Look at the original poem first:
Lian Haiping is in the spring tide, and the bright moon on the sea is born in the tide. I drift thousands of miles, where there is no moon by the river! The river flows around Fangdian, and the moonlight shines on the flower forest like graupel. Frost flows in the air, you can't fly, but you can't see the white sand on the pavilion. There is no dust in the sky on the river, and there is a lonely moon in the sky. Who saw the moon by the river for the first time? When did Jiang Yue take the photo at the beginning of the year? Life is endless from generation to generation, and Jiang Yue is similar year after year. I don't know who Jiang Yue is waiting for, but I see the Yangtze River delivering water. The white clouds have gone, and Qingfeng is at a loss. Who will go boating tonight? Where do you miss Mingyue Building? Poor people wander upstairs for the moon, so they should leave someone to fill the mirror. The curtain of the jade pot could not be rolled up, but it was brushed back on the anvil. At this time, I don't know each other. I hope China will shine on you every month. Hongyan flies in the sky, and fish Long Qian jumps in the water. Last night, I dreamed that the idle pool had fallen, and the poor spring had not returned. In spring, the river flows away, and the pond falls in the moon and the west. The slanting moon hides the sea fog, and Jieshi Xiaoxiang Road is infinite. I don't know how many people return home every month, and the moon is full of rivers and trees.
First, the original composition structure
Moonlit Night on the Spring River is an ancient poem with seven words, which draws on some writing techniques of palace poems. Its composition structure is based on neatness and rigor, and it strives for change with patchwork. Thirty-six poems can be divided into nine groups, each with four sentences and one rhyme.
In terms of rhyme, before Zhang wrote this poem, the rhyme changes of poems created by people were random and irregular. However, the nine rhymes of this poem are varied: the first three groups use flat tones, the second and fourth groups use flat tones, then the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth groups all use flat tones, and finally end with flat tones, interspersed at will, and the tone is neat and not rigid. Long poems have become ups and downs in rhythm and are mostly imitated by later generations.
In sentence patterns, parallelism, duality and running water pairs are widely used, and the cohesion and integration are wonderful, and the article is full of charm.
Second, poetry and painting aesthetics
Moonlit Night on the Spring River was originally named Yuefu Song, which was said to have been written by Chen Houzhu in the Southern Dynasties. The original words have been lost. Zhang, on the other hand, takes spring, river, flowers, moon and night as the central content in the title of the song, which is unique. The first part describes the beautiful scenery of the Chunjiang River, the second part describes the feelings of facing Jiangyue, and the third part describes the departure of homesick wanderers in the world.
This poem begins with the moon and ends with the setting of the moon, echoing from beginning to end. Through the interlocking and continuous structure, we organize many scenery, such as the bright moon, rivers, green maple, white clouds, waterline, falling flowers, sea fog and so on, as well as various delicate feelings about women's wandering and missing. The spring river leads to the sea, the sea leads to the bright moon, and the bright moon leads to flowers and plants, which changes feelings and makes the poem perfect and rigorous and has repeated artistic effects.
The language of this poem is fresh and beautiful, and the rhythm is melodious. It washes away the thick powder of the palace poems, giving people a feeling of being clear, empty, beautiful and natural, which can be described as beautiful in artistic conception, profound in meaning and intriguing. Look at pictures and read poems, and bring people into the picture of poetry weaving. Before this poem, no one had ever written a round of Jiang Yue so poignantly. In the early Tang dynasty, when the development of poetry could not find a way forward, the moonlight on the riverside itself shone like a bright moon through the ages, illuminating the road of poetic rhyme in the prosperous Tang dynasty and gestating the glory of the poetic country. However, after this poem, no one can describe the moonlit night by the river so perfectly. The sea has changed, the moon is still there, and poetry is immortal.
Many famous sentences in this poem were quoted or adopted by later poets. For example, Cui Hao's "Yellow Crane Does Not Return to the World, White Clouds Never Fly Without Him" has the shadow of "White Clouds Wandering, Green Maple Too Sad"; Zhang Jiuling's "the moon is in the sky, and the horizon is * * * at this time" may come from "the spring tide is even the sea level, and the moon is bright at sea"; When will Li Bai's Blue Sky and Bright Moon come? I want to stop and ask ",Su Shi's When is the bright moon? Ask the sky for wine ",and" who saw the moon by the river first? " "When did Jiang Yue take the photo at the beginning of the year?" Traces of.
Third, profound philosophy of life.
In the country of Tang poetry, some people write beautiful pastoral landscapes, some write deep homesickness, and some write profound philosophy of life. But Zhang Xu, who can skillfully integrate scenery, emotion and reason into a poem, is the first person, which is unprecedented. It fills the gap in the history of China ancient poetry that the moon is the central medium, and both men and women love each other at the same time, and explore the universe and philosophy of life in the same poem. It has surpassed those simple landscape poems in thought and art.
When the poet stood by the river, looking at the endless sky and the bright moon, the empty night seemed so thorough and full of thoughts: "Who has seen the moon by the river?" When did Jiang Yue take the photo at the beginning of the year? "Question, created a poem to explore the philosophy of life and the mysteries of the universe. Generally speaking, it is great to write here, but the poet is not satisfied with it. He immediately answered an objective law of life and Jiang Yue: "Life is endless from generation to generation, and Jiang Yue is similar year after year. "This tells us that an individual's life is short, while human existence is relatively permanent. Although the poet is temporarily sad about life, it is not decadence and despair, but because of his pursuit and love for life.
"I don't know who Jiang Yue is waiting for, just watching the Yangtze River deliver water" is closely related to the previous sentence "looks similar". Life is passed down from generation to generation, and Jiang Yue does this year after year. A lonely moon lingers in the sky, as if waiting for someone, but it will never come true. In the moonlight, only the great river flows in the distance, which makes poetry have waves and pushes it to a far-reaching realm. As the saying goes, Jiang Yue is affectionate and running water is ruthless. The poet naturally turned his brushwork from the description of natural scenery in the first half to the perception of life scenes, and the moon and river in the second half led to the separation of men and women.
Therefore, the poems here are bright to read, full of philosophy of life and nature, and express a grand and heavy theme about time and space and the meaning of life. It gives people unlimited imagination and thinking. It can also be said that it is the climax of the whole poem and the pen of clear sky.
Fourth, a belated fair evaluation.
Zhang was born at the turn of the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but his birth and death years and life stories have not been recorded in detail. To trace his life course, we can only find it from the group of "Four Scholars of Wu Zhong", because he is one of them. But his fame is far less than that of the other three people's congresses, because Zhang Xu, one of the four people, is a famous calligrapher and is known as the "sage of grass". He was the top scholar in the Tang Dynasty and a famous poet. Even the most inconspicuous collection has been written into the biography of talents in Tang Dynasty.
However, there is no separate biography about Zhang in the history books. Later people learned through those limited information that she was born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, and the biggest official was only a soldier in Yanzhou. Not only that, but even Zhang's talent was buried together. In all the poetry collections in the Tang Dynasty, there are no poems by Zhang. Even the famous "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" was ignored by the Tang people.
Why is such a good poem buried in the sea of poems in the Tang Dynasty? Is it because the Tang people don't recognize his poems? Due to the limited information, it is impossible to verify these.
Zhang and his poems were first seen in Hu Yinglin's Poems in Wanli Period. Wang Kaiyun, who was the first to evaluate his poems in the late Qing Dynasty, called it "a solitary poem, but it is for everyone". Later, Wen Yiduo called "A Moonlit Night on the Spring River" as "a poem among poems, a peak on the peak" in the article "Redemption of Palace Poems". The most respected is contemporary, and some people call his poems "an orphan poem covering the whole Tang Dynasty".
There are still many different voices about the saying that "an orphan poem covers the whole Tang Dynasty", which is really inappropriate, so I still agree that it is more practical to say that this poem is "an orphan poem completely destroys the whole Tang Dynasty". In any case, people today generally admire and worship this poem.
label
Moonlit Night on the Spring River is a banner that changed from the elegant and elegant style of Qi and Liang Dynasties to the natural beauty in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is also an important milestone in the history of China's ancient poetry. It is a ladder for Tang poetry to reach its peak, a bridge between classical poetry and metrical poetry, which is of pioneering significance to Tang poetry and has an important position in literature. This also established Zhang's immortal position in the literary history of the Tang Dynasty.