Question 2: What is the unified script of Qin Dynasty called Xiao Zhuan?
After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 1 year ago), Xiao Zhuan implemented the policy of "writing is similar, cars are on the same track", and Prime Minister Li Si was responsible for the unified measurement. On the basis of the original script of the Qin Dynasty's Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan simplified it, canceled the other six scripts, and created a unified Chinese writing form. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD) and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complicated strokes and simple form, twists and turns can be added at will. Seal script has always been used in seal engraving, especially for official seals that need anti-counterfeiting.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chinese characters in different countries [1] were different in simplicity and complexity, and their glyphs were diverse. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he ordered the Qin Dynasty's Biography as the standard to unify the national characters. Seal script, also known as "seal script", is a combination of small seal script and big seal script. Because it is customary to call seal script "big seal script", later generations often refer to it exclusively.
Question 3: What are the names of the people after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries? "In the Qin Dynasty, it was common to use multiple fonts in parallel. The ancients concluded that there were eight fonts in the Qin Dynasty: "Shu Qin has eight fonts, one is Da Zhuan, the other is Xiao Zhuan, the third is seal cutting, the fourth is insect script, the fifth is copying, the sixth is official script, the seventh is dead script, and the eighth is official script. "These eight fonts are not idle for Qin people to learn calligraphy, but because of different uses and different writing tools. For example, the words engraved on weapons, because the metal is hard and inconvenient to engrave, have become less tortuous "engraved" bodies. Li Si carved stone with official style, and after its evolution and perfection, it was called "Xiao Zhuan" by later generations. Officials use a brush to write official documents. Because of the tight time and large amount of writing, it is less than the official one, which forms an "official book". With the development of writing tools, some fonts in Qin Zhuan Ba body are no longer used, while others have continued. This is the case with Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu. Official script prevailed in the Han Dynasty, but Xiao Zhuan was always used for imperial seal, official seal and famous seal. Until the decline of official script in the Tang and Song Dynasties, regular script and running script prevailed, and Xiaozhuan was still used for seal cutting. " -step by step.
I didn't read much, and I didn't find that document saying that Qin Shihuang asked the whole country to use Xiao Zhuan uniformly. Many stone carvings in Qin dynasty were carved with seal script, but a large number of official documents unearthed in Qin dynasty were written with official script. So I agree with the following view: Qin Shihuang's unification of characters is to abolish all kinds of forms different from Qin characters in six countries, rather than using a certain font in a unified way. In other words, Qin Shihuang unified words, not fonts.
Question 4: What is the name of the script after Qin Shihuang's reunification? After Qin Shihuang unified China, he unified the national characters into Xiao Zhuan.
The Warring States script can be divided into two systems: the Six Kingdoms script and the Qin script. "Six-nation script" refers to the scripts of six countries, including North Korea, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Chu and Yan, and small countries such as Zhongshan, Yue and Teng. The most obvious features are the random simplification of strokes and the confusion of physical structure. Qin Shu is close to the orthodox inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is more rigorous and unified. Later people called it "Shu Shu" or "Da zhuan". In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the Qin Dynasty. In order to consolidate the rule, the Qin Dynasty took a series of measures to eliminate various institutional differences between the former vassal states, including "the same language with different names", that is, unifying the different characters used by the former vassal states into Xiao Zhuan. It is generally believed that regular script was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty and running script was formed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Question 5: What is the standard font after Qin Shihuang unified Chinese characters? In fact, before Qin Shihuang unified the characters, there were many ways to write the characters of Qin State. For example, in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the word "Qin" in the State of Qin was written from Shuanghe and some from Sanhe. By the end of the spring and autumn period, the language differences between countries were getting bigger and bigger. It is difficult to see the inheritance relationship between Hou Ma Meng characters in Jin State and inscriptions in Western Zhou Dynasty. But in any case, the characters of Six Kingdoms and Qin originated from the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so they are still homologous. Only the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty are still hieroglyphics, and the position and shape of the radicals are not uniform, which is later. Only at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qin's own culture was very underdeveloped, so it took the Western Zhou civilization in one stroke. Under the dual effects of utilitarianism and conservatism in Qin culture, Qin characters become the most standardized characters, while the six-country characters are casual, concise and difficult to identify. If you want to see a little more vivid in this respect, I can introduce you to several kinds of Chu seal and ink seal. You can look at the bamboo slips of Guodian, the "official" inscriptions of Chu, the inscriptions of Ding and Sanjin, the inscriptions of Hou Ma Meng, and Zheng Zuokuge, the most complete text of Qin State. The inscriptions of epigraphy include, Gui and Mo Zhuan.
Question 6: What is the standard font after Qin Shihuang's unification?
Question 7: Why did Qin Shihuang unify the writing? The second line is safe and sound, and the six countries have different words for safe and sound. This paragraph of writing is not unified because there are too many variants and simplified words, which are simplified at will and a homonym is written at will, which leads to the inconsistency of writing. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he unified the writing. After reunification, all horses in the world wrote this way, and so did those who were safe. These two sentences are Ma He 'an in Biography. This shows that during the Warring States period, the personalities of the six countries were very different. The difference in personality brings a big problem. What problems does it bring? The confusion of words, even illegible, is in trouble. If Qin Shihuang wrote an imperial edict, Qin Shihuang's imperial edict was written in Qin's words, which I didn't know in Zhao or in Korea. How do you think this imperial edict will be implemented? So Qin Shihuang unified the writing for two reasons. First, the text itself is chaotic. The second is to facilitate the unification of government decrees, which is the most important purpose. In fact, Qin Shihuang unified the characters, and his fundamental starting point was to consolidate unity. Don't ask Qin Shihuang to be a "Fengtian mothership, the emperor said". People can't even understand these eight words. What are you talking about? There's nothing to say. Therefore, the unification of characters is the premise of the unification of government decrees, and the unification of government decrees is a necessary measure to ensure national unity. Therefore, Qin Shihuang made great efforts to unify the characters. So, how did Qin Shihuang unify the characters? What about him with unified measurement? Wang Liqun, a professor at Henan University, is a guest in Lecture Room, giving you a wonderful account of the 28th episode of Qin Shihuang's unified system in Wang Liqun Reading Historical Records. ) politically and organizationally, we should consider whether such a large place can be controlled. What about culture and economy? Culturally, the important measure is to unify the characters, which involves three aspects. First, why? Second, what should be used to unify? What do you think of this matter? The premise is the confusion of words, and the words in the world have not been unified during the Warring States period. It is because there are too many simplified characters in variant forms, which are arbitrary and lead to disunity. Unity after the unification of the six countries. Take a problem to an unrecognizable level. The text itself is chaotic, which facilitates the unification of government decrees. The unification of laws and regulations is a necessary measure for world unification. Second, how to unify? First, abolish six languages at once and formulate a unified writing standard. It can only be written by hand and must be abolished and re-formulated. There is an important record that Xu Shen wrote Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty in an orderly way. "In the early years of Qin Shihuang, Li Si, the prime minister, toyed with it. When he disagreed with Qin Wen, he wrote Cang Xie, CZ ordered Zhao Gao to write a calendar, and the Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write a book of learning, all of which were printed with historical books or quite saved, so-called small seals." Generally speaking, he said that he wanted to unify the characters, only different characters, and then he wrote three standardized character books, which are now lost. All you can see is the carved stone during the parade, and the words on the tablet are all written by Reese. The stone carvings on Mount Tai are neat and beautiful, and difficult to write and recognize. The characters on many unearthed bamboo slips are not Xiao Zhuan, but Qin Li. Some people think that Biography and Qin Li are both used. The difference between them is neatness and harmony, but it is more troublesome to write. The official script is concise and the silkworm head is swallowtail. Qin Shihuang used seal script, which I think is the first in prose and the second in stone carving. Both of them are Xiao Zhuan, which only shows that Xiao Zhuan is unified. Why can you dig official script? One view advocates both; My view is that the use of Xiao Zhuan failed, and the general development is as follows: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan, Li Shu and Kai Shu. Words are used for communication, and their vitality depends on whether they are easy to write and recognize. I think Xiao Zhuan is beautiful but not easy to use, so there are official scripts. First, what is official script? In the Western Jin Dynasty, someone wrote a man named Cheng Miao, who found it difficult to write with Xiao Zhuan, so he invented an official script to replace him. Qin Shihuang found him and pardoned him, so he called it official script. I don't agree. Official script means subordinate. This is a simple form of writing. It belongs to Da Zhuan, and it is reformed in the process of writing. What we put forward today is also advocated by a few people in academic circles, but I think it is in line with reality. Official script has existed for a long time in Qin dynasty. For example, the Qingchuan wooden slips found in Sichuan in 1980 are proclamation, and the characters "three" and "two" are very close to today's official script, which shows that the style of official script appeared in Qin Wuwang period, and the practice of unifying characters is correct, but there are also mistakes. Instead of using the best writing method, it is unified with the most beautiful one. Beautiful but not practical. Therefore, Qin Shihuang promoted Xiao Zhuan, but it was not accepted by the people. Qin Shihuang loved beauty, even in words, with good intentions. The characters are popular, regular and unpretentious. If it violates this, don't use it. We must affirm the advantages of unified writing ... >>