest. Among them, the Battle of Chengpu laid the foundation for Jin Wengong to dominate the Central Plains.
5. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han (Tian; The three tribes are divided into Jin (Zhao, Wei and Han)
6. The famous battles in the Warring States Period: the battle of Qiwei: the battle of Guiling, the battle of Maling, and the battle of Qin Zhao: the battle of Changping. In 260 BC, the battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao, and Zhao was defeated. From then on, the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack.
Lesson 7:
1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools began to appear in China. By the Warring States period, the use of iron farm tools had expanded.
2. Niu Geng appeared in China at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was further popularized in Niu Geng during the Warring States Period. Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China.
3. Dujiangyan: Built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County in the Warring States Period in the middle reaches of Minjiang River, it is a world-famous flood control and irrigation project, which has benefited mankind for more than 2,000 years, so Chengdu Plain has the reputation of "Land of Abundance".
4. Shang Yang's political reform: In 356 BC, Shang Yang began to reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.
Reasons for political reform: the fundamental reason: the progress and popularization of iron and Niu Geng led to the development of social productive forces; The main reason: the emerging landlord class demanded the establishment of feudal rule and the development of feudal economy. Direct cause: Qin Xiaogong has made great efforts in political reform.
★ Reform contents: ① The state recognizes private ownership of land and allows free trading; (2) Reward ploughing, and those who produce more grain, cloth and silk can be exempted from corvee, and be awarded the title of Hotan Prefecture according to the size of military service, thus abolishing the privileges of the old aristocrats who refused to perform military service; (3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
★ Significance of the political reform: Through the political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.
4. During the Warring States Period, China entered the feudal society. The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class has become the main contradiction in society.
Lesson 8:
1, the evolution of characters:
During the Warring States period, literati dipped their brushes in ink and wrote them on bamboo slips and silks, and the font was mainly Da Zhuan.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang Dynasty) → Jinwen (Shang and Zhou Dynasties) → Dazhuan (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) → Bamboo Slips (Warring States Period) → Xiaozhuan and Lishu (Qin Dynasty).
Our country has a history of textual research, starting from Shang Dynasty.
Today's lunar calendar is also called "summer calendar". The calendar year of Shang Dynasty is divided into 12 months, 30 days for big month, 29 days for small month and leap year 1 month. During the Warring States period, people measured 24 solar terms a year. There have been records of solar and lunar eclipses in Shang Dynasty.
Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The "four diagnoses" he summarized have always been used by Chinese medicine.
4. Qu Yuan: A native of Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. His masterpiece is Li Sao. Be rated as a world cultural celebrity.
5. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed.
Lesson 9:
1. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, a great thinker and educator. The main idea of Confucius is to put forward the theory of "benevolence" and advocate loving others. The rulers are required to observe the people's feelings and cherish the people's strength. He opposed tyranny and arbitrary killing. Educational thought: establish a private school, teach in the whole class, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be modest and eager to learn, and "review the old and learn the new". His remarks were compiled into The Analects by his disciples. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal society.
2. Laozi, the founder of Taoist school. Its main idea is that everything has opposites, and the two sides of opposites can be transformed into each other. He advocates defeating the strong with the weak. His theory is recorded in Tao Te Ching.
3. Mencius-Confucianism. The main viewpoints are as follows: ① advocating "meaningless war in the Spring and Autumn Period" and generally opposing all wars; (2) require the rulers to govern the country with "benevolent government" and ignore taxes; (3) Propose rational utilization of natural resources.
4. Han Feizi-Legalist. Advocate reform, oppose empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, and advocate the rule of law. Put forward the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization. In the pursuit of reform and strengthening, it has adapted to the requirements of the times.
5. Sun Wu-a strategist. Sun Tzu's Art of War. Advocate knowing yourself and yourself, and fight every battle.
6. Mozi-Mohist school. Advocate "universal love" and "non-aggression", and hope that people love each other, oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.
7, Zhuangzi-Taoism. It is advocated that governing the country should let nature take its course and "govern by doing nothing".
Lesson 65438
1. After the battle of Changping, the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack, and it became an irresistible fact that Qin unified the six countries.
2. The first unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal country in the history of China was the Qin Dynasty. (The first 22 years1year-the first 207 years, the capital was in Xianyang)
3. Measures taken by Qin Shihuang to consolidate reunification: ① A set of centralized feudal autocracy was established. The supreme ruler is called the emperor; Set up the Prime Minister Qiu, and set up the post of an ancient scholar in the central government; The county system is implemented at the local level. (2), unified characters (seal script, official script), currency (unified use of round square hole money), weights and measures. (3) In order to strengthen ideological control, "burning books to bury Confucianism" is practiced. ④ Building the Great Wall in the north to resist the Huns; Building Lingqu in South Xinjiang and developing South Xinjiang. (Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian, the general, to fight back against the Huns, seize the Hetao area and build the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. )
Lesson 65438
1, the root cause of the outbreak of peasant war in the late Qin dynasty-the tyranny of Qin dynasty. Including: ① Building a luxurious Epang Palace and a huge Mount Li for yourself. Corvee and heavy military service; (2) farmers have to turn over two-thirds of their crops to the state, and taxes are very heavy; The criminal law is cruel, and there are more than ten kinds of car cracks in the death penalty alone; (4) Qin Ershi brutal rule, politics is very dark.
2. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu failed in the uprising in Daze Township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people to rise up against cruel rule.
3. In 207 BC, in the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force with fewer victories. At the same time, Liu Bang advanced on Xianyang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.
4. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang competed for the throne (Hongmen Banquet, Xiangzhuang Sword Dance was intended to be Pei Gong) for four years, which was called "Chu-Han Dispute" in history.
5. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.
Lesson 65438
1, the rule of Wenjing:
Origin: In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed and it was a desolate scene. The main reason: learn from the lessons of Qin's death and consolidate his rule.
2. Measures: ① Emperor Gaozu and his successors Wendi and Jingdi reduced the burden of farmers' corvee and military service and attached importance to the development of agricultural production. (2) Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han rewarded hard-working farmers and advised officials to care about farming and mulberry; 3 advocate frugality and set an example; ④ Pay attention to "educating people with morality".
Results: The society was relatively stable and the people became rich. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of cultural scenery", which laid a solid material foundation for the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
3. The most powerful period of the Western Han Dynasty was the period of Emperor Wu.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty realized the great unity of politics, economy, military affairs and ideology.
Reasons: the economic prosperity of Emperor Han Jingdi in his later period; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was brilliant and good at employing people.
Measures: ① politics: attach importance to talents; Issue protection orders to weaken the power of vassal States. In order to strengthen centralization, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered the kings to distribute their fiefs to their descendants to establish a smaller vassal state. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also found an excuse to cut the vassal state in half at that time. (2) Thought: In order to change the situation of a hundred schools of thought contending, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Set up imperial academy in Chang 'an and vigorously promote Confucian education. Take the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main teaching material, and don't learn the theories of other schools. Scholars who regard Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy and hold various theories such as Legalism and Taoism are excluded. (3) Economy: The right to coin and the franchise right of salt and iron were returned to the central government, and five baht were cast in a unified way. It curbed the profiteering of big businessmen and greatly increased the fiscal revenue of the central government. ④ Military: In BC 138, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was strong, he fought back against the Xiongnu, formed a powerful cavalry team, launched the Hexi Corridor Campaign, and seized a large territory in Hexi Corridor and Hetao area. In BC 1 19, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to fight Mobei, and the Huns were defeated. After the Battle of Mobei, the Huns were unable to confront the Western Han Dynasty. Some Huns began to migrate westward. In BC 138, Liang Wudi sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, ready to contact the Dayue people and attack the Huns. In BC 1 19, Liang Wudi sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time. Strengthen the economic and cultural ties between the central government of the Western Han Dynasty and western countries. Significance: Understand the situation of western countries, strengthen contacts with western countries, lay a good foundation for governing the western regions in the Han Dynasty, open up the Silk Road, and promote economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
Lesson 65438
1. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once governed the Yellow River. After this operation, there has been no major flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for more than 80 years. Emperor Han Ming ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to be responsible for repairing the river. In the next 800 years, the Yellow River did not change its direction.
2. It was Du Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty who invented the water raft, which is a tool of hydraulic blast ironmaking. This technology is earlier than Europe 1000 years.
Lesson 65438
1, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the leader of the Xiongnu unified Mongolian grassland for the first time was-modu chanyu. Since then, the power of Xiongnu has been growing and entered its heyday.
2. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and a powerful cavalry unit was organized to launch a large-scale counterattack against the Xiongnu and seize the Hetao and Hexi Corridor.
3. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to fight the Huns, and since then the Huns have been unable to fight against the Western Han Dynasty.
4. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, Zhaojun left the fortress and married Uhaanyehe, which made the Sino-Hungarian border stable for a long time and made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchange between China and Hungary.
Lesson 65438
1, Western Regions-refers to the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu today, that is, Xinjiang today and beyond.
2. In BC 138, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions. The purpose is to unite the big moon family and fight back against the Huns. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the western regions.
3. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Duhu, which was in charge of the affairs of the Western Regions.
4. The route of the Silk Road: from Chang 'an to Hexi Corridor, through Dunhuang, to Xinjiang today, to rest in West Asia, and then to Daqin in Europe. Significance: It strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West and played an important role in the prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty.
5. In 73 AD, the Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions. /kloc-in 0/66, Daqin sent envoys to visit the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China. (Daqin, China's ancient name for ancient Rome)
Lesson 65438
1. At present, the earliest paper known in the world appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty in China.
Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips and silks were commonly used as writing materials in China.
3. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking, and later generations called this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper". The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture.
4. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, a mathematical masterpiece written in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It records the achievements since Qin and Han dynasties, and some of them are in the leading position in the world.
Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty made an instrument that can determine the direction of earthquake, which is called seismograph. This is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
6. Han Dynasty famous doctors Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing. Hua Tuo is good at surgery, made a whole body anesthetic "Ma Fei San", and also compiled a set of gymnastics called "Wuqinxi". Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Later generations revered him as a "medical sage".
Lesson 65438
1. Three major religions in the world: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Buddhism believes that people can be reincarnated in the afterlife after death. If people can endure hardships in this life and truly believe in Buddhism, they will be happy in the afterlife. Paralyze the people )
2. The indigenous religion is Taoism. Rise in the Eastern Han Dynasty. One of the founders was Zhang Ling. Taoism regards Laozi as "the old gentleman on the throne". Advocating self-cultivation and refining Dan medicine for immortality catered to the desire of feudal rulers to pursue immortality.
Sima Qian, a great historian of the Western Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records. Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China, which records the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. It has become a model of biographical history books for later generations and an excellent literary work.
4. The outstanding representative of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum (the bright pearl in the world art treasure house).
Lesson 65438
1. The battle that laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north was the battle of Guandu (in 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with fewer victories). Yuan Shao is proud and underestimates his enemy. Cao Cao economically recruited exiled farmers to reclaim land and organized soldiers to plow the fields, and his strength continued to increase. Politically attach importance to talents and rely on the emperor to establish princes. )
2. The battle that laid the foundation for the formation of the Three Kingdoms was Battle of Red Cliffs (in 208, Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao with fewer victories). (Cao Jun is from the north. He didn't learn to fight in water, and the epidemic was prevalent. Cao Cao himself is proud and underestimates his enemy; Sun and Liu joined hands to implement the correct strategy and tactics. )
3. The symbol of the formal formation of the Three Kingdoms is the establishment of the State of Wu.
Establish the country as the founder and destroy the characteristic industries of the capital.
In 220 years of Wei, Cao Pi Luoyang Water Conservancy Project was established in 266 years, and Wei died.
Shu 22 1 Liu Bei Chengdu Shu brocade was woven for 263 years and was destroyed by Wei.
In 222, Sun Quan Jianye's shipbuilding industry was destroyed by the Western Jin Dynasty for 280 years.
Lesson 65438
1 and in 266, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country. The Eight Kings Rebellion aggravated the decline of the Western Jin Dynasty, and with the resistance of ethnic minorities (Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiedi and Qiang) who moved inward, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by Xiongnu in 3 16.
In 2.3 17, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang. In the late 4th century, Fu Jian, the ruler of the former Qin Dynasty in the north, appointed Wang Meng as prime minister, carried out reforms and made great efforts to unify the Yellow River basin.
In 3.383, the most famous battle in the history of China was the Battle of Surabaya. (Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty-Xie An of the Eastern Jin Dynasty) Result: The former Qin Dynasty was defeated. Influence: After the Battle of Feishui, the north once again fell into a state of separatist melee, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south formed temporary stability, which provided favorable conditions for economic development.
4. Causes and effects of economic development in the South:
Reason: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people fled to the south of the Yangtze River to escape the war in the north. Since the late Western Jin Dynasty, more northerners have moved to the south of the Yangtze River. People who moved south brought labor, advanced production technology and different lifestyles to Jiangnan. There are few wars in Jiangnan, and the social order is relatively stable. The hard work of the people of North and South. The ruler took appropriate measures.
Impact: It has had a far-reaching impact on China's economy, laying the foundation for the gradual shift of economic center of gravity to the south.
Lesson 20
1. It was Xianbei people who established the Northern Wei regime.
2. The Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin in 439.
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang. The climate in Pingcheng is dry, and the grain produced can't meet the needs of many people in Beijing. The northern position is not conducive to the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule over the vast areas of the Central Plains, and it is also not conducive to the Xianbei regime to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality)
4. Emperor Xiaowen is an outstanding minority political reformer in China. He followed the historical trend of national integration and carried out reforms. The contents of the reform are as follows: ① Chinese must be used in the court and Xianbei language is prohibited; ② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; (3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; ④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; ⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; ⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly. Significance: promoting national integration.
Lesson 265438
Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. He was the first person in the world to make Pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point, more than 1000 years earlier than Europe.
2. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of China. He wrote The Book of Qi Yaomin, which is the first complete agricultural science work in China.
3. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. The Water Mirror Notes written by him is a comprehensive geography monograph.
Lesson 22
1. The evolution of China characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions-inscriptions on bronze-seal script-seal script-official script-regular script-running script and cursive script.
2. Wang Xizhi was a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The masterpiece is Preface to Lanting, which has the reputation of "the best running script in the world". Wang Xizhi was called "the sage of books" by later generations.
3. Gu Kaizhi was a famous great painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Representative works include The True Story of the Woman and The Goddess of Luo. At that time, it was said that Gu Kaizhi had "three unique skills", namely, talent, painting and infatuation.
Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are two famous grottoes in the Northern Dynasties.