Everyone can read books, but some people cannot understand, cannot read, cannot read, and even become more confused the more they read. This shows that there is a difference between getting the right way and not getting the right way in reading, but we must believe that there is always a way to find it. There is more than one way to read. Now we have selected twelve methods of reading by the ancients for reference.
1. The reading method of "thinking, asking and practicing". This is the reading method advocated by Confucius. That means paying attention to thinking, asking questions if you don’t understand, and advocating regular review.
Pay attention to thinking. In the process of learning, you have to use your brain. He said: "Learning without thinking means nothing; thinking without learning means peril." ("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng")
Ask if you don't understand. Reading is about seeking knowledge. If you don’t understand and don’t ask, you won’t be able to seek knowledge. He said: "Smart and eager to learn, not ashamed to ask questions..." ("The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang")
Regular and consolidated review is advocated. "The Master said: 'Learn and practice from time to time, isn't it true?" ("The Analects of Confucius·Xueer")
2. "Fake" reading method. This is what Xunzi, a student of Confucius, advocated.
Xunzi regards "fake things" as an important learning method, which means that we must use all favorable conditions to learn. He believes that there is not much difference in people's talents. As long as they are good at making full use of objective conditions, they can shorten the time to become talents.
3. "Exquisite" reading method. This is the reading method proposed by Wang Chong, which is the method of reading with concentration.
Wang Chong's view of "refinement" is exactly a kind of reading that requires one to become obsessed with reading in order to learn "refinement".
4. The reading method of "not asking for a thorough explanation". This is the reading method proposed by Tao Yuanming. When reading, you are required to focus on the key points, simplify the complex and think independently.
Tao Yuanming's reading does not require deep understanding, that is, do not be swayed by some trivial, irrelevant, and not necessarily reliable materials in the book, but should read with purpose, discrimination, and analysis. When reading, don't swallow it whole, don't understand it half-underlying, and don't just know the general idea.
5. "Summary and Gouxuan" reading method. This is the reading method advocated by Han Yu. It aims to grasp the main points and clarify the main purpose, so as to explore the source directly and extract the essence of the content.
Han Yu believes that after achieving "hook xuan" and "summary", the rich and brilliant parts of the book must be chanted and reviewed repeatedly in order to realize the wonderful meaning of the article. For existing.
6. The reading method of "counting words and chanting every day". This is Ouyang Xiu's statistics of the total number of words that should be read, and then distributes it into the number of pages per day, which is used as the progress of that day's reading and a long-term reading method.
Ouyang Xiu’s reading method of “counting words and chanting every day” is as follows: according to his own needs, he selected ten books including "The Classic of Filial Piety", "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Book of Songs", with a total number of 455,865 words. words, and then it is required to read 300 words every day, and it will take three and a half years to read them all. If you recite 150 words every day, it will take only seven years to memorize it. He said: "Although the books are voluminous, they can be accumulated over time, so why not worry about them?" This is a talk from experience, which shows the importance of reading and memorizing ancient texts. Counting words every day in a steady flow, accumulating a little makes a lot. This is a reading method that Ouyang Xiu has practiced and proven to be effective.
7. The reading method of "seeking what you want with one intention". This is what Su Shi advocated. That is, reading classic works, each time you read it, you only focus on one center, focus on one content, grasp one clue, and solve one problem.
Su Shi believed: "Human energy cannot be absorbed in everything, but only those who get what they want. Therefore, scholars seek it with one intention at a time." This kind of reading method of "seeking with one intention" has the greatest influence The characteristic is "seeking one", that is, reading a classic work. Each time you read it, you only focus on one center, focus on one content, grasp one clue, and solve one problem. This kind of reading and learning is like fighting a war, breaking the enemy into pieces and defeating them one by one. In order to avoid distracting energy, anything that has nothing to do with the "seeking one" or "main attack" object in the reading will not be mentioned. Such directed reading is worth learning.
8. The reading method of “experience, order, and careful thinking”. This is what Zhu Xi advocated. If you read it well and think carefully, your heart and reason will naturally become one and you will never forget it.
About "experience".
Zhu Xi said: "To learn to read, you must be patient and careful to understand, and must not be careless...remove all the skin to see the flesh; remove all the meat to see the bones; remove all the bones to see the marrow."
About order. Zhu Xi said: "If we talk about two books, we should first "Lun" and then "Mencius", and then connect one book and then the other book; if we talk about one book, then the sentences of the chapters, first and last, should be in order and not messed up. Also. ”
About Jingsi. Zhu Xi said: "In general, when reading a book, one must first read it thoroughly so that the words come out of my mouth, and then think carefully so that the meaning comes out of my heart. Then you can understand it."
9. "Five categories and four categories" reading method. This is the reading method advocated by Tang Biao as the representative.
Tang Biao divided books into "five categories": "There are books that should be read, there are books that should be read, there are books that should be read familiarly, there are books that should be read carefully over and over again, and there are books that should be prepared. "Books for qualification examinations." He believes that classified reading is helpful for handling the relationship between mastery and erudition. This "five categories" reading method is similar to the "four different" reading method proposed by some ancient scholars. "Four Differentiations" refers to the separation of "books for eye treatment (you only need to read them once), books for oral treatment (you must not only read but also memorize them), books for must treatment (you must not only memorize but also think about and study them seriously), and books for hand treatment (Not only read and memorize, but also summarize and write down the summary)" and other four categories of books.
10. "Five Essentials" reading method. This is Pu Songling's reading method to ensure the smooth progress of reading from three aspects: time, calligraphy and method.
"Five Essentials": First, read every day. Second, read every night. Third, it must be read in old age. Fourth, copy books and read them. Fifth, read in categories.
11. "Guijing" reading method. This is a reading method advocated by Dai Zhen in order to obtain specialized knowledge.
"Essence" means to work hard in depth, to understand and gain something from reading the book. To get practical knowledge and learn something, you have to specialize in one thing, be serious and in-depth Drill down into the ground.
12. "Ask for doubt where there is no doubt" reading method. This is Jiao Xun’s reading experience.
Jiao Xun's reading formula is: "Reading─asking questions─thinking deeply─reading again─thinking again─seeking solutions".