Chiropody calligraphy

On the art of couplets Yuan Yuling (1) The origin of couplets, also known as "couplets" and "couplets", belongs to the category of poetry in a broad sense. It is a literary form written or carved and hung on doors, posts or other objects. This form was originally created by the Han nationality in China, which can be said to be the shortest literary form. It is a kind of Chinese language art and decorative art, which is composed of sentences with relative upper and lower forms and related contents. It is a highly concentrated and artistic reflection of social life. Liu Xiaozhuo, Liang of the Six Dynasties: "Close the door and celebrate the hanging; Xie Gongqing, who lies in a high position, is said to be the earliest couplet in China (Note on the Complete Works of Tan Shiju's Seclusion). It is also said that Meng Chang, the monarch of Shu after five dynasties, wrote "New Year's Eve: Spring Festival in Changchun" on two mahogany boards about-inches wide and seven or eight inches long, also known as "Fu Tao", which is the origin of Spring Festival couplets. Its rise and development is related to Zhu Yuanzhang in Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's literary level is not high, but he likes to make couplets and is called "the son of heaven." Spring Festival couplets were set up in Ming Taizu, the imperial capital of Jinling. On New Year's Eve, the government ordered that a pair of Spring Festival couplets be posted on the doors of officials and scholars. (Chen's Miscellaneous Notes on the Clouds in Qing Dynasty) Due to the emperor's advocacy, this literary form of couplets is widely used in various occasions, not only for weddings, funerals and celebrations, but also for places of interest, post stations, teahouses, yamen, temples, Taoist temples and pavilions. These good couplets are essential. (2) The role of couplets "Couplets are a kind of practical literature, which is vulgar and has different styles. It is a double-edged sword, which is popular on the one hand and elegant on the other (such as "I pedicure; Don't worry "and" the bamboo is blank; "On the Ripples in the Far Sky" is popular in the literary world and widely used in the society, which has social functions greatly exceeding other literary genres in content and application. First of all, it is a high generalization and artistic reflection of social life. It can describe the politics, economy, culture and various social customs and fashions in a certain historical period, so that people can get various understandings and evaluations about history and reality, society and life, and help people improve their ability to observe and understand life. Please look at a couplet written by Sun Yat-sen: "The revolution has not yet succeeded; Comrades still have to work hard, "which shows the broad mind of the pioneers of the democratic revolution and inspires future generations to keep fighting for the great cause." Its propaganda and agitation function is very obvious. There is also a couplet written by Mr. Tao Xingzhi, a people's educator: "Hold a heart; Going without a grass ",this pair of couplets was written by Tao Xingzhi in an easy-to-understand language when he publicized his idea of" national rural education reform ",and its educational significance is very profound. Of course, the last two couplets are not strictly couplets, which will be explained in detail later. Chinese classical architecture pays attention to the beauty of architecture, that is, the beauty of symmetry, with symmetrical columns and doors, which provides a useful place for the creation, writing and carving of couplets. These scenic spots and historical sites with couplets can make the beauty of nature and art complement each other and make the scenic spots more magnificent and elegant. Cao Xueqin, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions, borrowed Jia Zheng's words in the seventeenth time in the book, "... if there are big mountains and rivers, pavilions and pavilions, and there is no title, there will never be color." This sentence is very insightful. Elegant painted attic terrace, quiet Buddhist academy, and strange fairy caves and famous springs, if they are in perfect contrast with the unknown, though powerful and strange, will inevitably make people feel inadequate, as if something is missing. On the contrary, if beautiful words are hung up and engraved, it will greatly add luster and fascination. If an exquisite balcony is compared to a beautiful woman, the couplets on the pillars on both sides are a pair of beautiful eyes looking forward to life. For example, Hunan Yueyang Loulian: "Surrounded by lakes and mountains; Everyone is sad and happy, "Nanjing Mochou Lake Union": "The river flows eastward, scouring the heroic sons and daughters of the ages; The west branch of Shicheng is still a misty rain platform of the Six Dynasties. The West Lake Tianzhu Mountain Cold Spring Pavilion couplet says: "In the present, the spring cold comes from the source: the entry into the WTO is illusory, and the peak flies from the sky." Anhui Taibailou couplet says: "The Pan-Dongting Lake is eight hundred miles in autumn waves, and I want to swim, and the three Chu are wearing sleeves; Inviting Taibai Tower to have a thousand-year-old bright moon, looking at the railing in the distance, and the smoke scene in the Six Dynasties fell before the cup "and so on. In social life, couplets are an elegant and simple way of communication. General literary works, except some short poems, can be used for giving, celebrating or mourning, and have no communicative function. Couplets are the most popular form of communication. Such as birthday couplets, wedding couplets, opening couplets for housewarming, hanging couplets after death, and couplets given by relatives and friends. This will be briefly discussed in the section on the classification of couplets. (3) The characteristics of couplets 1, with distinctive national characteristics: Liangguang Pavilion in Pyongyang, North Korea: the Great Wall is dissolved on one side; There is a hill to the east of Xiao Ye. Ryukyu Xing Shan Temple Alliance: I am willing to hang a bergamot; Nothing is as peaceful as the heart. Angel Island in San Francisco, USA, was the place where China laborers were imprisoned and censored. In the 1970s, overseas Chinese living in the United States erected a monument to commemorate it. Don't leave your hometown and wander in the wooden house; Creation and entrepreneurship are in Kinmen. 1890, Emperor Guangxu got married, unprecedented. Many countries sent gifts to congratulate him. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom presented a gift of combining Chinese and Western styles, "chime bells", engraved with China couplets. The sun and the moon are bright, and twelve o'clock is auspicious; Harmony between heaven and earth will celebrate Shoukang's 100 million years of prosperity. 2. The epoch-making Donglin Academy in Gu Xiancheng, Ming Dynasty: the sound of reading in the wind and rain, the sound is in the ear; Family affairs, state affairs and world affairs are all concerned. Wang Shouren's title Yu Qian Hangzhou Ancestral Temple: Holding the Milky Way with bare hands, all people follow the name of the universe; Castle peak buried bones, where to hang Yingxian? Hong Xiuquan: Destiny punishes evil and kills all demons, which is the naturalization day of Wan Li rivers and mountains; Wang Hess was angry and flew into a rage. The Sixth Army introduced him to show off his arrogance. The axe splits the new world; The sickle cut off Lao Gankun. CCTV 1984 collection: the straits are difficult to separate from each other, and * * * hopes for national reunification; The layout must be combined in the end, which is a long-term success. 3, strict symmetry, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is equal, and the corresponding parts generally do not need the same words. Content words are relative to content words, function words are relative to function words, nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, adverbs and locative words are relative. Structural similarity: subject-predicate structure, partial structure and coordinate structure. Content-related: The up and down links * * * express a specific topic. Flat on the contrary: upper flat and lower flat. Xu Nv of Songjiang in Qing Dynasty holds the title of West Lake Tomb: Castle Peak has the honor to bury loyal bones; White iron casts innocent courtiers. Photo by Huang Xing Huang Huagang Martyrs: Seventy-two athletes fought bloody battles in the spring; 40,000 trillion Guo Zi, worrying about the wet yellow flowers in autumn rain. Hong Chengchou and Guo: the elders of the two dynasties: sinners forever. Others: socialism is infinitely good; The party's policies warm people's hearts. Four modernizations red flag dance Dongfeng; Reflect red, east, west, north and south. Revolution broke out in the depths of the soul; Sweep all kinds of ghosts. 4. Highly generalized Han Xin Temple: a life-and-death confidant; Life and death are two women. Comfortable and beautiful sanitary napkins: everyone is considerate; The moon is warm. Guo Moruo wrote Du Fu Caotang in Chengdu: there are sores in the world and sages in the poems; The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent. Mochou Lake Alliance: Green water hibiscus occupies the whole lake and wins a game of chess; Look at the tortoise shells carved at the end of ancient times, Yan Shuangfei of Lujia Courtyard. Braun Vertebrae: I cherish Braun Vertebrae, and the vice car mistakes Qin Huang; Laugh at every household in Huaiyin, and there will always be a tyrant of Chu. 5. Pan-practical couplets are a kind of practical literature, which combines practicality and literariness. The stronger the literariness, the greater the practicality. Once formed and developed, couplets are widely used in all fields of social life, from emperors to dignitaries to ordinary people, from literati, experts and scholars to agriculture, industry, military and commerce. As far as the scope is concerned, from political and social productive labor, from marriage and birthday celebrations to social entertainment, from celebrating festivals to decorating the environment, major issues and minor issues are all involved. (4) Elements of couplets The most essential feature of couplets is antithesis. Without antithesis, there would be no couplets. The antithesis is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1, the number of words is equal, 2, the part of speech is the same, 3, the structure is similar, 4, the level of words is relative to 1, and the number of words is equal, that is, the number of words in the upper and lower parts must be equal to form a antithesis. If the first couplet is five words and the second couplet is six words, it is not a couplet. Of course, some people deliberately use couplets with different words to express a special meaning, such as: Yuan Shikai is eternal; China people for ten thousand years. It is said that this couplet was written by a prestigious scholar when Yuan Shikai died. At first glance, this couplet is one word less than the next one, so it can't be paired. The author's original intention is to say that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China. 2. Words or phrases with the same part of speech in the corresponding positions of the upper and lower couplet must have the same part of speech in order to form an antithesis. It means noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, preposition to preposition, auxiliary word to auxiliary word, etc. For example, the prince of Qing Dynasty wrote Mochou Lake: I hate to travel late, and I only ended up with 10 thousand withered lotus stems and a lake of autumn water; Ask who can live forever, unless it's a child of the Six Dynasties and a hero through the ages. The parts of speech of upper and lower couplets are exactly the same. Another example is: socialism is infinitely good; The party's policies warm people's hearts. This is the so-called "couplets" that can be seen everywhere in that special era. It doesn't have the same parts of speech at all, but a sentence with equal words. 3. The upper and lower couplets with similar structures must be roughly the same. The upper couplet is a subject-predicate structure, and the lower couplet should also be a subject-predicate structure. The upper couplet is a verb-object structure, and the lower couplet should also be a verb-object structure. The Chinese characters in the upper couplet are in parallel or oblique structure, and the corresponding positions in the lower couplet must also be in parallel or oblique structure. For example, "Sun and Moon" is a parallel structure relative to "rivers and mountains", and "Bright Moon" is a partial structure relative to "mountains". It is wrong to use "sun and moon" to represent "mountain". 4. Flat lines are relative to the flat lines in the upper and lower couplets. Because this form of couplets evolved from metrical poems, its metrical requirements are basically the same as those of metrical poems. If the couplet is flat, the last word of the couplet should be flat, and the last word of the couplet should be flat, but it is also extreme. Speaking of flat tones, here is a side note: Chinese is a tonal language, and the four tones of modern Chinese are flat tones, rising tones, rising tones and falling tones, of which the first two are flat tones and the last two are flat tones. The four tones of the ancient Han Dynasty were Ping, Shang (reading an umbrella), Go and Enter. There is only one flat tone, but there are three tones (ascending, descending and entering). Flat tone is flat tone (neither high nor low, neither rising nor falling), rising tone is rising tone, falling tone is falling tone and entering tone is short tone. There is a song about the ancient four tones in Kangxi Dictionary, which says, "The sound is flat and the road is not low, but the sound is strong and strong. "to declare a long way to mourn, the voice is short and urgent." It tells the general characteristics of ancient four tones. To give a few examples, Fu, Fu, Father, Fu, Ping, Hire, Chop Zhu, Zi, Sheng, Zhe, Zhou, Listening and Di have disappeared in modern Chinese, and the phonology of the Central Plains has "entered three tones", that is, it has merged into three tones, namely, Ping, Shang and Qu, and most of them are in the upper tone. However, Rusheng characters are a feature of ancient Chinese. Its tone is extremely short, and it is withdrawn as soon as it is exported. Its three tones of peace, ascending and descending are combined together, which plays a cadence musical beauty effect in metrical poems. It also plays its role in the creation of couplets. 5. The rhythm is consistent with the flow direction and rhythm of the upper and lower links. In the determination of rhythm, words can be "tied" according to rhythmic rhythm, and the rhythm point is in the even number of words used in the sentence, and a single word accounts for one section; It can also be followed by semantic rhythm, that is, there are similarities and differences with musical rhythm, and three or more words are not suitable for splitting, and their rhythm points are all in the last word. Parallel Prose Rhythm, Poetry Rhythm, Words Rhythm, Ancient Prose Rhythm, Semantic Rhythm, Parallel Prose Rhythm, Economic World; Clothes and quilts are all raw. —— Zhang Zhidong inscribed the layout of the white horse autumn wind; Apricot blossom and spring rain in Jiangnan. -Xu Beihong's poetic rhythm is that you have broadened your horizons by three hundred miles; You must go to Six Dynasties Mountain. As light as autumn chrysanthemum, why not thin; Plum blossoms in Qing dynasty were not afraid of cold. The word rhythm nourishes the righteousness of heaven and earth; Perfect ancient and modern laws. It is different from now to now; It is magical to integrate a hundred schools of thought. The rhythm of ancient Chinese prose and the affairs of brave people; Read from where there are no words. Climb a hundred feet to see the great rivers and mountains. If there is love in the sky, you should know how brave you are in all directions. Leave a piece of soil to win glory for the sun and the moon. No one will die. The only one who will make Mr. forever. -Anqing Semantic Rhyme Chashan Bamboo Sea Xu Xilin Martyrs Memorial Building, Taodou Cave House; Poetry is elegant and vivid, with beautiful words and wonderful articles written with flowers.