What role did the Hanlin Academy play in ancient times?

The earliest is the Tang Dynasty. To put it bluntly, it is a place where talents are abundant and serve the imperial power. Those who go in are all learned people, but they have no political power. Hanlin is a forest of literati, which means literary garden. The word Hanlin first appeared in Yang Xiong's Yang Changfu. With its famous ministers, it began in the Tang Dynasty. The Imperial Academy in the Tang Dynasty was an institution established in China in the Tang Dynasty for people with various artistic talents. In the early Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty chose courtiers who were good at writing and lived in Hanlin to draft the imperial edict system, and then gradually evolved into an important institution to draft the confidential imperial edict system. The incumbent was called the imperial edict. The system of drafting imperial edicts was originally the full-time job of calligraphers in China, but Tang Xuanzong felt that the system of drafting imperial edicts by calligraphers in China was difficult to keep secret and meet urgent needs, so he once selected close officials who were good at literature to serve as imperial edicts in the Hanlin Academy to draft urgent imperial edicts (and write poems). In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), Hanlin College was built for those who drafted imperial edicts. Servants are called Hanlin Bachelor (hereinafter referred to as Bachelor) and have no rank. At first, there were no posts. Later, according to the example of Mr. Scheeren in China's book, six bachelors were appointed, and one of them was chosen as a successor with deeper qualifications. After the Anshi Rebellion, military affairs were frequent, and the position of Hanlin bachelor became more and more important. He not only divided the right to give up the Chinese book in drafting the imperial edict system, but also divided the right of the prime minister in the intrigue between aides and staff. After Tang Xianzong, Bachelor of Hanlin was often promoted to Prime Minister. After the establishment of the bachelor's college, there is a clear division of labor with the Zhongshu Sheren College. The bachelor drafted a military imperial edict system, such as the appointment and removal of ministers, the announcement of Amnesty, and the order of conquest, which was called internal system; What Mr. Scheeren drafted in his Chinese book is the appointment and dismissal of ordinary officials and routine proclamations, which is called the diplomatic system. There are two envoys in the academy who are eunuchs (or envoys of the Imperial Academy), which play the role of communication between the emperor and the Imperial Academy and have great political influence. At the end of Jin Dynasty, in the fifth year of Tianfu (940), he announced the abolition of Hanlin's bachelor degree, and the right to draft imperial edict system was returned to China calligraphers, but it was quickly restored. Song Dynasty Song Dynasty established a bachelor's college along the Tang Dynasty, also known as Hanlin Bachelor's College, sometimes called Hanlin Academy. In fact, the Hanlin bachelor served as the emperor's adviser, and many prime ministers were selected from the Hanlin bachelor. The Hanlin bachelor in the early Northern Song Dynasty also had no rank. After Yuanfeng's political reform, Bachelor's Hanlin and Bachelor's Hanlin became official posts, and they were not allowed to hold other official posts, specializing in drafting internal systems, such as taking the title of knowledge system. Because the bachelor's college in Tang Dynasty was separated from imperial academy, it was sometimes called imperial academy in Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there appeared another imperial academy who specialized in worshipping art, but he had nothing to do with imperial academy, a bachelor's college. Xixia set up Hanlin bachelor's college, and its officials included bachelor's degree. Among the officials in northern Liaoning, there is the Imperial Academy, which is in charge of Chinese documents and prison affairs. The officers are Hanlin Bachelor and Hanlin Bachelor. Jin Tiande three years (1 15 1), set up Hanlin bachelor's college, set up Hanlin bachelor's career, Hanlin bachelor's degree and so on. , and is responsible for drafting letters and other matters. Hanlin Academy Xixia, Liao, Jin and Yuan Xixia all had Hanlin Academy, and officials all had bachelor's degrees. Among the southern officials in Liao Dynasty, there was the Hanlin Academy, which was in charge of Chinese documents and prison affairs, and officials included the Hanlin bachelor and Hanlin bachelor's career. Rulers set up Hanlin bachelor's college, Hanlin bachelor's career, Hanlin bachelor's degree, and so on. The Imperial Academy, the National History Academy and the Mongolian Imperial Academy were established in the Yuan Dynasty, and the officials were the same as those in the Jin Dynasty, who were responsible for writing letters patent, compiling national history and translating letters. Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty is the golden age of rapid development of Hanlin Academy. Officially named the original Imperial Academy as the Imperial Academy, which has nothing to do with miscellaneous sacrifices such as Quyi and geisha. In charge of the preparation of letters patent, historical records, literary works, examination system, detailed documents and emperor's advisers. The chief officer is a bachelor of Hanlin, including a bachelor of reading, a bachelor of lecturing, an editor, a proofreader and other officials. And Jishi Shu who is qualified to be an academician. In the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Academy was designated as a five-level yamen. Hanlin's rank is very low, but he is regarded as a noble choice. If Hanlin enters the Wen Yuan Pavilion to participate in the secret, it will be even more expensive. In the Qing Dynasty, imperial academy was established because of the Ming system. There are two bachelors in my home school, one is Manchu and the other is Han, starting from the second grade. The bachelor of Qing Zhangyuan is not responsible for literary writing, but is the nominal chief of officials below the bachelor's degree, which is different from the bachelor of Hanlin in Tang and Song Dynasties. However, an official is not only easier to be promoted than other officials, but also takes the south study and the upper study. Because of the emperor, the prince and the nearest prince, they are given preferential treatment and good treatment. The duties of the Hanlin Academy are as follows: (1) Giving lectures on banquet days: Every autumn, a banquet ceremony is held. First of all, the Imperial Academy will list eight lecturers (the principal lecturer is below bachelor's degree and the deputy lecturer is above Imperial History). The official of the Han Dynasty invited the emperor to send four people to speak as a toast, including Hanlin Bachelor, Shangshu, Assistant Minister, Cabinet Bachelor, James, Du Shi Bachelor, Shi Jiang Bachelor and imperial academy. (2) The imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty, after palace examination handed down all subjects, did not send the list of new scholars to imperial academy, and imperial academy invited the imperial examination to Baohe Hall. (3) On the history of writing: His works include congratulatory messages, conferring titles (concubines), conferring titles (princes), inscriptions, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In addition, the compilation of book history, such as factual records, hadith, biographies, jade records, etc., is either undertaken by the Hanlin Academy or sent by the Hanlin Academy to compile and revise. Editing and collating the history of books is the main responsibility of the officials of the Academy. (4) Looking up historical books and keeping records: Six historical books compiled according to the little red book (sent to the cabinet) and keeping records. In order to prevent "sloppy play", two Hanlin officials are sent to check every year. (5) Inspection of officials' homework: The official schools in Zongren House, Jueluo, Xian 'an Palace and Eight Banners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs all sent Hanlin officials to inspect their homework. (6) Check Fan Liyuan's files: Fan Liyuan's files are very important and must be sorted out at any time. For example, in order to attach importance to it, the Hanlin Academy sent an Hanlin official to inspect it. (7) Attending classes: In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1660), it was ordered that Hanlin officials, who belonged to the minister of literary service, should be left behind in different classes for consultation, and a duty room was set up in Jingyunmen, where Hanlin officials worked in different classes. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi (A.D. 1693), the Hanlin official was appointed to the post of Shangshufang. In the eighth year of Daoguang (AD 1828), he was placed on duty in Yuanmingyuan. (8) Attendants: In the ninth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1652), it was decided that the emperor would visit the capital and the palace, and imperial academy would send someone to accompany him. (nine) as a provincial civil and military examination, senior high school entrance examination, palace examination examiner, reader; After passing the provincial examination in Shuntian, he served as the supervisor, deputy examiner, assistant marking and assistant lecturer of bachelor. After obtaining the provincial and township examinations, people below the undergraduate level and editors can serve as examiners. During the examination, the bachelor's degree in charge of the school serves as the examiner, and the following students serve as the examiner. Martial arts candidates, waiters and lecturers can all serve as examiners. (10) Examining and teaching Jishi Shu: Jishi Shu is listed as the title of teacher, and those with excellent knowledge are selected as primary school teachers from reading, lecturing, editing and reviewing. In imperial academy, there is a church hall and a waiting hall. The library is responsible for memorials, document delivery, management of officials and officers, and keeping books. Canon calligraphy Han 1 person, Confucius Manhan 1 person, and several people in calligraphy style (40 people, 4 people in Han army, working in two halls). To be summoned: there are two people in charge of writing and collating, two Han people, two Han people, and several pen paste bodies. Translate chapters, literature and history when managing the school; Han is waiting for the imperial edict to collate and write history.