. ┗━━┓▅ How to read ▅┏━━┛.
1. Zhuge Liang: Look at the general approach. ●
Zhuge Liang, in the eyes of the world, is the embodiment of a wise man. However, Zhuge Liang in Luo Guanzhong's "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a literary figure, and in some places he is deified. Zhuge Liang in Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" is a real historical figure.
"Three Kingdoms" records such a thing: Zhuge Liang, Xu Shu, Shi Guangyuan, and Meng Gongwei studied together, but they had different styles and methods of reading. Xu, Shi and Meng "worked on mastery", while Zhuge Liang "only looked at the broad outline".
“Aim to become proficient” means to read carefully and intensively, strive to understand thoroughly, and be thoroughly familiar with it. "Single view and broad outline" means that Zhuge Liang's reading method is different from the other three and is unique; he grasps the spiritual essence of the book from a high level as a whole without getting entangled in branch issues. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang is superior to others in both fighting and studying.
How to specifically learn and apply Zhuge Liang's "observation of the outline" reading method?
Middle-aged scholar Wang Xongxong has conducted research on this issue. He believes that to master the rough reading method, “there are five important things: [1] You must have a certain degree of philosophical accomplishment and be good at summarizing and refining. [2] 〕It is necessary to get into the book, but also to stand on the book and think independently. 〔3〕Always pay attention to the most advanced knowledge and stand at the forefront of knowledge in this subject. 〔4] Understand the most basic concepts, theorems, and principles. Especially the key ones. 〔5〕 Proficient in materialist dialectics. ”
2. Tao Yuanming: Don’t ask for a perfect solution. ●
Tao Yuanming, the great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote an article "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", which said: "If you are good at reading, you don't ask for a deep understanding; whenever you have an idea, you will happily forget to eat." This is actually Mr. Tao's request " "Mr. Wu Liu" uses his own words to describe his reading life and explain his views on reading.
Tao Yuanming's reading method of "not asking for deep explanations" has always had mixed reviews. Those who disagree think that Tao Yuanming advocates a careless and superficial approach, which is an irresponsible attitude. Of course, there are also those who agree with Tao Yuanming's method. For example, Li Zhi, a man from the Yuan Dynasty, said: "Those who do not ask for a deep understanding are said to be proud of talking nonsense, and it is not as good as an old scholar who only listens to every chapter and sentence." What Li Zhi means is: Tao Yuanming's view of reading "without seeking a deep understanding", It can be called a wise saying, unlike some pedantic nerds who stick to chapters and sentences without achieving anything.
Is Tao Yuanming’s method of reading without asking for deep explanations advisable? There is no need to jump to conclusions. Let us first carefully examine Tao Yuanming's reading background and analyze the original meaning of his words. The problem will become much clearer.
When Tao Yuanming recalled the scene of studying in his boyhood, he said: "There are few people in young people, and the best way to travel is the Six Classics." It can be seen that he has been studying Confucian classics since he was a child. What he said is good at reading naturally refers to reading the classics. Historical classics. When reading classics and history books, you must read annotations. However, the annotations written by some classics scholars in the Han Dynasty were lengthy, empty and cumbersome, and were thousands of miles away from the topic. For example, there was a person from Xiao Xiahou School who wrote more than 100,000 words just to explain the two words "Yao Canon". This is a very bad style of study. What benefit can those pedantic explanations that extract chapters and sentences and make far-fetched information have on reading? Not only is it useless, but it is harmful and will interfere with the appreciation and understanding of the original meaning of the book.
Therefore, Tao Yuanming’s point of view of “not asking for a thorough explanation” is very targeted. He believes that there is no need to spend a lot of energy studying worthless annotations, but should pay attention to reading the original work and understanding the basic content of the original work. From this point of view, it would be wrong to put the label of "advocating carelessness" on Mr. Tao's head.
Although Tao Yuanming's method of "not asking for deep explanations" is specific, it also has certain universal significance. Think about it, if you try to "seek a deeper understanding" of whatever books you read, how many books can you read in your lifetime? For some books, you can just "not ask for a deep explanation" and just browse through them; for some books, you can "not ask for a deep explanation" for the time being, and then "seek for a deep explanation" when you need to "seek a deep explanation."
3. Yang Dayan: Reading by ear. ●
Ear reading method, can you read with your ears? Unless it's someone with special powers. How can normal people read with their ears?
Yes! There was a man in ancient my country. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a general in the Northern Wei Dynasty named Yang Dayan. He was a victorious general and very prestigious.
Volume 37 of "Northern History" records the deeds about his reading: "Although Big Eyes did not learn, he always sent people to read and sit and listen, and they all memorized everything. When he was ordered to make cloth, they were all taught orally, but they were not very literate. "
You see, although Yang Dayan can't read many words, he has gained a lot from sitting there and listening to others reading. Not only has he memorized a lot of knowledge, but he can also dictate the text of the announcement. It can be seen that Yang Dayan's reading method is still effective. This reading method mainly relies on listening to others reading with ears, so it is called "ear reading" method.
Although the ear reading method originated in ancient times, it still has practical value today. The late famous scholar Deng Tuo highly praised Yang Dayan's ear reading method. He said that the ear reading method is very suitable for people who are too old to read, and it is also very suitable for many big politicians in modern times. These big politicians often have to read and process a large number of books, newspapers, documents, etc. in a very short period of time. They have no head and six arms, so for general information and documents, they have to have several secretaries help read and process them respectively, and read the most important words once or twice. From this point of view, Yang Dayan's ear reading method is not Backward approach.
In fact, the ear reading method is not only suitable for the elderly and politicians, it is useful for each of us. For example, listening to news broadcasts, novel broadcasts, knowledge lectures, etc. on the radio is equivalent to reading with your ears. You can listen while walking, you can listen while sitting in the bus, and you can even listen while doing some physical work. It saves time and is convenient. It really kills two birds with one stone. The tape recorder is a more modern learning tool than the radio. We can record relevant learning content (such as foreign languages, etc.) into tapes (or MP3 players and mobile phones that can be played with), and listen to it at any time and repeatedly.
Modern people spend more and more time using their ears when reading. The "ear reading method" can really be called a modern reading method!
4. Han Yu: Summary of Gouxuan Method. ●
Han Yu, a great scholar in the Tang Dynasty, once said a famous saying when talking about the issue of reading: "Those who record things must mention their essentials, and those who compile their stories must draw out their mysteries." Later generations summarized his words. It is the reading method of "Yi Yuan Gouxuan".
According to Han Yu's method, when reading, you must first classify books into categories, and then use different reading methods according to their nature and type. For those historical books that record events, you must make an outline when reading, that is, to extract the main contents of the book in a clear and concise way; for those theoretical books, you must pay attention to exploring their profound viewpoints when reading, that is, grasping the main contents of the book. Live the essence of it.
If you can make a summary of your reading, the effect will be good. Because by "mentioning the essentials", you can clearly understand the occurrence and development process of the events in the book, and the reasons for the occurrence and development of the events, so that you can further understand the interconnection between the events, and see the essence through the phenomena. "Hooking up the mystery" can help you grasp the key points, understand the spiritual essence, and conduct in-depth research on certain important points, thereby broadening your horizons, activating your thinking, increasing your knowledge, improving your level, and turning the nutrients in the book into your own flesh and blood.
Some students often have this feeling: after reading a book, they feel that it is a big blur and cannot be explained clearly, and the effect is of course minimal. This is why there is no "summary and hook" when reading. If you can pay attention to putting forward the "essentials" and drawing out the "mysteries" while reading, then you will basically master the main content of this book.
5. Su Dongpo: The method of being attacked from all sides. ●
The "enemies on all sides" method of Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, is a very famous reading method.
How was the method of "being attacked on all sides" proposed, and how should we understand it? What happened was this: A man named Wang Xiu asked Su Dongpo for advice on how to read when he was preparing for the examination. Su Dongpo wrote a reply to him, and there was this passage in the letter:
"The wealth of books is like entering the sea, and there are all kinds of department stores. People can't get all their energy, but they can get what they want. Therefore. I hope that scholars should pursue it with one intention every time. Just like seeking the rise and fall of ancient times and the role of saints and sages, do not think about it again. They all imitate this. Although this seems to be obtuse, he will be challenged on all sides, and he is not the same as those who dabble in it."
This passage means that books with rich content are not the same. Just like the sea, it is full of treasures and everything you need. But a person's energy is limited, and it is impossible to get everything, only what he needs.
Therefore, anyone who is interested in reading only needs to focus on one issue every time he reads. For example, if you want to study the rise and fall of past dynasties and the status and role of wise kings and ministers, then you can only focus on this issue and stop thinking about other issues. For example, in another reading, if you want to consider historical monuments and classic cultural relics, you still use the same method. The same goes for other aspects. Studying with this "enemies on all sides" method may seem a bit obtuse, but when you complete the study, it is unmatched by those who have dabbled in it.
Later generations mostly approve of Su Dongpo's reading method. For example, Li Ciming, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, praised: "It is a good way to study sincerely." Comrade Mao Zedong also said in "On Rural Survey": "Su Dongpo used the 'enemies on all sides' method to study history, and used the 'enemies on all sides' method to study the Song Dynasty. That's right. Today, when we study Chinese society, we must also use the "enemies on all sides" method to study it into four parts: political, economic, cultural, and military, and draw conclusions about the Chinese revolution." "Eight. It is not without reason that "Face the Enemy" is highly praised by later generations, because it is a brilliant method of reading and researching problems. Divide the research objects into eight aspects, then break them down one by one, process and sort out the research results from the eight aspects, and then draw conclusions. How can it be that it is not profound and comprehensive?
In the final analysis, the "enemies from all sides" method is a clever application of analytical and comprehensive methods in reading methods.
Su Dongpo said when talking about his experience in reading the "Book of Han": "I have tried to read the "Book of Han", and I have tried to read it all. Such as governance, characters, geography, official system, and art of war. , wealth and so on, you only need to focus on one thing every time. You don’t need to count them, but you are very good at everything.” This is a specific example of Su Dongpo’s use of the “enemies from all directions” method to study. He had to read "Han Shu" many times, dividing "Han Shu" into several aspects such as governance, characters, geography, etc., and studied one issue each time he read it. As a result, he understood every aspect of the book. Very thorough. This example proves that using the "enemies from all sides" method to read books can achieve significant results.
6. Lu You: A targeted approach. ●
“Eating, living, moaning about illness, sighing with sadness and indignation are all related to books.” This is a self-portrait of the reading life of Lu You, a great writer and outstanding poet in the Song Dynasty. He loved reading all his life, taking books as his companion and keeping company with them. However, although he read a lot, he read a lot but not miscellaneously, and he read a lot but not chaos. He always reads with a purpose.
First of all, he paid attention to reading systematically. In modern terms, it means to read a large number of books in a planned way based on your own needs to establish a knowledge structure and consider the overall situation. He had set great ambitions since he was a child. He often encouraged himself with the spirit of his grandfather Lu Dian's "reading in the light of the moon" and determined to read thousands of books systematically.
When he was a boy, he studied a large number of ancient poems; when he was a young man, he read everything from "last world texts" to "pre-Qin ancient books". After that, he read the "Six Classics", Important historical masterpieces such as "Zuo Zhuan" and "Li Sao".
Secondly, he paid attention to reading in combination with research topics. For example, in order to study Du Fu, he selected a number of books about Du Fu and studied them with great concentration. The results were very good, such as "Notes of Laoxue'an" and other works, in which he wrote down his unique insights into the study of Du Fu.
Again, he paid attention to linking reading with use. In order to realize his ambition to fight against the invasion of foreign enemies and serve the motherland, he practiced martial arts while studying military books in preparation for the decisive battle on the battlefield in the future. When he was reading the book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu, he also wrote a poem titled "Reading the Art of War at Night": "On a lonely lamp in the autumn frost evening, I read military books in a poor mountain. In my life, I have a heart that is thousands of miles away, and I am the vanguard of the king holding the gun. All the soldiers who died in battle are ashamed. Guard your wives and children! ..."
7. Zhu Xi: Step by step method. ●
"Maybe I ask about the method of reading, how can I use my strength? It is said: step by step." This is the basic reading method proposed by Zhu Xi, a philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, in "The Essentials of Reading".
What is step-by-step? Zhu Xi gave a detailed explanation: in terms of two books, "one book is connected and then the other is followed"; in terms of one book, "the chapters, sentences, and order of beginning and end are also in order and cannot be messed up." He also requested: "If you have not reached the front, you will not dare to seek the next; if you have not reached this, you will not dare to aspire to the other."
Why should we do it step by step? Zhu Xi used a vivid metaphor to say, "For example, when climbing a mountain, there are many people who want to get to the top. They don't know how to get to the bottom and ignore it. In the end, there is no reason to get to the top."
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Zhu Xi’s idea shows that when reading, you should choose a goal and start from the shallower to the deeper. Start reading from the most basic books, read through one and then read another, read through a section and then read again. Another section; you cannot read it in a haphazard manner without prioritizing it. As long as you read it step by step, you will have the effect of "clarifying the meaning without being confused."
8. Chen Shan: The Law of Entrance and Exit ●
Chen Shan, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote in his book "New Stories about Lice":
" Reading instructions include entry and exit methods. The beginning should be the reason for entering, and the end should be the reason for exiting. If you see it in a friendly way, this is the result of calligraphy; if you use it thoroughly, this is the expression of calligraphy. If you can't get the book in, you don't know the intentions of the ancients; if you can't get the book out, you will die under the words. Only by knowing the entrance and exit can you learn the method of reading. ”
The meaning of this passage is:
To read, you must know what is coming in and know what is coming out. Entering means to read into the book, understand it, understand it thoroughly, and master the content in the book. The essence is to get out of the book and be able to use book knowledge flexibly to solve practical problems. The ultimate goal of reading is to get out. "If you can't jump out of the book," that is to say, you can't understand the profound ideological content and superb artistic skills in the book; if you can't jump out of the book, you will "die under the words", that is to say, your thoughts are bound by the book and become Book slaves and nerds. Only by knowing how to enter and understand is a good way to read.
The essence of the in-and-out reading method summarized by Chen Shan based on his own reading experience is to tell people to study hard. , and cannot just study. His entry and exit method is relatively comprehensive. It not only requires people to study hard and digest the nutrients in the book, but also requires Chen Shan, who is in the feudal era, to be able to use the knowledge in the book to deal with current problems. It is very inspiring for us to put forward such original insights.
9. Lu Jiuyuan: The Concentration Method ●
“Don’t be in a hurry when reading, and be interested in the time. It's long; you might as well let it go if you don't know yet, but you need to think about it urgently. ”
This poem is selected from "Quotations of Lu Xiangshan". Lu Xiangshan, also known as Lu Jiuyuan, is a representative figure of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. He has many opinions on reading issues, and the above poem shows that he Regarding his own reading method, he also said: "Nowadays, when reading, just read at a leisurely pace, and let go of the unknown parts. Don't be too slow. ”
What Lu Jiuyuan means is that you should not be impatient when reading. You should not hold on to one place in a hurry and freeze there. The more eager you are to understand, the harder it may be to understand. You should read calmly and slowly. Read carefully, and if you don't understand something, you might as well put it aside for now, and you will slowly understand it after you have read the context, or when you read it again in the future.
Read calmly and slowly. Every time you have a new experience, you will feel endless interest and joy. From a psychological point of view, the better your mood when reading, the better it will be for understanding.
< p>Lu Jiuyuan's Hanyong method is also in line with the rules of reading. People understand that problems go from easy to difficult. The easy ones are solved first, and the remaining difficulties are slowly eaten away. There is also a partial sum. The overall relationship problem may not be understood when you read a certain part, but when you finish reading the whole book and look at the part from the overall perspective, you will often be able to solve it easilyUsing the Hanyong method. Reading can not only absorb knowledge from books, but also cultivate one's own temperament.
10. Dong Yu: Three more methods ●
I often hear people say: " Who doesn’t want to study? I'm just too busy and don't have time. "For modern people, it is indeed a common phenomenon that the pace of life is accelerating and time is tight. However, time is very flexible. As Mr. Lu Xun said, time is like water in a sponge. As long as you squeeze it, There is always some. It seems that whether you have time to study depends on whether you can "squeeze" it.
There were many scholars in ancient my country who were good at "squeezing" time. For example, in the Han Dynasty. The famous scholar Dong Yu has a good idea. He advocates using the "three surplus" time to study. What is the "three surplus"? He said: "Winter is the rest of the year, night is the rest of the day, and rain is the rest of the day." "It means that in winter, there is no farm work, which is the spare time of the year; at night, when it is dark and you cannot go out for activities, this is the spare time of the day; on rainy days, you cannot work in the fields, which is also the available spare time. Time. Seizing these three types of free time and using it for reading will definitely yield results.
Of course, the agricultural society of the Han Dynasty where Dong Yu lived was very different from modern society, but his spirit of seizing all spare time is still applicable today.
The ancients had the "three excesses" of the ancients, and today's people can also grasp the "three excesses" of today's people! As long as the guiding ideology is right, the specific methods can be flexible and diverse. For example, the "Three Ups" reading method of Ouyang Xiu, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, can also be used for reference. Ouyang Xiu's "Three Shang" refers to: "on the horse, on the pillow, and on the toilet". He often uses this "three days" time to read or write articles, with excellent results.
In fact, people today have many more "three more" and "three superior" methods than the ancients. For example: someone was reading a few minutes before the meeting, someone was reading in the queue to buy groceries, someone was reading in the waiting room, someone was reciting ancient poetry or foreign language words while sitting on the bus... It seems that, There is still a lot of time to use, far more than "three more" and "four more", more than "eight more" and "more than ten". The key lies in whether you are willing to squeeze in and whether you will be squeezed.
11. Zhang Pu: Seven Record Methods. ●
Ming Dynasty writer Zhang Pu had poor talent and poor memory when he was young. Although he is considered diligent and studious, he forgets the books he has read. He was so distressed that he was so angry that he hit his head with his fist and cursed himself as a fool. However, he was not discouraged because of his poor talent, and still studied hard and pursued his studies diligently. And based on his own "stupid" characteristics, he came up with a "stupid" method:
Every time I read a new article, I neatly copy it on paper, copying it in my heart. Recite silently. After copying it, he read it aloud, and instead of keeping it, he immediately threw it into the furnace and burned it. After burning it, copy it again and read it again. If you do this 7 times in a row, you have read an article 14 times. Even if you don't know it by heart, you will always remember the main content.
It is very hard to study and copy books for many years. Zhang Pu’s hands have developed calluses. When winter comes, they will crack and bleed and suffer from heart-breaking pain. But he still perseveres and has done so for many years. Understand his "stupid" skills. He also named his study "Qilu Study" to encourage himself. Hard work paid off. After years of hard work, Zhang Pu finally became an influential writer. He wrote famous works such as "Tombstones of Five People" and edited valuable books such as "Collection of Three Hundred Famous Writers of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties". .
Of course, when we introduce Zhang Pu’s "Seven Record" method today, we are not asking young friends to learn and imitate mechanically. In today's world where science and culture are highly developed, knowledge is constantly updated and information continues to expand. How much can be "recorded" by just relying on the "Seven Records"? However, we can get some inspiration from Zhang Pu's "Seven Records" method: if the talent is poor, there is no need to fear, but God will reward diligence; if the fortress is strong, there is no need to fear, if you attack it with concentration, you will be able to attack and break it.
12. Gu Yanwu: The method of traveling thousands of miles. ●
During the early Qing Dynasty, a man with strange behavior appeared on the main transportation routes of Lu, Hebei, Liao and Jin. He was in his early fifties, dressed simply, and brought two horses and two mules with him. He was riding on a horse, while the other horse and mule were carrying a heavy basket full of books.
The horse was walking on the flat road. The man sat on the horse with half-closed eyes, babbling and reciting. While carrying it on his back, something suddenly got "stuck". He immediately reined in the reins, dismounted, took out his book and reviewed the parts he couldn't memorize several times. Until the book is memorized, you can continue to ride on your horse.
Every time he reached a pass and fortress, he went to find a few veterans or retired soldiers and asked carefully about geography, history and other information. If something the veterans said was inconsistent with what was recorded in the book, he would personally go to the field to investigate, check everything carefully, and then write down notes.
If he encounters good books or precious cultural relics on the way, he will buy them; if others do not sell them, he will copy the entire text or borrow it and read it before leaving.
This traveling scholar’s ??surname was Gu and his given name was Yanwu. He was a famous patriot in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and an outstanding scholar and thinker in the history of our country. He once wrote in an article: "From childhood to old age, I have never let go of my books. When I go out, I will bring a mule or two horses to bundle the books with me. When I pass the border fortress and pavilion, I will call the veterans to talk to the wine bar and sit across from each other to drink. , consult its customs, and examine its area. If it is inconsistent with what you have heard in your life, send a letter to confirm it, and then there will be no doubts. I will sit on the saddle and recite the commentaries of the scriptures silently..." What is described here is his own study tour.
Gu Yanwu’s reading method of “reading thousands of books and traveling thousands of miles” has many benefits: ⑴ Through on-the-spot inspections, many erroneous records in books can be corrected; ⑵ It can combine book knowledge with practical Combine and apply what you have learned; ⑶ be able to learn a lot of knowledge that is not found in books; ⑷ be able to discover many new and good books that you have never read before.
As mentioned at the beginning of this article, Gu Yanwu started this large-scale study tour after he was in his fifties. He visited Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu and other places to inspect the Mingguan Fortress. , visited scenic spots and historic sites, trekked to famous mountains and rivers, traveled 20,000 to 30,000 miles, and read more than 10,000 new volumes. Because Gu Yanwu's book knowledge and social knowledge are very extensive, he has in-depth research on astronomy, calendar, mathematics, geography, history, military and state governance. He wrote dozens of books in his lifetime and voluminous volumes. He is very popular in Chinese academic circles. It enjoys a high reputation in history.
13. Zheng Banqiao: The best method. ●
Zheng Banqiao, a famous painter in the Qing Dynasty and one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", had profound artistic attainments. His paintings, poems and books were praised as the "Three Wonders".
Zheng Banqiao is also quite insightful in reading. He said: "Studying requires refinement and perfection. If you do it well, you will be fine. If you don't, you will be fine." He also said: "Studying requires refinement and not too much. It is not too little. Only the best can make it happen. If you don't, you will be able to make money." "Bad ears."
Zheng Banqiao's theory of "precision" requires careful selection when reading, and not picking up everything in the basket and reading whatever you find. Reading indiscriminately is not only a waste of time and energy, and does not contribute to your studies, but it may also be corroded by some bad books, which is harmful to your body and mind.
Choosing books requires “doneness”, and the standard of “doneness” should be determined according to each person’s actual situation. Our current "dang" is definitely different from the "dang" of Zheng Banqiao's time. Even the "dang" that each of us needs is also very different.
Generally speaking, we now have to choose an appropriate book from two aspects: first, we must consider whether the ideological content is healthy and whether it is beneficial to moral cultivation and sentiment cultivation; second, we must consider whether it is good for ourselves. Is it helpful to study science and culture?
Once Zheng Banqiao selected a book that he thought was "appropriate", he would read it carefully. He was very diligent in reading. "In the boat, on horseback, under the quilt, when eating and forgetting daggers and chopsticks, or not listening to the guests, and forgetting what they said, they all memorized books and recited them silently." It was almost to the point of obsession. .
Zheng Banqiao also wrote a poem about reading: "If you read thousands of volumes without having a suitable master in your mind, you will be like a man who suddenly got rich and it will be quite difficult to spend money." The "suitable master" mentioned here is Refers to one's own opinions and ideas, which means that when reading, you must insist on independent thinking, and you cannot follow what others say and be a slave to books. Without this rule, no matter how appropriate the book is chosen and no matter how hard you read it, you will not be able to achieve good results.
14. Mei Wending: Four are not afraid of the law. ●
Many people say that our country is an ancient civilization and a powerful country in science and technology in history. The four great inventions are very powerful proof. However, it declined after the Ming and Qing Dynasties and fell behind in science and technology. It is a fact to be backward, but even in a backward era, there are still promising scientists appearing. Mei Wending, a famous mathematician in the Qing Dynasty, was one of them.
Mei Wending was born in Xuancheng County, Anhui Province. He studied astronomy and mathematics from his father and teachers since he was a child. He later became one of the most accomplished mathematicians in the world in the 17th century, together with the British Newton and Newton. Japanese Takawa Seki is equally famous.
How did Mei Wending achieve success? Someone has summarized his reading method and believes that his reading has four characteristics, which are quoted as follows:
First, he is not afraid of difficulties. When he encountered a difficult place to understand, he never avoided it, and he would delve deeper into it as it became more difficult. He often forgets to eat and sleep in order to understand a difficult point.
The second is not to be afraid of trouble. Most of the mathematics books he read were incomplete and incomplete books that had been around for a long time. It was very troublesome to read without any connection between the previous text and the following text. Mei Wending always patiently tried to copy and make a complete book. Sometimes the text of this book is different from that of that book. Even if it is just one word difference, he always has to check it clearly.
The third is not afraid of hardship. He was very diligent in studying. There was a man named Liu Huizu who once lived with Mei Wending. He knew Mei Wending's study situation best. He said: "Every night, the fourth watch is played on the Drum Tower, and Mei Wending is still Reading under the lamp. At dawn, he got up to study again."
Fourth, he is not afraid of losing face. When Mei Wending encountered a problem that he really couldn't solve, he wrote it down in his notebook.
He would take this notebook with him when he went out. As long as he met someone who knew mathematics, he would humbly ask for advice. Even if he was a young student, he would not be ashamed to ask.
Mei Wending’s “Four Fearless” spirit is worthy of our study and imitation.
15. Ye Yisheng: Take the real deal. ●
The reading method of "taking by appointment" and "getting what you get" is a small creation of Ye Yisheng, a litterateur in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Zhang Erqi, a native of the Qing Dynasty, recorded this in "Hao'an Xianhua":
Ye Yisheng was slow by nature and had a very poor memory. Reading books came and went like a passing cloud of smoke, and he forgot everything he read. However, he did not sink because of his poor talent. Instead, he studied hard and came up with a simple method of "the stupid bird flies first":
Every time he reads a book, he reads all the chapters he likes. , paragraphs or aphorisms, aphorisms, copy it down on paper, read it carefully more than ten times, and then paste it on the wall one by one. Every day, you can copy more than ten paragraphs at most, and six or seven paragraphs at least. Whenever he was tired from work and needed a break, he would pace back and forth in the room, reading the pieces of paper on the wall as he walked. He would read three or five times a day until he knew every word by heart. When all four walls are covered, take down the ones posted in the past and store them away, and then paste the new ones that day to fill in the gaps. In this way, I take and supplement as I go without stopping. In one year, I can accumulate at least more than 3,000 wonderful paragraphs of text. After a few years, the "ink" in the stomach is considerable.
Due to my rich accumulation, when I write articles, I feel like I have a spirit in writing. Later, Ye Yisheng became a famous writer who was knowledgeable, talented and good at opera. When summing up his reading experience, he said with deep feeling: "It is better to take what you have promised and get what you get." This means that when reading a book, instead of just skimming and gaining nothing, it is better to memorize a little bit every day like me, and it seems that It may seem like you don’t get much, but over time, you will actually gain a lot!
Zhang Erqi highly praised Ye Yisheng's reading method of "getting what you ask for" and used his own experience to explain it. He said: Although I heard about Ye Yisheng's reading method when I was young, I didn't follow it. When I got old and weak, I couldn't remember a single word of what I read in the past, so I couldn't write it down. I felt very embarrassed while writing the essay, and I really regret it. He also said: The reason why I recorded Ye Yisheng's "getting what you ask for" method in "Hao'an Gossip" is to make "this method not unworldly", so that it can be passed down and passed down to future generations. Those with ambitions can learn from it.