What are the names of the four academies in China?

It includes: Hengyang Shigu Academy, Jiangxi Jiujiang Lushan Bailudong Academy, Hunan Changsha Yuelu Academy and Henan Shangqiu Yingtian Academy. Shigu Academy is the first of the four major academies in China, located in the national historical and cultural city and the second largest city in Hunan Province. It was founded in Tang Yuanhe five years ago and has a history of 1,2 years. The main buildings of the Academy include Wuhou Temple, Li Zhongjie Temple, Daguanlou, Qixian Temple, Hejiang Pavilion, Yubei Pavilion, Jingye Hall, Lingxingmen and Zhuling Cave. Steamed water flows out of the ring to the right, Hunan water flows to the left, leishui flows in front of it, and the three waters meet, heading down the Dongting. And the stone drum is just among them, crossing the river, and Qin Ran is indifferent. There are three scenic spots in Hengzhou: Stone Drum, Splendid Flowers in Jiangshan, Thousands of Poems in Zhuling Cave, and Hundred Wine Schools at the Bridge of Grass. Shek Kwu College has a stone drum about two meters high. In Jin Dynasty, Geng Zhongchu's Book of Watching Stones and Drums said, "The sound of a stone is hidden, and the thunder is shocking for nine days." Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty stated: "The stone drum is six feet high, and the Xiang water passes through it, and the drum sound is a matter of military revolution." Shigu Mountain is steep and straight, with strange scenery. It is known as the first scenic spot in Hunan. Hengyang, a famous city, is rich in humanities, and the Shi Guwen vein stretches for thousands of years. Shigu Academy is a thousand-year-old institution of learning that experienced the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and the Republic of China. The Academy has been expanded and renovated repeatedly, including Su Shi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi, Zhang Wei, Cheng Xun, Zheng Xiang, Zhan Ruoshui, Ye Zhao, Zou Shouyi, Mao Kun, Kuang Minben, Zhao Dazhou, Lin Xueyi, and others. Zhuge Liang, Luo Han, Li Daoyuan, Qi Ying, Yu Wenxuan, Du Fu, Lu Wen, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Fan Chengda, Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang, Xu Xiake, etc. came here one after another, or gave lectures, or wrote poems as notes, or carved inscriptions on walls, or found a range rover, which was spectacular. As the first of the four academies in the Song Dynasty and an important birthplace of Huxiang culture, Shigu Academy was once flourishing for thousands of years, and it was famous in the government and the public, enjoying a very high position in the history of academies, education and culture in China. As the saying goes, "when the stone is steamed, Hunan attacks the wrong jade, and the drum sounds like Hengyang Yuezhen Nantian"! Unfortunately, in July, 1944, Shigu Academy was destroyed by Japanese artillery fire in the defending battle of Hengyang. In June 26, Hengyang Municipal Government rebuilt Shigu Academy. The name of the stone drum says that the stone drum is empty on all sides and its shape is like a drum, hence the name. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty said: "The mountains are green and round, just like their drums, and the mountains are pure stone and soilless, so they are named after their shapes." On the other hand, it is because it is surrounded by water on three sides, and the water spray hits the stone, and its sound is like a drum. In the early Jin Dynasty, the poem "Watching the Stone Drum" said: "The sound of the stone is hidden, and the thunder is shocking for nine days." Judging from the Notes on Shui Jing, before Qin Dynasty, the name of the stone drum was recorded in the history books. There is a cave in the north of the mountain, named "Zhuling Back Cave". According to the Water Classic, "If there is a stone drum six feet long, and the Xiang water passes by, there will be a war", which means that if you hear the sound of Xiangjiang water in the "Zhuling Back Cave", there will be a war; "Listening to Rain in Xiaoxiang" records that this cave is a "spiritual cave" and a "relic of true immortals", where we pray for children and cure diseases. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang lived in Shigushan in the 2th year of Jian 'an (215), and was in charge of military taxes in Lingling, Changsha and Guiyang. Therefore, later generations built the Wuhou Temple in the south of Shigu Mountain (according to Xu Xiake's Travels), and then moved it to the side of Li Zhongjie Temple on Shigu Mountain, renamed it Wuhou Temple. There was Zhang Nanxuan's book Wuhou Temple (in regular script) in the temple, which was lost during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period. During the Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty (AD 627-65), Yu Wenxuan, the secretariat of Hengzhou, built Xixi on the east bank of Shigu as a tourist attraction, with the words "East Cliff" and "Xixi" engraved on the east and west coast walls; During the Tianbao period (742 ~ 755), Dong Feng, a famous Taoist priest, first settled in the "Zhuling Houdong" and cultivated Jiuhua Dan. In Du Fu's poem "Remembering Penance", there was a sentence of "Remembering Hengyang Dong Lian Shi". Lazy and disabled monks often come to the cave to live, also known as Zhulingxian Cave; Du Fu, the "Poet Saint", arrived in Hengzhou City twice in the middle of March in the 4th year of Dali (769) and in the summer of the 5th year of Dali, and each time he landed and left at the foot of Shigu Mountain, where he left several poems. When Du Fu left Hengzhou for the second time, he died in Tianyi Fang (now Longwang Temple in Blast Furnace Township, leiyang city) next to leishui, at the age of 59. In the 3rd year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (787), Qi Ying, the prime minister, was demoted to Hengzhou as a secretariat, and a pavilion was built in the east of the mountain, named "Hejiang Pavilion". In the first year of Shunzong Yongzhen (85), Han Yu, a great writer, traveled from Guangdong to Hubei, passing through Hengzhou. Qi Ying asked Han Yu to write the famous preface to Hejiang Pavilion for this pavilion. "Hong Ting pillow Xiangjiang River, and the steaming water will be left. A bird's-eye view of the forest is wide and green. ..... ",later generations built the" Green Net Pavilion "to commemorate Han Yu. The land is spread by people, and the stone drum has gained great fame, making it a place of pilgrimage for later literati and poets. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong Yuanhe (86-82), Lu Wen, the secretariat of Hengzhou, who was known as "one of the eight great poets in the Tang Dynasty", expanded and renovated the Hejiang Pavilion during his tenure. Li Kuan, a scholar in Hengyang (in the Tang Dynasty, the scholar was the highest honor, equivalent to the current "academician"), built a house next to Hejiang Pavilion and named it "Seeking Truth" (Li Kuan Zhongxiucai Academy), where he studied carefully and became the prototype of Shigu Academy. Lu Wen, the secretariat, visited it and wrote a diary about it in "Looking for the True View of Li Kuan Zhongxiucai Academy with Gong's Summer Topic". In 978, the year of Taiping and Xingguo in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyi, Song Taizong, gave the "Shigu Academy" a plaque and a study field (Zhu Xi's "Shigu Academy": "From the beginning of the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, Li Kuan, a native of the state, gave it a gift at the beginning of the country." "The History of Stone Drum in the Dynasty of China" is a story: "The general examination amount of case documents was given in the second year of Taizong Taiping Xingguo, which was combined with Zhu Zi's record of the beginning of the country"); In the third year of Song Zhidao (997), Li Shizhen, a native of Hengzhou County, gave lectures in Shigu Academy and recruited disciples, making Shigu Academy a formal academy. Song Renzong Jingyou 2 years (135), Liu Ling, who served as the school manager of Jixian Temple, served as the magistrate in Hengzhou. At this time, he reported the story of Shigu Academy to the emperor. After Song Renzong read it, he gave him the "Shigu Academy". As Shigu Academy was awarded the title of "exclusive" by the Emperor of the Song Dynasty twice, it entered the "heyday" period of Shigu Academy and became the first of the four famous academies in China at that time, along with Suiyang (also known as Yingtianfu Academy), Yuelu and Bailudong. At that time, many celebrities from all over the country came here to give lectures; Such as writer Su Shi and Zhou Dunyi, the originator of Neo-Confucianism. In the 14th year of Emperor Xiaozong Chunxi (1187), Neo-Confucianism masters Zhu Xi and Zhang Wei gave lectures here, and Zhu Xi wrote "Shigu Academy"; Zhang Wei set up a monument in the pavilion and personally wrote Han Yu's poems "Hejiang Pavilion" and "Shigu Academy". Later generations carved this into a monument and placed it in Shigu Academy, which was called "Three Juebei". In the 4th year of Emperor Renzong's reign (144), Shigu Academy became the official institution of Hengzhou Road, with a full professor, who mainly taught students with Confucian classics. In the first month of the 1th year of Emperor Zong Xianchun's reign (1274), when Wen Tianxiang, a national hero in the Southern Song Dynasty, was in Hengzhou, he wrote a poem "Hejiang Pavilion": "The quail's tail is famous in the sky, but the tiger's head is said on earth. The spring breeze is full of twists and turns, and the water is two or three continents. ……”； In the twelfth year (1185), Pan Tianqing, the envoy of the Ministry, built several houses on the original site, and the list was impressive. "People from all over the world will be interested in learning, but those who are disdainful of class tests will live there." He left unfinished. Song Ruoshui, who was sentenced to punishment, became a statue of a sage and a teacher, and was collected in imperial academy and other states for printing. Zhu Jia, please make a note, telling students not to be confused by the fame and fortune of the imperial examination, but to distinguish between righteousness and benefit and to be interested in "learning for themselves." When Daixi was the head of the mountain, he told the students about The Analects of Confucius, and there were three volumes of Questions and Answers to the Analects of Shigu. For seven years, Professor Lin Tian Jingxue and Professor Shan Chang Fan spent three years, "mending and creating classics", Dingxin Academy, and published 4 volumes of "The Complete Solution of Shangshu". In the Southern Song Dynasty, in 1259, the Academy was destroyed by fire. In the first year of Jingding (126), Yu Yan was sentenced (a work of Yu Yan) and ordered Li, the head of the mountain, to visit "sweeping the floor to renew", "restoring the old concept", opening up gardens, raising high-rise buildings, and taking articles from Mingde Xinmin, so as to promote his righteousness for all students, and to be heard again, so as to inspire the style of scholars. Huang Wo was sentenced to another 35 mu of land, "to support his disciples". At the end of the Song Dynasty, Guo Mian, a famous musician, once lived on Shigu Mountain. He went boating on the Xiangjiang River and created the famous piano music "Xiaoxiang Water Cloud (Fog)". Yuan dynasty, continue to run schools. However, in the 19th year of Zhiyuan (1292), its land was seized by the monks of Lingyan Temple, and it was returned only after 62 years of disputes between Deng Dabai, Wang Fu, Kang Zhuang and Cheng Jingzhi. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, it was destroyed by fire. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Shigu Academy continued to expand. In the 11th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1413), the Academy was rebuilt in the history of the magistrate for tourism scholars, and a ceremony hall was set up to offer sacrifices to Confucius, and a shrine was built to offer sacrifices to Han Yu and Zhang Wan. During the years of Tianshun and Hongzhi, it was repaired. In the fourth year of Zhengde (159), Ye Zhao was the head of the mountain, stressing the sage's knowledge of body and mind and morality, clarifying doubts and explaining subtlety. Philosopher, educator and calligrapher Zhan Ruoshui came to the Academy to talk about the theory of "consciousness", and Zou Shouyi, a descendant of Wang Shouren, a philosopher and educator, also came to advocate the theory of "conscience". In the twenty-eight years, Cai Runan, the magistrate, took the academy as the "place where Zhu Xi, Zhang Wei, Zhan Ruoshui and Zou Shouyi passed their families". He reorganized the academy, entered into a statute, and published Notes on Classics, Arguments between Heng Ting and Tai Chi Quiz, etc. Zhao Dazhou, Pilumen and other "famous men in the country" were also invited to give lectures, and the scholars listened, "It's like a pity for Zou Luzhu." . Xu Hongzu, a famous geographer, described the scenery of the stone drum in detail in his Travels of Xu Xiake. In 1612, the governor of Wanli observed Deng Yunxiao's overhaul academy, which was built with lecture hall, jingyitang hall, Huilan hall, large-scale, high-rise buildings, mainstay workshops, Lingxingmen, Fenglu, Langlang, Yubei, Hejiang pavilions and other "temples and shrines". In his youth, Wang Chuanshan wrote many poems praising Shigu Academy. At the end of Ming dynasty, the academy was destroyed by fire again. Hong Chengchou, the minister of economy and management of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, took Shigu Academy as a military command post. In the same year, Yuan Kuoyu, the governor of Pianyuan, played the Qing court and applied for the reconstruction of Shigu Academy. Yu Tianpu, the magistrate of Hengyang County, was specifically responsible for the restoration project. At this time, there are Hejiang Pavilion, Yuwang Monument, Wuhou Temple, Daguanlou, Lecture Hall, Loyalty Festival Temple and Seven Immortals Temple on the mountain. Shigu Academy was the first academy allowed to be restored by the Qing government. During this period, the academy was imperial, and Shigu Academy became the base for teaching and cultivating imperial examination talents. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Zhang Qixun, the magistrate, expanded more than 2 buildings, and "those who pulled out the scholars graduated from school, and tried them twice a month, and the scholar's style was the most prosperous." In the twenty-eight years, Cui Ming, the magistrate, donated money to "increase what he was not prepared for" and "it is difficult to analyze the doubts when he leads the mentoring to help the ancient and present". On the second floor of the Seven Immortals Temple, Yanggao and Daguan, there are dedicated halls, Zuoyuxuan, Haorantai, Hejiang Pavilion and East-West Zhai Rooms, etc., which are "full of beauty, towering over Danbi, and taking on a great view". There are many temporary choices, such as Chen Zhengya, Yu Tingsong, Lin Xueyi, Yi Tingyan, Ying Luo, all famous scholars in Hunan, but most of them are aided by the imperial examination. From September of the 3rd year of Xianfeng (1853) to the 1st month of the 4th year of Xianfeng (1854), Zeng Guofan and Peng Yulin founded the Xiang Navy in Hengzhou, stationed in Shigu, and the water near Shigu Academy became the cradle of modern navy in China. In the 28th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (192), Shigu Academy was changed to Hengyang Official Middle School, and in the 3th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (194), it was changed to Hunan South Road Normal School. During the Republic of China, it was changed to "Hengjun Women's Vocational School" and "Hunan Provincial Third Normal School" (Hunan Third Normal School). Later, because Shigu Mountain could not meet the requirements of the new school, the school was moved to Jin 'ao Mountain. At this time, Shigu Academy has become a scenic and cultural attraction for people to visit and worship. In July 1944, the original buildings, pavilions, pavilions, shrines and other buildings of Shigu Academy were burned by the Japanese in the Hengyang Defence War that shocked China and foreign countries. Therefore, there are many inscriptions of Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties in the site. In 1964, when Tao Zhu, the first secretary of the Central South Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, visited Hengyang, he asked for the restoration of places of interest in Hengyang, such as Shigu Academy and Huiyan Peak. At that time, due to historical conditions, the municipal party committee and government only cultivated tree flower beds, built pavilions and pavilions, and built a stone drum park on the ruins, which could not restore the buildings and exhibitions at that time. In 1998, when the Ministry of Post issued the stamps of "Ancient Academies", that is, the four major academies in the Song Dynasty, it visited Shigu Academy in advance, but eventually it was replaced by Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan Province, because it only saw rocks and did not see the academy. In 29, the launching ceremony of special stamps of Shigu Academy was held in Shigu Academy Square, Hengyang City, Hunan Province. There are four special stamps of "Ancient Academy (II)" issued by China Post Group Corporation, namely Shigu Academy in Hunan, Anding Academy in Jiangsu, Ehu Academy in Jiangxi and Dongpo Academy in Hainan. Each stamp has a face value of 1.2 yuan, which is designed by Fan Ceng, a famous contemporary Chinese painting master and Zou Yuli, a famous painter in China, and expressed in the form of Chinese painting. After nearly ten renovations, Shigu Academy tried to keep its original appearance. Now Shigu Academy is mainly composed of Yubei Pavilion, Wuhou Temple, Li Zhongjie Temple, Daguanlou, Hejiang Pavilion and Zhuling Cave. Entering Shigu Academy, passing through the gate and walking through the promenade, Yubei Pavilion comes into view. There is a couplet inscribed on the pavilion column of Yu Monument: "Tadpoles connect into dots, and heaven and earth spread great texts". This couplet is inscribed by Shi Mu, a famous modern calligrapher in China. In the center of Yu Monument Pavilion, there is a Yu Monument made by Tadpoles. The Yu Monument was carved in Goulou Peak, Hengshan Mountain, Nanyue, which was first written by Zhao Ye in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Later, it has been recorded repeatedly. The Yubei Pavilion in Shigushan, Hengyang was built in 1581, the ninth year of Ming Wanli, and is located in the south of Shigushan. Yang Shen's interpretation of Yu tablet in Ming Dynasty was also placed here. Passing through the Yubei Pavilion, I came to the second gate of Shigu Academy, and saw the couplet of seal script "On the famous Buddha; There is a deep relationship between Shigu Mountain and Taoist culture. Later, Shigu Academy was established with the "Four Books and Five Classics" as the orthodox teaching material. This couplet is a true portrayal of Shigu Academy. Through the second door, I saw two ancestral temples, Wuhou Temple on the right and Li Zhongjie Gong Temple on the left. Wuhou Temple and Li Zhongjie Gong Temple had little connection with Shigu Academy, but as the deeds of these two heroes all happened in Shigu Mountain, they were moved to Shigu Academy. Yuelu Academy was founded in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (973), Zhu Dong took Shangshu as the governor of Tanzhou. In view of the numerous temples and temples under Baohuang Cave in Yuelu Mountain in Changsha and the quiet environment, he accepted Liu Ao's suggestion and founded Yuelu Academy on the basis of the original schools run by monks. The newly-established academy is divided into five lecture halls and fifty-two dormitories, in which the lecture hall is the place where teachers give lectures and the Zhai Hall is the place where students usually study and stay. The pattern of Yuelu Academy, which has a lecture hall in the middle and a series of houses in the east and west, has been passed down to this day. There are 5 lecture halls and 52 study rooms. In the second year of Song Taizong Xianping (999), Li Yun was appointed as the governor of Tanzhou. On the one hand, he continued to expand the scale of the academy, adding a library and a "ceremony hall" (also known as "Confucius Hall"), and "sculpting the image of ten philosophers and painting seventy-two sages"; On the one hand, it actively obtained the support of the court for Yuelu's promotion of learning, so as to promote the greater development of the academy. In the fourth year of Xianping (11), the imperial court gave the Yuelu Academy books for the first time, including the classic books such as Interpretation of Literature, Yi Shu, Historical Records, Jade Pieces and Tang Yun. At that time, the formal quota of college students was more than 6, which laid the basic pattern of the college. In the fifth year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (112), Zhou Shi, a scholar, served as the head of the mountain and presided over Yue.