Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072), whose courtesy name was Yongshu, also known as Zuiweng, and in his later years, Liuyi Jushi. A native of Luling (now Ji'an, Jiangxi Province). He was a writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty and was famous in politics. He was one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. He was orphaned when he was young, and was educated by his virtuous mother Ogagan Huaji. In the eighth year of Tiansheng's reign (1030), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty became a Jinshi. He first served as a left-behind official in Xijing. He made friends with Yin Zhu and Mei Yaochen and sang peace with them through poems. Later, he entered the imperial court and served as the collation of Guange. Fan Zhongyan was demoted due to his affairs. He blamed Gao Ruona, the admonisher, and was demoted to the magistrate of Yiling County. He was transferred to the magistrate of Qiande County, and was reinstated as the collation of Guange. He served as the direct bachelor of Longtuge and the transfer envoy of Hebei Province. He was sent to Chuzhou for business, and also to Yangzhou, Yingzhou and Kaifeng Prefecture. Later, he became a scholar of Hanlin Academy and was informed of the tribute examination. He served as deputy envoy to the privy council, counselor to the governor, and the Ministry of Punishment. The Minister, the Minister of the Ministry of War, etc., retired as the Prince's Young Master and presented them to the Prince as the Grand Master, with the posthumous title Wenzhong. Ouyang Xiu was the leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He inherited and developed Han Yu's theory of ancient prose. He advocated that writing should be used to clarify the Tao, and opposed "abandoning everything but not caring about the heart" ("Reply to Wu Chong's Scholars"). He advocated applying writing and opposed "giving up everything". Take the near and take the far" ("Second Book with Zhang Xiucai"), which emphasizes the combination of literature and Taoism, giving equal emphasis to both, promoting simple and natural writing, and opposing the flashy and extravagant writing style. His essays on politics and history, such as "On Clique", "Remonstrance with Gao Si", "New History of the Five Dynasties: Preface to the Official Biography", either criticize the current ills or draw lessons from the past. Lyrical prose such as "Ode" expresses feelings about mountains and rivers, or expresses feelings through scenery. They are simple, smooth, euphemistic and tortuous. Su Xun's "Shang Ouyang Neihan Shu" commented on his article as "Yu Yu has prepared many preparations, going back and forth with hundreds of twists and turns, and the lines are smooth and smooth without any interruption." His poems mainly include "Shizao Min", "Nanhu", " "Sheng Yaozi·Wu Xi", "Thrush Bird", "Playing with Yuan Zhen", etc., are unique in artistic conception, beautiful and thought-provoking. Ye Mengde commented in "Shilin Poetry Talk": "Ouyang Wenzhonggong's poems began to correct the Kun style, focusing on the style, so the words are simple and smooth." His poems mostly write about the feelings of men and women, such as "Treading on the Shasha" (Waiting in the Pavilion) Plum Blossoms), "Butterfly Loves Flowers" (Deep Courtyard), "Linjiang Fairy" (Light Thunder Outside Willows), etc., are profound in emotion, graceful and beautiful, and are similar to Yan Shu's style of writing. Some of the poems express personal interests and ambitions, such as "Picking Mulberries", "Chaozhongcuo" (Pingshan Railing), etc. His "Sixty-one Poetry Talk" was the first of its kind in the history of poetry and had a profound influence.
This article selects six of his articles: "On Clique", "Preface to the Biographies of Officials in the History of the Five Dynasties", "The Drunkard's Pavilion", "Ode to the Sound of Autumn", "Essays on Sacrifice to the Stone Man" and "The Oil Seller"; Selected from his poems are "Picking Mulberries (The West Lake is beautiful after all the flowers are blooming)", "Complaining one's feelings (the curtains are curled up with autumn frost in the early morning)", "Traveling on the Shasha (Waiting for the dying plum blossoms in the pavilion)", "Birth of Yaozi (in January last year)", "In the middle of the court" There are six poems: "Pingshan railing leaning against the clear sky" and "Die Lianhua (How deep is the home courtyard)"; first of all, his two poems "Playing with Yuanzhen" and "Thrush".
Famous articles handed down from generation to generation
On Clique
Explanation of the problem
See "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong". This is a memorial, written in the third year of Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1043). At that time, Xia Song and Lu Yijian were dismissed as prime ministers due to the impeachment of Ouyang Xiu and others. Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, and Fu Bi came to power, which was known as the "Qingli New Deal" in history. Xia Song and others attacked Fan Zhongyan and others as "cronies" and also implicated the author. The author was in Jianyuan at that time, so he wrote this chapter.
Original text
I heard that the theory of cronies has been around since ancient times, but it is only a matter of luck that people can differentiate between gentlemen and villains.
It is natural for a gentleman to be a friend of a gentleman and to be a friend of a villain, and for a villain to be friends of the same person. However, I say that a villain has no friends, but a gentleman has them. Why? What a villain likes is profit and wealth, and what he covets is wealth. When they share the same benefit, he who temporarily joins the party as a friend is a hypocrite; when he sees the benefit and strives to be the first, or when the benefits are exhausted and the friendship is alienated, it is the opposite. Although brothers and relatives cannot protect each other from thieves, I say that a villain has no friends, and if he is a friend for a while, he is a hypocrite. This is not the case for a gentleman. What he upholds is morality, what he does is loyal and trustworthy, and what he cherishes is reputation and integrity. If he cultivates his moral character, he will work in the same way and benefit each other. If he serves the country, he will work with one heart and help each other, and he will always be the same. This is the friend of a gentleman. . Therefore, as a ruler, you should get rid of the false friends of villains and use the true friends of gentlemen, and then the world will be in order.
In the time of Yao, four villains, including Gong Gong and Huan Dou, were in one party; gentlemen, eight yuan and sixteen eight-year-olds, were in one party; Entering the Yuan Dynasty, Yao was the friend of gentlemen and brought great rule to the world. When Shun became the Son of Heaven, twenty-two people, including Gao, Kui, Ji, and Qi, stood side by side in the court. They were even more complimentary and favored each other. The twenty-two people became one companion, and Shun used them all, and the world was in great order. . "Book" says: "Zhou had hundreds of millions of ministers, but they had millions of hearts; Zhou had three thousand ministers, but they had only one heart.
"In the time of Zhou, hundreds of millions of people had different ideas and could not be friends. However, Zhou destroyed the country. Three thousand of the ministers of King Wu of Zhou were a big friend, and Zhou used them to prosper. When the Later Han Dynasty presented the emperor, all the famous people in the world were imprisoned. When the Yellow Turban bandits arose and the Han Dynasty was in chaos, the rear repented and liberated all the party members, but there was no hope of salvation. In the later years of the Tang Dynasty, the theory of cronyism gradually arose; during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong, all famous officials in the court were killed. , or throw it into the Yellow River, saying, "This generation's clear stream can be thrown into the turbid stream", and the Tang Dynasty died.
The master of the past life can make everyone have different intentions and not be friends, no more than Zhou; there are prohibitions. There is no better friend than the Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty; no better friend who can kill the Qing Dynasty than Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty, but his country was destroyed by chaos; it is better to be a wise saint year by year, and to distinguish between gentlemen and people. Xiao Ye. During the reign of Zhou Wu, three thousand of the ministers of his country were gathered into one party. Since ancient times, the number of friends was greater than that of the Zhou Dynasty. However, the Zhou Dynasty used this to prosper, and there were many good people.
< p>The emperor can learn from the traces of his husband's rise and fall and his rule of chaos.Preface to the biography of Lingguan in the history of the Five Dynasties
Explanation of the title
This article is "Lingguan". "Lingguan Biography" is a combined biography in "New History of the Five Dynasties". It records the deeds of Lianren (the title of ancient music workers and actors) Jing Xiu, Shi Yanqiong, Guo Menggao and others. This article explains the principle that the rise and fall of a country is mainly determined by personnel through the typical case of Zhuangzong in the later Tang Dynasty. Destiny is not a matter of human affairs! The reason why the original Zhuangzong won the world is not as good as the reason why he lost it.
Shi Yan, the general of the Jin Dynasty, gave Zhuangzong a heavenly arrow and said: "Liang is my enemy; King Yan is the one I set up; Khitan and I are brothers, and they have returned to Liang with their backs to the Jin Dynasty. These three are my unforgettable grudges, and with your three arrows, it is my father's ambition that you will never forget them! "Zhuang Zong accepted it and hid it in the temple. Later, when he used troops, he sent a few soldiers to sue the temple, ask for the target, put a bag of brocade in it, and carried it forward, but he didn't turn around to accept it.
Fang Qi, the father and son of Yan, wrote to the leaders of Liang's monarchs and ministers, entered the Ancestral Temple, and returned the target to the ancestors, and succeeded. His spirit was so great that it can be said that Qiu Yuji has been destroyed, and the next day has been decided. At night, the rebels responded and hurriedly rushed out. Before the thieves were seen, the soldiers were scattered, and the monarch and his ministers looked at each other, not knowing where they were going. As for swearing to the sky and breaking their hair and weeping, how could they lose it? Yi Jie?
"Book" says: "Many will cause losses, modesty will benefit. "Worry and labor can rejuvenate the country, and leisure and hesitation can destroy the body. This is the natural principle. Therefore, if it is prosperous, all the heroes in the world cannot compete with it; if it is declining, dozens of actors will be trapped, and the body will die and the country will be destroyed. The world laughs. The disaster is caused by the lack of common sense, and the wisdom and bravery are trapped in the trap. How can we only pity people? See "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhonggong", written in the sixth year of Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty (1046). The author was demoted to the magistrate of Chuzhou (now part of Anhui) because of false accusations by the reformist Fan Zhongyan. The following year, he named himself a drunkard. I was 40 years old when I wrote this story. Zuiweng Pavilion is located seven miles southwest of present-day Chu County. The peaks and ravines are particularly beautiful. You can see the deep beauty of Langya. Walking six or seven miles up the mountain, you can hear the sound of gurgling water flowing between the two peaks. There is a pavilion hovering over the spring. The Drunkard Pavilion. Who built the pavilion? Who was named Zhixian? Weng Ye. The joy of mountains and rivers lies in the wine that is stored in the heart.
If the sun rises and the forest falls, the clouds return to the cave, and the darkness changes, the wild scenery in the mountains is fragrant. The mountains are full of fragrance, the trees are beautiful and shaded, the wind and frost are pure, and the water falls and the rocks emerge. These are the four seasons of the mountain. Going in the morning and returning at dusk, the scenery is different in the four seasons, and the joy is endless.
As for the losers singing on the road, and the travelers resting in the trees, the former calls, and the latter responds, hunched over and carrying them, and they go back and forth without stopping, this is how Chu people fish by the stream, the stream is deep and the fish are fat, and the springs are brewed. For wine, the spring is fragrant and the wine is strong; the mountain delicacies and wild assemblies are mixed and aged beforehand, it is also the prefect's feast. The joy of the banquet is neither silk nor bamboo; All the guests are happy. Those who are pale and white-haired, the prefect is drunk.
The sun has set on the mountain, the figures are scattered, the prefect returns and the guests follow. Birds are happy. However, birds know the joy of mountains and forests, but they don't know the joy of people; people know how to enjoy themselves by wandering around the prefect, but they don't know the joy of the prefect. . Who did the prefect call him? Ouyang Xiuye ??of Luling.
Qiu Sheng Fu
Explanation of the title
See "Ouyang Wenzhonggong Collected Works", which is a Ci Fu. It was written about the fourth year of Jiayou (1059), Renzong of the Song Dynasty. The author was Aged fifty-three. This article describes the destruction of all natural things by the sound of autumn, and expresses the sadness of the aging of body and spirit due to the worries of human affairs.
Original text
Ouyang Zifang was studying at night and heard a sound coming from the southwest. He was horrified and said, "What a strange thing!" Pai, like waves, night terrors, sudden storms. When it touches something, it clangs (left and right), and all the gold is lost; it is also like a soldier going to the enemy, holding the coin in his hand and running quickly, not hearing the order, but hearing the sound of the movement of men and horses.
I said to the boy: "Is this a noise? Come out and see it!" The boy said: "The stars and moon are bright and clear, the bright river is in the sky, there is no sound around, the sound is among the trees." Yu said: " Hey, how sad! Why is this sound of autumn coming? The appearance of autumn is: its color is bleak, the smoke is falling; its face is clear, the sky is high and the sun is crystal clear; its air is sharp, biting the bones. ; Its meaning is depressed, and the mountains and rivers are lonely. Therefore, it is a sound, sad and earnest, and the cry is vigorous. The grass is lush and green, and the beautiful trees are lush and pleasant; the color of the grass changes when it is brushed, and the leaves of the trees fall off when it is touched; Therefore, it is the remaining force of the Qi that destroys the scattered ones. In the late autumn, the punishment officer is also the Yin at the time; and the military image is also the gold in behavior. This means that the loyalty of the heaven and the earth is always the heart of the heaven. Things are born in spring and autumn is fruitful; therefore, they are in joy, and Shang Sheng means the west, and Yi is the law of July.
Sigh! The vegetation is ruthless and sometimes wanders. Human beings are the only spirits of things. All kinds of worries affect their shape, and if they move, they will shake their essence. If you can't reach it, you should worry about the incompetence of your wisdom. What's better is that the boat is a clumsy tree, and the ink is like a star. But if you want to compete with the grass and trees for glory, why do you want to kill someone for it? The sound of autumn!"
The boy was not right and fell asleep with his head down. But when I heard the chirping of insects on the four walls, I felt like I was sighing.
Essays on Sacrifice to Shi Manqing
Explanation of the Problem
See "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhonggong". This article was written in July of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), twenty-six years after Shi Manqing's death. When Shenzong ascended the throne, the author stopped participating in political affairs and was demoted from Shangshu Zuocheng to the position of magistrate of Haozhou. His political frustration aroused his nostalgia for the past, and he wrote several memorial essays in memory of his old friends in one year.
Shi Manqing (991-1041), whose real name is Yannian. Throughout his life, he was proud of his integrity and did not care about worldly affairs. He is vigorous in writing and especially good at poetry. There is "Shi Manqing's Poetry Collection".
The language of this article is mostly prose, but it uses rhyme, many paired sentences, and has some characteristics of rhyme. A catchy read. Between the lines, passion flows and cannot be suppressed.
Original text
On the seventh day of the fourth year of Wei Zhiping, the official Ouyang Xiu sent Li Wei, the provincial magistrate of the capital, to the Taiqing Dynasty to offer a memorial ceremony for the common people. Under the tomb of my late friend Manqing, I hung a memorial to him. Said:
Wow Manqing! Born as a hero, died as a spirit. It is the same as the life and death of all things, and returns to nothingness, the form of temporary gathering; it is not the same as the death of all things, but is outstanding and unworthy of it, this is the name of future generations. All saints and sages have been like this since ancient times, and those who are written on the slips are as bright as the sun and stars.
Wow Manqing! I haven't seen you for a long time, but I can still recall your life. Its majestic and upright appearance, abrupt and towering, and buried underground means that it is not turned into soil, but the essence of gold and jade. Otherwise, a thousand feet of growing pine will yield nine stems of Ganoderma lucidum. However, the wild smoke and wild vines are crisscrossed by thorns; under the dew wind, fireflies fly! But I saw a shepherd boy, a woodcutter, and a woodcutter, singing up and down, and he and his husband were frightened by the birds and beasts, screaming sadly, lurching around, and making babbles. This is true now, and it will last for thousands of years. How do you know that there are no solitary raccoon dogs and gliders hidden in its holes? This has been the case with all the sages since ancient times, except that they are found in the wilderness and deserted cities!
Wow Manqing! I know the principle of ups and downs, but those who remember the past, feel sad and melancholy, and shed tears in the face of the wind, are ashamed of the supreme forgetfulness. Shang Xiang!
The Oil Seller
Explanation
See "Guitian Lu". "Guitian Lu" was written when the author resigned from office and lived in Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui Province) in his later years. It mainly records the imperial affairs and anecdotes of the scholar-bureaucrats. This article illustrates the principle of “practice makes perfect”.
Original text
The Duke of Chen Kangsu, Yao Zi, was good at shooting, unparalleled in the world, and the Duke was proud of himself. I took a shot in my garden, and there was an oil seller standing there to relieve his burden. He stared at him and would not go away for a long time. Seeing that his arrows hit eighty-nine times out of ten, he nodded slightly.
Kang Su asked: "You also know how to shoot? Am I not good at shooting?" Weng said: "No one else, but I am familiar with it."
Kang Su said angrily: "You dare to underestimate my shooting!" "Weng said: "I know it by drinking oil. Then he took a gourd and placed it on the ground, covered its mouth with money, poured it into the pot and drained it with oil, then put it through the money hole, but the money was not wet. Because he said: "I don't have him, but I am familiar with it." "Kang Su smiled and dismissed him.
Collecting mulberries
Explanation of the problem
See "Six Words". Ouyang Xiu served as a local official in Ying (Fuyang, Anhui) in his early years , loved the beauty of the local scenery, and retired to Yingzhou in his later years. There is West Lake in Yingzhou (now northwest of Fuyang, Anhui), which is a scenic spot. The author often visited this place with his friends and wrote a poem called "Picking Mulberries". ***The thirteenth poem describes the beauty of scenery and life experience. It was about the fourth year of Xining, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty (1071). The order in front of the poem shows that he had a leisurely interest in wandering around the mountains and rivers and taking things easy, such as "West Lake". "The beauty of the scenery and the reputation of being good at Dongying" naturally aroused more interest in traveling, so whenever there is a "good day and beautiful scenery" or a "clear breeze and bright moon" night, we "travel together or make friends with good friends, and sometimes go alone to take advantage of the fun." , "Because I reinterpret the old words and write them in a new tone", this is the fourth of the words, and it is the most outstanding one.
Original text
The short boat trip to the West Lake is good. The green water is winding, the grass is long, and there are faint music everywhere.
The windless water surface is smooth, and the boat moves slightly, causing ripples.
Revealing the Heart
Explanation of the Problem
See "Six Words" in "Selected Poems of Hua'an" titled "Brow Meaning". This word uses an implicit artistic technique to reveal a singing girl. The sorrow and resentment deep in my heart.
Original text
The curtains are lightly frosted in the morning, and the plum blossom makeup is touched by hands, which is why the paintings are long and distant. /p>
Thinking about the past and cherishing the fragrance can easily lead to injury. The first thing you want to do is to restrain yourself when you want to smile, but the most heartbreaking thing is to walk on the sand.
Question< /p>
See "Six Words". The whole poem describes the feeling of parting.
Original text
The plum blossoms in the waiting room are thin, the willows on the creek bridge are thin, and the grass is swaying in the warm wind. Zheng Li. The sadness is getting farther and farther away, like spring water.
The tall buildings are not close to the dangerous fence, and the pedestrians are outside the spring mountain. /p>
Sheng Chazi
Explanation
See "Six Words", which was mistakenly written by Zhu Shuzhen in "Ci Pin", and many mistakes were made in the Song Dynasty. "Yuefu Ya Ci", Ming Chen Yaowen's "Hua Cao Cui Bian", modern Kuang Zhouyi's "Hui Feng Ci Hua", etc. are all composed by Ouyang Xiu. This poem uses the method of comparing the past and the past to express feelings, using lamps, willows, moons, etc. to highlight love, and the language is as clear as words. , yet meaningful and intriguing.
Original text
On Yuan Dynasty last year, the lights in the flower market were like daylight, and people were waiting for dusk. >
On Yuan night this year, the moon and the lights are still the same. I don’t see the people from last year, and my spring shirt sleeves are full of tears.
Explanation of the problem
See you. "Six Words" is titled "Pingshan Hall". "Complete Song Ci" is titled "Sent Liu Zhongyuan out to guard Weiyang". In the eighth year of Emperor Renzong's reign in the Song Dynasty (1048), the author went out to guard Yangzhou and built a hall beside Daming Temple in the northwest of the city for rest. From the front of the hall, you can see the mountains in the south of the Yangtze River and bow in front of the railing. It is named "Pingshan Hall", which means "the mountains and the hall are flat".
The original text
p>Pingshan railings lean against the clear sky, and the mountain scenery is mixed. Plant weeping willows in front of the hall to avoid the spring breeze.
The governor of articles writes thousands of words and drinks a thousand bells at a time. You must be young to have fun, and you must look forward to the old man who is in decline.
Die Lianhua
Explanation
See "Six Words". This word describes the sad mood of missing a woman in a deep boudoir and hurting someone in spring.
Original text
The courtyard is quite deep. The willows are piled with smoke, and the curtains are countless. Yulexuan is in Anyouzhi, the building is so high that Zhangtai Road is not visible.
It rains and the wind blows wildly at the end of March. The door is closed at dusk, and there is no way to stay in the spring. With tears in her eyes, she asked Huahua without saying a word. Luan Hong flew across the swing.
An answer to Yuan Zhen
Explanation of the title
This poem was written in the spring of the fourth year of Jingyou (1037), Renzong of the Song Dynasty. In May of last year, in order to support Fan Zhongyan's political reform and the struggle against the conservative faction, the author wrote a letter to denounce the admonisher Gao Ruona, and was demoted to the county magistrate of Xiazhou Yiling (now Yichang City, Hubei Province). This poem was written in response to his friend Ding Baochen, the rebel official in Xiazhou, who was exiled in Yiling. This poem is the author's proud work. Although the poem is titled "Playing Answers", it has a serious tone and profoundly expresses the poet's loneliness and self-relief after being relegated to a distant place.
Original text
The spring breeze cannot reach the end of the world,
There are no flowers in the mountain city in February.
There are still oranges on the branches under the residual snow,
The bamboo shoots are about to bud when frozen and thundered.
I hear the return home at night and feel homesick,
I am sick and feel the beauty of things in the new year.
There was a time when flowers in Luoyang were not welcome.
Although the wild flowers are late, there is no need to complain.
Thrush
Explanation
This poem was written in the seventh year of Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty (1047), when Ouyang Xiu was demoted to Chuzhou (now Chuxian County, Anhui Province). The title of the poem is "Jun Zhai Hearing Hundred Tongues". "Jun Zhai" refers to the official residence of the magistrate, and "Bai Tongue" is the nickname of the thrush. The poet expresses his aspirations with objects, and expresses his feelings and happiness in chanting objects.
Original text
A hundred chirps and thousands of sounds move at will,
The mountain flowers are red and purple, and the trees are high and low.
I just realized that the lock was listening to the golden cage,
it was not as good as the free cry in the forest.