Step-by-step method refers to the method of systematic reading from easy to difficult and from shallow to deep according to the law of cognitive development and knowledge structure system. This is the basic method of reading. To use this method, we must first make a plan, choose suitable teaching materials, make reading procedures, and learn step by step according to the principle of from shallow to deep. Second, don't aim too high, but be greedy. Learning basic courses well is the first and most important step in the whole reading sequence. If you lack the necessary knowledge preparation, you will read materials that you can't understand and accept at the beginning, just like a high-rise building without a good foundation, which is bound to be "haste makes waste." Third, we should pay attention to the accumulation of knowledge in peacetime. Each discipline has its own characteristics, and there is a certain connection between them. A broad knowledge base will help deepen the research.
Second, the query discovery method
Questioning discovery method is an important method for learners to learn to think, discover and develop truth independently by asking questions.
Books in the world can be roughly divided into three categories in terms of content: good books and bad books.
Even for the first kind of books, while learning to delve into and absorb their nutrition, we can also ask a few why or doubts from different angles, which will better guide us to think and discover.
The second kind of book has both advantages and disadvantages, or both essence and dross, and is often mixed with good and bad. When reading such books, you should ask why, question in many ways and distinguish carefully.
For those bad books, don't simply throw them away, it is necessary to ask more why. What's wrong with it? Why not? Is it partly bad or totally bad? Is there anything to recommend it? What lessons can be learned? After such questioning and questioning, we can further distinguish right from wrong in criticism and turn waste into fertilizer.
In short, no matter what kind of books, you can use this method of questioning and finding to read. Whoever is good at asking questions can master the golden key of reading; Whoever is good at questioning can discover and master more truth.
Third, the way whales swallow cattle food
This method refers to combining skimming, speed reading, intensive reading and intensive reading according to reading needs.
Before reading, look at the value of this book to you. If it is valuable, you should read it slowly, understand it carefully, ponder it over and over again, and focus on taking notes. Sometimes you have to reread or retell it after reading it, think it over and over again, swallow it slowly like a cow eating grass, and then ruminate after swallowing it. If the relative value is low, you don't have to spend so much time, you can read faster, like a whale with its mouth open, swallowing a lot of space at once.
Whale swallowing and cattle feeding should be used together. People who blindly swallow whales will become superficial, and people who blindly eat cattle will waste time. What you read intensively and what you read extensively should be treated according to your own learning situation.
Fourth, find a reading method.
Su Shi, a writer in the Song Dynasty, created a reading method of "being attacked from all sides and seeking it wholeheartedly", which we call "seeking one method". He thinks that classic books should be read hundreds of times. Every time, we should focus on one center and solve one problem. Seeking one is to find a solution to a problem every time you read it. Every time you read it, focus on a problem, grasp a key point and solve a difficult point around a center. Anything that has nothing to do with this will not be involved. Break through the "enemy" once, and accumulate over time. In the long run, all "enemies" will be broken. This method, seemingly clumsy, is actually handy.
Five, practice attention method
Liang Qichao, a great scholar, liked reading since he was a child. One of his predecessors said to him, "I can't read, and the book is flat;" I can read and my words are floating. " He listened, wondering, what is this? Later, he gradually realized that the only way to read aloud was to train attention. He thinks this kind of work is difficult to do at first, but it will be easy later. It's best to specify several ranges at first, or write an article, and then when reading a book, pay attention to the relevant and put down the irrelevant. One day, change the subject and focus on a new aspect. Do this for a few days and it will be cooked. When it is ripe, the points that should be paid attention to will soon float out. Read it again and pay special attention to it; Read it again and pay attention to another point. After several times, you can have several points of attention at the same time, and it is effortless.
Six, multi-channel method
Generally speaking, reading is verb reading. In fact, people who can read are not limited to absorbing knowledge only through visual channels, but at the same time mobilize the enthusiasm of the senses such as vision, hearing (listening to others or reading aloud by themselves), touch and taste (if there are objects and experiments), which can enhance the reading effect.
Psychological research shows that people can remember 25% of the knowledge gained from visual channels, 65,438+05% from hearing, 65% from the combination of audio and video, not 40%. Therefore, people who read foreign words not only read, but also read, listen and write by hand. If they do this, they will send information to their brains through various channels, and of course their memories will be profound.
Seven, SQ3R method
SQ3R method is a popular reading method in Britain and America. It means "investigate-ask questions-read-repeat (recite, remember)-review". These five words represent five steps in the reading process. So SQ3R reading method is also called five-step reading method or five-step learning method.
This reading method advocates:
(1) First, browse the whole book and read it simply. Pay attention to contents, titles, charts, appendices, executive summaries, etc. , so as to have a general intuitive impression of the book.
(2) ask questions. On the basis of browsing, this paper puts forward some questions about the key points, difficulties and related matters needing attention and tips in the book, which makes reading a purposeful and sober thinking. In other words, with a strong thirst for knowledge, I will focus on reading instead of passive "input".
⑶ Read deeply. You should use intensive reading to make clear the exact meaning of terms and words you don't understand. In particular, pay more attention to key paragraphs, keywords at the beginning and end of the article. You can take notes and write comments in order to gain something.
(4) Recite (or repeat and recall). It's a memory based on understanding. This is an intensive means to deepen the impression of the important contents in the book. After reading a part, you can learn the memory effect by closing the book and checking yourself, and practice repeating the main contents of this part, so that you can concentrate, find the difficulties that have not been mastered, break through them and improve the memory efficiency.
5] Review. Review again in a few days to consolidate the reading results. The review must be timely. According to the law of forgetting quickly first and then slowly, review it once a day or two after learning, and review it once every once in a while to achieve the effect of long-term memory.
In principle, SQ3R reading method is suitable for the study of all subjects. It is most suitable for textbooks or important articles that need intensive reading.
Eight, alternate reading method
More than two kinds of books are read alternately in turn, which is the alternating method. The left hemisphere of the human brain is responsible for logical thinking and the right hemisphere is responsible for image thinking. After reading science books and then reading some literature books, the two hemispheres of the brain can take turns to have a rest. /kloc-Rousseau, a French thinker and writer in the 0/8th century, wrote in his autobiography Confessions: "If I have to read a writer's masterpiece with my heart, my spirit will be scattered after only reading a few pages, and I will immediately fall into a state of chaos and understand nothing. However, I have studied several different problems continuously, and even if I don't stop, I can easily and happily think about them one by one ... So, I will make full use of this feature I found in my academic plan and study some problems alternately. In this way, even if I study hard all day, I don't feel tired. " Many scholars have successfully used this method.
Nine, comparative reading method
Mr. Qian Zhongshu, regarded as an academic master and "cultural Kunlun", has a special liking for this law. Mr. Qian Zhongshu was good at comparison when he was a child. For example, after reading Shuo Tang, he thought, if the romance of the Three Kingdoms entered Shuo Tang, and his dragon crescent moon blade weighed only 80 kg, how could he beat a hammer weighing 800 kg? However, how can Li Can Yuanba compare with the Monkey King's 13,000 Jin golden hoop in Journey to the West? It is these seemingly naive actions that laid the foundation for his lifelong learning and made him eventually grow into a master in the field of comparative literature research.
The advantage of this method is: 1, it is easy to sum up the rules in "comparison" and pay attention to "shopping around". 2. In "comparison", it is easier to grasp the essence through phenomena, "no better than not knowing". 3. In Comparison, it is easy to figure out the inner world of the characters, and it is very profound in nuances. 4. In the "comparison", it is easy to see the advantages and disadvantages of language use and experience the writing skills of famous writers.
X. Solutions for Progress
To enter is to go in; Come out, come out. Don't read superficially, swallow dates, eat without melting, and taste without tasting. Hold your breath, think deeply, read thoroughly, understand the essence and grasp the main idea. As Zhu said, "Gradually discover the elite" There was a Chen Shan in the Southern Song Dynasty. He said in the book "A New Theory of Lice": "If you want to know the difference in reading, you should first seek it and then find it. See xian Si Qi, this into calligraphy; Very useful. It's calligraphy. I can't get into the book, I don't know the intentions of the ancients; If you can't publish a book, you will die in the text, but if you know what you know, you must try your best to read it. " Seeking progress and seeking solution are a pair of contradictions, seeking progress is the basis of seeking solution, and seeking solution is the purpose of seeking progress. "Meet each other cordially" means that when reading, you should be full of interest and emotion and discover the true meaning of the book; "Use it thoroughly" means to apply what you have learned flexibly and become familiar with it. Sadie said: "Scholarships will be buried forever if they are not used." All knowledge is for practice, so we should learn to use it.