A group of highly skilled professional painters sell their works as commodities in the market. Bianjing and Lin also have paper and painting industries. The social demand for painting and the active creation of folk professional painters are important factors to promote the development of painting in Song Dynasty. There are a wide range of painting themes in Song Dynasty, which are mainly divided into three categories: landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting and figure painting. There is also a trend of diversification in painting style. In addition to boundary painting and institutional painting, literati painting also appeared. The development of painting in Song Dynasty experienced four stages. After the founding of the People's Republic of China 100 years ago, the painting traditions of the Five Dynasties generally followed; Bianjing area has become the center of painting art, and the palace painting academy has concentrated outstanding painters from West Shu and Central Plains. After the flower-and-bird painting in the courtyard, the "expensive" style initiated by Huang Jiashu and Huang Quan is the normal state, and the painting style of Huang School is rich and colorful, which is most suitable for court decoration and beautification and has become the selected program of the academy for hundreds of years. There were two schools of landscape painting in the early Song Dynasty, among which the northern school was represented by Li Cheng and Fan Kuan, and Li Chengshan painted Qilu Cold Forest and Ye Ping. His style of painting is chic, his brushwork is outstanding, and he makes good use of light ink, which is known as cherishing ink as gold. Fan Kuan is good at painting mountains and rivers, and has a strong and old style, and his ink color is deep and thick. His painting style is in sharp contrast with Li Cheng's purity, integrity and beauty, and each style and martial arts is unique in landscape painting. They all developed and enriched different aspects of Hao Jing and Guan Tong's northern painting school. Jiangnan School, represented by Dong Yuan and Ju Ran, had little influence in this period. After these great landscape painters reached their peak, Li Cheng died and Fan Kuan died. There is always a successor, Xu Daoning. The development of landscape painting has also fallen into a stagnant situation. At that time, there were Gui, Zhai, Gao Keming, Qu Ding and so on. Famous for its landscape paintings, both inside and outside the Painting Academy. Wang XX, Gao, Wu Zongyuan, etc. He is good at religious murals, such as Zhao Chang, Yi Yuanji and Wang You. Good at flower-and-bird painting. The creative practice of these painters is brewing a new change in the painting style of the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Shen-Zhe period, the development of painting entered the second stage, and the painting style with Song characteristics was basically formed during this period. On the occasion of Xining and Yuanfeng, there appeared pommel horse figure painting represented by Li, landscape painting represented by Guo and flower-and-bird painting represented by Cui Bai. They present a brand-new style in content and art, and they all have exquisite skills and profound cultivation. Hyung-Sang Lee, praised by later generations as the first painting in the Song Dynasty, vividly shows the facial expressions of different characters in a simple and clear line drawing form, which is rich in texture, layering and three-dimensional sense. His brushwork is like flowing water, which accurately shows the characteristics of people of different classes, nationalities and regions, especially in depicting the life image and interest of literati and officialdom, and has achieved great success. Li Mianzhou described the story of the retreat of the Uighur army after riding the battlefield alone in the Tang Dynasty, and shaped the general style of Guo Ziyi, the great enemy, who entrusted the painter to care about the country and the people regardless of safety. This is destiny. Cui Bai and Guo Can are free to play and don't sketch. Cui Bai broke the situation that the painting style of Yellow School dominated the whole country since the Song Dynasty, and replaced it with a fresh and handsome painting style. He describes birds and birds' modality in seasonal climate change, and is good at expressing the wild feelings of defeated geese. His colors are elegant, his brushwork is meticulous, and his flowers and birds are vivid. He broke through the norms of the yellow system in the painting academy since the early Song Dynasty and achieved more natural and vivid results. After that, Guo reversed the decline of landscape painting in the early Song Dynasty. Through the description of t
Su Shi was good at painting ink bamboo and strange stones, put forward the general idea of literati painting and became an advocate of literati painting. Since then, literati painting has become an independent painting school opposite to academic painting, and his rise is the embodiment of literati's independent consciousness in the field of painting. In ancient times, in order to express their elegance, exquisiteness and pride, they often used traditional plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum as painting themes. At this stage, calligraphy, painting and other artistic activities are frequent and active. Famous paintings are popular, and literati often get together to talk about painting and calligraphy. Xu Taishou built a treasure house in Fuxi Garden, collecting famous paintings and calligraphy, and gathering poets and painters to make poems and paintings. Zhao, a royal family, is good at painting, with beautiful scenery and poetic flavor. During this period, Mi Fei often carried out painting and calligraphy activities. During the reign of Hui Zong, Evonne and Emperor Gaozong, the Palace Painting Academy in Song Dynasty was the most prosperous period. The system of Hui Zong Painting Academy is quite complete. The overall improvement of the artistic level of folk painters in the world has brought many excellent painters to the Academy. At this time, the masters of the painting academy gathered, and they were good at painting hundreds of horses galloping and geese plucking; Li Tang created a new style of landscape painting in the Southern Song Dynasty. His pen is wide and long, with smooth brushwork, big axe and vigorous brushwork. In early spring, his mountains and rivers are full of spring, and his pen and ink are vigorous and vigorous. Zhang Zeduan, who is good at drawing customs and boundaries, vividly and interestingly reproduces all aspects of urban social life in the Northern Song Dynasty with his realistic techniques and superb skills, which makes people never tire of seeing it. It is not only an outstanding painting, but also has considerable historical value. Wang Ximeng, a talented young landscape painter, combines the strengths of the North and South landscape painting schools, which is both realistic and imaginative. The magnificent mountains and rivers depicted can be regarded as Shan Yu fog by Zhang Zeduan's institutional paintings in the Song Dynasty. Su Hanchen, who is famous for his painting "Selling Dolls", uses simple and meticulous pens, and his composition is neat and lively, full of life. Liu Yi, Fu Xie and so on. He once painted palace paintings for Hui Zong, and is also famous for his exquisite painting skills and extraordinary pen and ink. During the period of Hui Zong, flower-and-bird painting was popular in college sports painting, with beautiful style and exquisite form, which became Xuan Heti. I was also the first master of flower-and-bird painting. Song Huizong's paintings are vivid, and the bird's eyes stained with raw lacquer are lively. This painting style continued until the early Southern Song Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty in Hui Zong, the Forbidden City had a very rich collection of paintings and calligraphy, as well as collectors of many officials and scholars. Xiaoxiang wonders map reflects the grand occasion of the palace collection at that time. After the Jing Nan Rebellion, Bianjing was plundered by nomadic people, some painters were taken to the north, and many palace paintings were scattered there, which had a considerable impact on the development of painting in the areas ruled by the Jin Dynasty. In addition, a large number of painters fled to Jiangnan, which became the backbone of the Gaozong Painting Academy in the Southern Song Dynasty and promoted the development of Jiangnan painting. The Southern Song Dynasty after Xiaozong was the fourth stage of painting development in Song Dynasty. The influence of patriotism and the restoration of the complex of rivers and mountains left a deep impression on this painting. During Guangzong and Ningzong periods, landscape painting changed obviously after Li Tang, and the representative painters were Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui and others. Together with Li Tang, they are called the Four Schools of Southern Song Dynasty. They attach importance to the cutting of composition and skillfully use the big gaps in the picture to highlight vivid images. The picture effect is subtle and concise, concise and poetic, and the artistic conception is beautiful. The simple and expressive chopping with a big axe shows the improvement of pen and ink skills. Ma Yuan likes the scenery in the corner and is called "the corner of the horse". His main works are "Pine Wind Map" and "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival". summer
During this period, it is particularly noteworthy that paintings depicting the unfortunate sufferings and complex ethnic relations brought about by the war were very popular, such as The Riverside Map of Qian Shan and The Riverside Map of Qingming, which, like the lectures on folk history at that time, showed obvious patriotism and sense of hardship. In addition to this theme, Song Li, who appeared at this time, is a particularly noteworthy painter. He has made such works as Xuanhe Painting Spectrum, Bubugao Painting, Plum Painting and Jiangshan Jiasheng Painting. Most of his works contain profound meanings. While his "Xishan Qingyuan Map" is based on the daily life of the people, vividly depicting the profound interest in life and reflecting the new trend of figure painting. There are many important creations in the art of painting in Song Dynasty. Pay attention to the mental outlook and touching plot of the characters, and strive to create a distinctive artistic image. Flower-and-bird painting and landscape painting pursue beautiful artistic conception, pay attention to true and ingenious artistic expression, strive to refine images, and have high realistic ability. Literati painting also promoted the prosperity and progress of painting art, especially in the exploration of subjective expression and pen and ink effect. Palace painting has been highly developed on the basis of the prosperity of painting in the whole society, and its artistic achievements can not be ignored. While painting has made brilliant achievements, the art of calligraphy in Song Dynasty also shines brilliantly. In the early Song Dynasty, Hanlin Bookstore was established. After three years of Chunhua, Emperor Taizong ordered the imperial palace calligraphy to be incorporated into the four generals of Zhongxing, and promoted it, which formed the prosperity of paste learning. It greatly promoted the development of running script and the formation of friendly calligraphy style. China quickly developed into the Song Dynasty, which, contrary to the smoothness and neatness of the Tang Dynasty, paid attention to the free and easy style of calligraphers, standardized the beautiful lyrical style of calligraphy, and emphasized the charm of calligraphy. Calligraphy has become an expression of human artistic emotion, in which the calligrapher's spiritual charm and cultural interest are perfectly expressed. Calligraphy in Song Dynasty has always been said by Su, Huang, Mi and Cai, and it is considered as a typical representative of the development level of calligraphy in Song Dynasty. Su Shi, a genius in the cultural history of China, established the calligraphy style of Song Dynasty. It is pointed out that I have created my book, and the characters are born of books. Calligraphy embodies the author's knowledge and conveys personal interests. If calligraphy wants to achieve innovation, it must be impossible and unintentional, that is, it must be innovative, not practicing the ancients, not being Yoga Yu, but having skills. Su Shi's calligraphy style is ups and downs, and he can always find another way. He is naive and interesting, sometimes simple and dignified, sometimes bold and unrestrained, and sometimes messy. His regular script is tight inside and sparse outside, which is dangerous and changeable. Huang Tingjian's calligraphy style is unique, characterized by using a pen, which makes full use of his ability to collect paintings. His style is sometimes magnificent or interesting. He is good at calligraphy and cursive, and his works are magnificent and elegant. Mi Fei's calligraphy style is rough and bold, advocating innocence, calmness and happiness. Sometimes he is crazy or charming, but he is also clear and quiet. He is proficient in seal script, regular script, calligraphy and cursive script, and running script is highly respected by the world. His writing is ups and downs and relaxed. The three of them have their own strong points in writing and are admired by future generations. They are on the Song Sijia list, and they have no objection to it. Whether Cai refers to Cai Jing or Cai Xiang has always been controversial. Some scholars believe that Cai among the four schools refers to Cai Xiang. : I was the first at that time, and Injong liked it very much. It can be seen that calligraphy was valued in the society at that time, appreciated by scholars, and even ranked first, so it was well-deserved to include Cai Jing in Song Sijia. However, some scholars think that Cai refers to Cai Jing, because Cai Jing's reputation is so bad that it is marked by Cai Xiang. According to the order of Su, Huang, Mi and Cai, it is reasonable that Cai Jing ranks behind the top three and comes last, while Cai Xiang is dead.