Dewdrop Hello! ! ! The Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties are the collective name for the eight major prose writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties, namely Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, and Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, and Zeng Gong in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, they are called the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties.
So there is only one!
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The following is a personal profile!
Han Yu
Introduction
Han Yu (768-824), also known as Tui Zhi, was a writer, philosopher and thinker in the Tang Dynasty, Heyang (now Henan) Mengzhou City, Jiaozuo Province), Han nationality. His ancestral home is Changli, Hebei Province. He calls himself Junwang Changli, and is known as Han Changli in the world. Used together with "wang", it means a famous family in a certain region and country. Han Yu lived in Changli for his whole life, so he was also called Han Changli). In his later years, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, also known as the Ministry of Personnel. His posthumous title is "Wen", also known as Han Wen Gong. He and Liu Zongyuan were both advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. They advocated learning the prose language of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, breaking parallelism into prose, and expanding the expressive function of classical Chinese. Su Shi in the Song Dynasty called him "the rise and fall of eight generations of prose". People in the Ming Dynasty praised him as the first of the eight great writers of prose in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Together with Liu Zongyuan, he was called "Han Liu". Du Mu juxtaposed Korean writing with Du poetry and called him "Du poetry and Hanbi". , known as "The Great Master of Articles" and "The Wen Zong of All Generations". He is the author of forty volumes of "Han Changli Collection", ten volumes of "Waiji Collection", "Shi Shuo", etc. Han Yu is also a master of language. He is good at using the words of his predecessors and pays attention to the refinement of contemporary spoken language, and is able to create many new sentences, many of which have become idioms that have been passed down to this day, such as "adding insult to injury", "easy to get offended", "chaotic", etc. Ideologically, he is the founder of the concept of "Taoism" in China and a landmark figure who respects Confucianism and opposes Buddhism. [3]
Biography of the character
Han Yu was orphaned at the age of three and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. He was homeless in his early years and had the ambition to study and manage the world. Although he was lonely and poor, he was hardworking and studious. At the age of twenty, he went to Chang'an to take the imperial examination, but failed in three tests. After he was twenty-five years old, he first became a Jinshi, but failed in three attempts to pass the erudite and Hongci subjects. He went to Dong Jin in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou to serve in the shogunate. Later he returned to Beijing and served as a doctor of Simen. After the age of thirty-six, he was appointed as the Supervisory Censor. Because he wrote a letter to discuss the drought and people's hunger, asking for tax exemptions and reductions, he was demoted to the Yangshan Order. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he returned to the north and became a doctor of the imperial family. He was promoted to the crown prince's right concubine, but failed to achieve his ambition. After the age of 50, he first conquered Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and then moved to the Ministry of Punishment. Because he remonstrated with the Buddha's bones, he was demoted as the governor of Chaozhou. Moved to Yuanzhou. Soon after he returned to the court, he held the posts of Guozi Jijiu, Minister of the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Jing Zhaoyin. He died at the age of fifty-seven. Politically more accomplished. The poem strives to be dangerous and novel, powerful and powerful.
Liu Zongyuan
Introduction
Liu Zongyuan (773-819), courtesy name Zihou, was a litterateur of the Tang Dynasty and one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. His ancestral home is Hedong (today's mountain
Liu Zongyuan
Yuncheng City, Western Province), known as Liuhedong in the world. He was born in Chang'an. He was a Jinshi in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) and an official supervisor and censor. Together with Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong in the Song Dynasty, they are also known as the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". He wrote more than 600 poems and essays in his lifetime, and his achievements in writing were greater than those in poetry. A native of Hedong Jie (now Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province) in the Tang Dynasty, Daizong was born in the capital Chang'an in the eighth year of Dali (773), and died in Liuzhou in the fourteenth year of Yuanhe (819) of Emperor Xianzong. A famous writer and thinker of his generation died under the age of 50. Because he was from Hedong and finally became the governor of Liuzhou, he was called Liuhedong or Liuliuzhou.
Biography of the character
During the reign of Emperor Shunzong, Wang Shuwen was in power. He served as a member of the Ministry of Rites, Wailang, and was determined to implement political reforms. Soon, Wang Shuwen failed, and he was demoted to Sima of Yongzhou and moved to Liuzhou as governor. He lived in the south for fourteen years and died in Liuzhou. A famous thinker and outstanding writer in the Tang Dynasty. As an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, Liu Zongyuan opposed the extravagant and flashy style of writing that had enveloped the literary world since the Six Dynasties, and advocated simple and smooth prose. He is the author of forty-five volumes of Liuhedong Collection and two volumes of Waiji. Among Liu Zongyuan's Eight Records of Yongzhou, "The Story of Xiaoshitan" is the most famous.
Liu Zongyuan[5] left more than 600 poems and essays in his lifetime. Most of his poems express feelings of depression, grief and anger, homesickness and nostalgia for friends. The works that are most praised by the world are those leisurely paintings of landscapes with profound meanings, sparseness and purity.
Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu, another writer in the Tang Dynasty, jointly initiated the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. In terms of travel notes and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left extremely excellent works for future generations. "Eight Notes of Yongzhou" has become a masterpiece of ancient Chinese landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about the beauty of nature, enriching the new realm of classical prose that reflects life, thereby establishing the status of landscape travel notes as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of his artistic achievements, he has been praised and praised by people for thousands of years. In addition to allegorical poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as "The Donkey of Guizhou", "The Rat of Yong's Family", "The Elk of Linjiang", etc., which have also become famous ancient fables. "The Guizhou donkey has no skills" has become an idiom and almost everyone knows it. Although some fables are short in length, they have been passed down through the ages just like his landscape stories.
The most popular works were all written after he was demoted, and Yongzhou's works are more popular. Typical works are "Eight Records of Yongzhou": "The Banquet of Shide Xishan", "The Records of Comu Lake", "The Records of the West Hill of Comu Lake", "The Records of Xiao Shitan", "The Records of the Yuan Family's Thirst", "The Records of the Shi Canal" and "The Records of the Stone Stream" "Little Rock Mountain Chronicles." It may be steep and majestic, or it may be clear and beautiful, reproducing the beauty of nature with exquisite language. "Eight Records of Yongzhou" was written after the fourth year of Yuanhe. At that time, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou, now Yongzhou, Hunan, due to the failure of political reform. The article was written about some of the landscapes near Yongzhou at that time. The article was short, light, simple and smooth, and was praised by generations. Among them, "The Story of Xiaoshitan" is the most famous. The author describes to people a quiet and peaceful scenery of Xiaoshitan through his pen. The article is fascinating and endlessly interesting. At the beginning, the small stone pool is shown using the writing method of not seeing its shape but hearing its sound first. If you write about a pond with a fish, you can imagine how clear the water is; if you describe a person with a fish, you will be able to express the admiration and joy of the fish. The author's shape, vividness, shadows, colors, economy of pen and ink, and superb technique. At the end, the poem depicts a feeling of desolation and melancholy in a quiet and profound environment, with the scenes blending together.
Ouyang Xiu
Introduction
Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072), a politician, writer, historian and scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty poet. His courtesy name was Uncle Yong, his nickname was Drunken Old Man, and in his later years he was also known as Liuyi Jushi (Liuyi means a collection of 10,000 volumes of books, a collection of 1,000 volumes of inscriptions and inscriptions from three dynasties), a harp, a game of chess, a pot of wine, and a Drunken Old Man. ), a native of Yongfeng, Jizhou (now Yongfeng, Jiangxi), called himself a Luling native, because Jizhou originally belonged to Luling County, and he was born in Mianzhou (now Mianyang, Sichuan). Tiansheng Jinshi. During the reign of Renzong, he was promoted to Zhizhigao and Hanlin bachelors; during the reign of Yingzong, he was promoted to deputy envoy to the privy council and participated in political affairs; during the Shenzong period, he was moved to the Ministry of War to serve as a minister, and he served as the prince's young master. His posthumous title was Wenzhong. He was not only a supporter of Fan Zhongyan's Qingli New Deal, but also a leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was also pleased to reward the younger ones, and Su Shi's brothers, Zeng Gong and Wang Anshi all came out of his sect. Poetry, lyrics, and prose are all top-notch at the moment. The prose is fluent in reasoning and euphemistic in lyricism, making it one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties"; the style of poetry is similar to that of prose, emphasizing momentum but being smooth and natural; his words are deep, graceful and elegant, inheriting the style of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He co-edited "New Book of Tang" with Song Qi and authored "New History of Five Dynasties". He also likes to collect epigraphic texts and compiles them into "Collection of Ancient Records". There is "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong".
Biography of the character
Ouyang Xiu lost his father when he was young and was raised by his widowed mother to study. Jinshi in the eighth year of Renzong Tiansheng's reign (1030). The following year, he was appointed as a stay-at-home promotion officer in Xijing (now Luoyang). He became close friends with Mei Yaochen and Yin Zhu, and exchanged poems with each other. In the first year of Jingyou's reign (1034), he convened the Bachelor's College Examination and was appointed Xuande Lang, who served as a colographer. In the third year of Jingyou's reign, Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Raozhou for criticizing current affairs in the previous chapter. Ouyang Xiu defended him and was demoted to the county magistrate of Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei). In the first year of Kangding (1040), Ouyang Xiu was recalled to Beijing and resumed his duties as a collation of the pavilions and pavilions, and later became known as the Admonition Academy. In the third year of Qingli (1043), Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi and others implemented the "Qingli New Deal". Ouyang Xiu participated in the innovation and proposed reform of official administration, military, and tribute laws. In the fifth year of Qingli, Fan, Han, Fu, etc. were demoted one after another, and Ouyang Xiu was also demoted to the prefect of Chuzhou (now Chuzhou, Anhui). Later, Yangzhou, Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui), and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) were also known. In August of the first year of Zhihe (1054), he was ordered to go to Beijing and study "New Book of Tang" with Song Qi. In February of the second year of Jiayou (1057), Ouyang Xiu presided over the Jinshi examination as a Hanlin bachelor, advocated a plain writing style, and admitted Su Shi, Su Che, Zeng Gong and others. This had a great influence on the change of literary style in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the fifth year of Jiayou's reign (1060), Ouyang Xiu became the deputy privy envoy. The following year, he was appointed as the governor of political affairs. Later, he successively held the posts of Minister of the Ministry of Punishment and Minister of the Ministry of War.
In the second year of Shenzong's Xining reign (1069), Wang Anshi implemented the new law. Ouyang Xiu expressed his objection to the Green Crops Law, but it was not implemented. In the third year of Xining (1070), except for the post of inspector, Taibao, Xuanhui Nanyuan envoy, etc., he insisted on not accepting it, and his name was changed to Caizhou (today's Runan County, Henan). This year, he changed his name to "Jiuyi layman". In June of the fourth year of Xining (1071), he resigned as the prince's young master and lived in Yingzhou. His posthumous title was Wenzhong. [6]
Su Xun
Introduction
Su Xun (May 22, 1009 to May 21, 1066), courtesy name Mingyun, was born in Meishan, Sichuan people. Born on
Su Xun
On April 25, the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (May 22, 1009), Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, died on April 5, the third year of Zhiping of Yingzong. Shen (May 21, 1066), fifty-eight years old. At the age of twenty-seven, he began to study hard. After the age of 30, he was promoted to Jinshi, and also promoted to have outstanding talents, etc., but he failed. Naixi Fen wrote the article. He closed his door and studied more, and then he understood the Six Classics and hundreds of schools of thought. He wrote thousands of words in an instant. Between Zhihe and Jiayou, he went to the capital with his second son Shi and Zhe. Ouyang Xiu published twenty-two chapters of his works such as "Heng Lun" and "Quan Shu", and the scholar-bureaucrats competed to pass them on. Prime Minister Han Qi reported to the court, except for the Secretary Provincial School Secretary. Together with Yao Pi, the commander of Xiangcheng City in Chenzhou, he compiled the Longli Book of Rites, which is one hundred volumes of "Taichang Yinge Rites". The book is completed and died. Xun wrote twenty volumes of "Jiayou Collection" and three volumes of "Posthumous Methods", both of which have been handed down to the world in the "Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty".
Biography of the character
Su Xun’s father is Su Xu, his mother is Shi, and he has two elder brothers, Su Dan and Su Huan. Su Xun had difficulty studying when he was young. When he was 19 years old, he married his wife Cheng. When he was 27 years old, he made up his mind to study hard. After more than ten years of hard study, he made great progress in his studies.
In the first year of Renzong Jiayou's reign (1056), he led Su Shi and Su Che to Bianjing to pay a visit to Ouyang Xiu, a Hanlin scholar. Ouyang Xiu admired his "Book of Quan", "Lun of Heng", "Several Strategies" and other articles, and thought they were comparable to those of Jia Yi and Liu Xiang, so he recommended them to the court. At that time, officials and officials rushed to recite it, and its reputation became very popular.
In the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), the two sons passed the examination in the same examination, causing a sensation in the capital.
In the third year of Jiayou's reign (1058), Renzong summoned him to take an examination in Sherenyuan. He refused to answer the imperial edict, claiming to be ill.
In the fifth year of Jiayou's reign (1060), he was recommended by Han Qi to serve as the secretary of the Provincial School Secretary, and later the chief registrar of Wen'an County in Bazhou. He was also appointed to serve as the county magistrate of Chenzhou Xiangcheng (now part of Henan). Fellow practitioner Yao Pi wrote one hundred volumes of "Taichang Yin Ge Li". Shortly after the book was completed, he died and was given posthumously to the Prime Minister of Guanglu Temple.
Su Shi
Introduction
Su Shi (1037~1101) was born in the Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty), with the courtesy name Zizhan and He Zhong, and the nickname "Dongpo Jushi" , posthumous title
Su Shi
Wen Zhong. During the Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, he was given to the Grand Master and given the posthumous title "Wenzhong". A native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan), Han nationality, he was the fifth son of his father Su Xun. He was a famous writer, calligrapher, painter, essayist, poet, and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. He has many creative talents and has made unique and outstanding achievements in poetry, lyrics, prose, calligraphy and painting. The world calls him Su Dongpo.
Biography of the character
In the second year of Jiayou (1057), he and his younger brother Su Zhe became Jinshi together. He was awarded the title of Dali judge and signed a letter to the judge of Fengxiang Mansion. In the second year of Xining (1069), when his father's mourning period expired, he returned to the court and sued the court for the magistrate. He had political disagreements with Wang Anshi and opposed the implementation of the new law. He asked for a foreign post and became the general judge of Hangzhou. He moved to Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong) and then to Xuzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he suffered the "Wutai Poetry Case" and was responsible for being appointed deputy envoy of Tuanlian in Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei Province). He was placed in the state and was not allowed to sign official documents. Zhe Zongli, Empress Dowager Gao came to the court, and was restored to the imperial court of Fenglang Zhidengzhou (today's Penglai, Shandong); four months later, he moved to be a doctor in the Ministry of Rites; within ten days of his appointment, in addition to the living room staff, he moved to the middle school room, and then moved to the middle school room. Hanlin scholars know how to make imperial edicts and pay tribute to the Ministry of Rites. In the fourth year of Yuanyou (1089), he went to know Hangzhou, and later changed his knowledge to Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), Zhezong was in charge of his own affairs and was demoted to Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong) and then to Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan). Huizong ascended the throne and returned to the north after being pardoned. He died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu Province) in 1101, the first year of Jianzhong's reign, at the age of sixty-five, and was buried in Jiacheng County, Ruzhou (now Jiaxian County, Henan Province). He, his father Su Xun (1009-1066) and his younger brother Su Zhe (1039-1112) are all famous for their literature, and are known as the "Three Sus" in the world; they are as famous as the "Three Cao Fathers and Sons" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) in the late Han Dynasty . "Sansu" are three of the eight great masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. Their works include "Dongpo Seven Episodes" and "Dongpo Yuefu".
Politically, he belongs to his father Su Xun, the "Su Laoquan" mentioned in the "Three Character Classic" who "began to become angry at the age of twenty-seven". Although Su Xun got angry late, he worked very hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled studying with his father when he was young, and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's diligent study, it would have been impossible for Su Shi to receive a good tutor at a young age, let alone "study the classics and history, and write thousands of words a day" when he was still young, and it would be even less possible for him to have a literary career in the future. Everyone.
Achievements and Contributions
Su Shi’s literary views are in the same vein as Ouyang Xiu, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thought emphasizes "doing something for something", advocating nature, getting rid of constraints, "creating new ideas in laws and regulations, and expressing wonderful principles in boldness". He believes that compositions should reach the artistic realm of "like flowing clouds and flowing water, with no definite quality at first, but always doing what they should do and always stopping at what they must do. Natural literature and science, full of gestures" ("A Letter of Thanks to Minshi"). Su Shi's prose writings are rich, and he is also known as the third family of Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is easy and smooth, bold and free. Shi Dehong's "Postscript to Dongpo (Left and Right Yun) Chi Lu" said: "The writing is as smooth as the quality of water, and it spreads vastly, so its waves will naturally become written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu are both called "Ou Su", and they are "Ou Su". One of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu. He enjoyed a huge reputation among the writers at that time. There were many people who made friends with him or accepted his guidance at one time, including the Northern Song writers Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Leisi. Everyone has been trained, rewarded and recommended by him. Therefore, they are called the Four Scholars of Sumen.
There are about 4,000 Su poems in existence. His poems are broad in content and diverse in style. They are mainly bold and unrestrained, with powerful writing, endless changes, and romanticism, which opened up a new path for the development of Song poetry. . Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "Su Shi's poems have opened up a realm unprecedented in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, and they are all inspired by the writing." Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry Talk" said: "Take text as poetry , starting from Changli, to Dongpo, he became more and more eloquent, opened up new perspectives, and became a grand view of the generation... Especially those who are unreachable, they are born with a strong pen, as refreshing as a mourning pear, and they can be cut quickly, and there is a hidden secret that can be reached without difficulty. This is why he became a great poet after Li and Du, but he is not as good as Li and Du because of this. "His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors, and have a unique style in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of their luxury and arrogance. Ci Kai is bold and unrestrained, which has a great influence on future generations. "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou·Bingchen Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely recited. Poems include "Seven Collections of Dongpo" and so on.
There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi in existence. They break through the narrow themes of love and separation between men and women and have broad social content. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese poetry. He expanded the spirit of the Northern Song Dynasty's poetry innovation movement to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional Ci style since the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and created the Bold Ci School that stood side by side with the Graceful School. He expanded the subject matter of Ci and enriched the artistic conception of Ci. It broke through the boundaries of poetry in Shizhuang and made a significant contribution to the innovation and development of poetry. Famous works include "Nian Nujiao", "Shui Diao Ge Tou", etc., which pioneered the bold style of poetry, and was called "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng said in the "Preface to Xin Jiaxuan's Poems": "The words reach the east slope, and they are upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at running and regular script, and is the same as Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang is also known as the "Four Families of the Song Dynasty". He studied famous masters of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and benefited from Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became his own family and created his own ideas. The writing style is plump and full of emotions, giving it a sense of innocence and innocence. Zi said: "I can't create my own calligraphy"; another said: "I come up with new ideas and do not follow the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, he was very good at using the pen, but he was not as good as the boss who gradually approached nature"; another said: "When he arrived in Huangzhou Later, his strokes were extremely powerful. "In his later years, he had the momentum of overseas turmoil, and his knowledge, broadmindedness, and knowledge were outstanding, and he experienced many ups and downs in his life. His calligraphy style is full of ups and downs, innocent and vast. You can imagine his calligraphy by looking at it. As a person. At that time, his brothers and nephews You, Mai, and Guo, and his friends Wang Dingguo and Zhao Lingju all learned from him; later historical celebrities such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan, and Zhang Zhidong in the Qing Dynasty also learned from him. They all learned from him, which shows his great influence. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "Those who are good at calligraphy in this dynasty should naturally recommend (Su) as the first."
Su Shi painted ink and bamboo under the tutelage of Wen Tong (that is, Wen and Ke ), which is simpler and more powerful than the text, and has the potential to dance. Mi Fu said that he "made black bamboo from the ground to the top." I asked: Why not divide it into sections one by one? He said: When the bamboo is growing, how can it be done section by section?" He is also good at making dead wood and strange rocks.
Mi Fu also said: "The branches of dead wood are curled and curved for no reason; the stones are hard and cracked, and they are also strange and strange for no reason, just like the depression in his chest." It can be seen that his paintings are full of fantasy and far-reaching ideas. He has outstanding views on both calligraphy and painting, and his influence on painting is even more profound. For example, he attaches great importance to spiritual resemblance, and believes that "paintings are based on the resemblance of form, seeing children as neighbors", advocating that there is emotion outside the painting, and the painting should have sustenance, opposing form resemblance, and opposing the constraints of routine, advocating "the originality of poetry and painting, natural craftsmanship and freshness", and clearly stated The concept of "scholar painting", etc., highly praised the artistic attainments of "painting within poetry, poetry within painting". It laid the theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". Existing writings include "Poems about Cold Food in Huangzhou", "Chibi Fu", "Essays in Appreciation to Civil Teachers", "Ji Dao Essays on Sacrifice to Huang", "Previous Chibi Fu", etc. The surviving paintings include "Scroll of Ancient Trees and Strange Rocks" and "Scroll of Bamboo and Stone"; the "Scroll of Bamboo and Stone of Xiaoxiang" discovered later was also his work.
Su Shi achieved pinnacle achievements in poetry, prose, Ci, calligraphy, painting, etc. in the Song Dynasty when there were many talents. He is a rare literary and artistic genius in Chinese history. Old party. A bold poet.
Su Che
Introduction
Su Che
Su Che (1039-1112), named Ziyou, Han nationality, Meizhou A native of Meishan (now part of Sichuan). In the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), he and his brother Su Shi were admitted to the Jinshi Department. During the Shenzong Dynasty, three departments of regulations were established for the system. Because he opposed Wang Anshi's reform, he became an official in Henan. During the reign of Emperor Zhezong, he was called Secretary Provincial School Secretary. In the first year of Yuanyou, he served as the admonition of Yousi. His officials, Yushi Zhongcheng, Shangshu Youcheng, and his subordinates, disobeyed Zhezong and the officials of Yuanfeng. They came out of Ruzhou, demoted to Junzhou, relegated to Leizhou, and moved to Xunzhou. After Emperor Huizong was established, he moved to Yongzhou and Yuezhou to become a Taizhong doctor, and then settled in Xuzhou where he became an official. He calls himself Yingbin Yilao. After death, his posthumous title was Wending. One of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, he is as famous as his father Xun and his brother Shi, collectively known as Sansu. [7]
Biography of the character
Song Renzong was born on February 20, the second year of Baoyuan (March 18, 1039), and he and Su Shi were together in the second year of Renzong Jiayou (1057). Jinshi. Soon after his mother died, he returned home to pay filial piety. In the sixth year of Jiayou's reign (1061), he and Su Shi had the same examination system. At that time, he did not hold an official position because he was "begging to support his relatives". Later, he served as a promotion official in Daming Prefecture.
In the fifth year of Xining (1072), he served as a promotion official in Henan. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), the old party came to power. He was recalled and served as secretary of the Provincial School Secretary and Yousijian. He was promoted to the office of living minister, and moved to Zhongshusheren and the Minister of Household Affairs until the third year of Chongning (1104). ) settled in Yingchuan and lived a life of pastoral seclusion. He called himself "Yingbin Yi Lao" and devoted himself to reading, writing, and meditating in meditation. He died on October 3, 1112 (October 25). After his death, he became a bachelor of Duanming Palace, and his posthumous title was Wending.
Wang Anshi
Introduction
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (1021-1086) was named Jiefu, in his later years, he was also known as Banshan, with the small name Badger Lang, and the title Jing Guogong, also known as Wang Jinggong, was a native of Linchuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (now Shangchi Village, Dongxiang County, Jiangxi Province), Han nationality. An outstanding politician, thinker, writer, and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight great masters of ancient prose in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He was born in a family of small officials. Father Yi, also known as Shuizhi, was a military judge in Linjiang and served several prefecture and county magistrates in the north and south throughout his life. Anshi was good at reading, had a strong memory, and received a good education. In the second year of Qingli (1042), he ranked fourth in the Jinshi Ranking and served successively as a judge in Huainan, magistrate of Yin County, Tong magistrate of Shuzhou, magistrate of Changzhou, and officials in Tidian Jiangdong Prison and other places. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), when Shenzong ascended the throne, he ordered Anshi to know Jiangning Mansion and was summoned to become a Hanlin bachelor. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in political affairs. From the third year of Xining, he was appointed Tong Zhongshu Menxiaping, a reformer, to implement new laws twice. After Xining resigned as prime minister in the ninth year, he lived in seclusion and died of illness in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province). He was given the posthumous title "Wen". He was hailed by Lenin as "China's greatest reformer in the eleventh century.
Biography
Originally from Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi), he was born in Linjiang Army (which ruled today's Jiangxi) Qingjiang). His father, Wang Yi, was born as a Jinshi. He worked in counties in present-day Jiangxi and Guangdong for a long time. He died in Tongxing in Jiangning Prefecture (which governs present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) and stayed there for a long time. , Jiangning became his second hometown. He traveled to various places with his father and was well-informed about the people. In the second year of Qingli (1042), he was promoted to Jinshi and served as the judge of Weinan East Road (ruling today's Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province).
In the seventh year of Qingli Dynasty (1047), he was transferred to the county magistrate of Yin County (now southeast of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province). He visited 14 townships in the east and west, arranged water conservancy construction, and initiated the idea of ??lending valleys to the people (the origin of the "Green Miao Law"). "The world of capital" (that is, production through development) has a unique perspective. In the third year of Huangyou's reign (1051), he was transferred to Shuzhou (now Huaining, Anhui) as the general magistrate. Celebrities such as Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi who were in Beijing at that time heard that he was prolific in his writings and political affairs, and submitted their recommendations. They were all unwilling to take up the Imperial Academy position because they came from a poor family. During this period, they served as the herds judge of Taichang Temple for only one year, and insisted on leaving Beijing to serve as the southeast governor. Officials should "make the best use of their talents". In the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), he was appointed magistrate of Changzhou. The next year, he was transferred to the Tidian Jiangnan East Road (governing Raozhou, today's Boyang, Jiangxi) prison, and soon became the judge of the third division branch. He wrote the "Book of Statements" to Renzong, urging that the reform of officialdom should start from all aspects of cultivating and using talents, as well as reforms in financial management, military and other aspects. This was actually the early program or theoretical prototype of the later reforms. Renzong praised his literary talent and promoted him to Zhi Zhi Gao, but he did not adopt the reforms. Then go to "Shu Zhengshu" (also known as "Notes on Nothing Happened in This Dynasty for a Hundred Years"); one report was submitted in the first year of Xining, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong, who strongly called for timely reform, "Don't rush to today when you can do something promising; if you pass today, I may have trouble." "The worry of having nothing to worry about". Renzong died in the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), and soon after his mother died, he returned to Jiangning to guard the system and resigned. Yingzong reigned for four years and stayed at home.
In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067) Shenzong ascended the throne, and the following year he was appointed as a Hanlin scholar from the prefecture of Jiangning. In response to Shenzong's call, he advocated the reform. In February of the second year of Xining (1069), he was appointed as the counselor of political affairs and took charge of the establishment of the third department of regulations. At the same time, Lu Huiqing was appointed as the director of the Ordinance Department and became the administrative deputy of Wang Anshi in the reform. The following year, he was appointed as Ping Zhangshi under Tong Zhongshu. Prime Minister. Shenzong dismissed the regulations and established the Three Divisions, and the power was transferred to Zhongshu. He promulgated the Baojia Law and the Recruitment Law (first tried in Kaifeng Prefecture). In the next three years, the Tribute Law, the Market Change Law, and the Horse Protection Law were gradually promulgated. The Land Average Tax Law and the Law of Setting Generals; the Law of Exemption from Service was implemented nationwide in the seventh year of Xining (1074) the year after it was tried out in Kaifeng Prefecture. Because there were Wen Yanbo and Sima Guang outside, there were three empresses (Empress Renzong, Empress Yingzong and Empress Shenzong). ) fiercely opposed the new law, Zheng Xia presented "Pictures of Refugees" to make alarmist remarks, and added Lu Huiqing, an important member of the new law, and Zeng Bu to quarrel with each other. In February of that year, he returned to the prime minister. However, due to his disagreement with Shenzong, the reform was difficult to achieve. Within a year, he resigned from the prime minister again, went to Jiangning Mansion, and retired to Jiangning Banshan Garden. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Shenzong died. In the following year, Zhezong changed his name to "Yuanyou". The Empress Dowager Gao listened to the government behind the curtain and appointed Sima Guang as prime minister. He dismissed the officials and Qingmiao successively. Fa. He died of illness in April of that year, and was given the posthumous title "Wen", so he was known as "Wang Wengong" in history. There are volumes of "Collected Works of Wang Wengong", "Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan" and "Zhou Guan Xinyi" and "Shi Yi Gou Chen". , Yu Yi
Zeng Gong
Introduction
Zeng Gong (September 30, 1019 - April 30, 1083, the eighth year of the third year of Tianxi). The 25th day of the lunar month - the 11th day of the 6th year of Yuanfeng (Zeng Gong), named Zigu, known as "Mr. Nanfeng" in the world, Han nationality, Jianchangnan. He was a native of Feng (now Jiangxi) and later lived in Linchuan (now west of Fuzhou City, Jiangxi). He was the grandson of Zeng Zhiyao and the son of Zeng Yizhan. He was a politician and essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the "Eight Great Scholars of the Tang and Song Dynasties". One of the "Seven Masters of Nanfeng" (Zeng Gong, Zeng Zhao, Zeng Bu, Zeng Yu, Zeng Hong, Zeng Xie, Zeng Dun)
Life of the character
Zeng Gong claimed to be "a Confucian from a family background" (Zeng Gong's "The First Book of Ouyang Scholars"). His grandfather was a doctor in the Ministry of Finance, and his father was Dr. Taichang. Zeng Gong was talented and had a very strong memory. He read poetry and books when he was young. , can recite in a blurt, and studied diligently with his brother Zeng Ye. He has shown good talent since childhood. His younger brother Zeng Zhao is said to be "able to write at the age of twelve, and his eloquence is astonishing". It was said in the book that he was "naturally alert, not like a child" and had an extraordinary memory, "reading tens of thousands of words and reciting them frequently". When he was 18 years old, he went to Beijing to take the exam and met Wang Anshi, who was in Beijing with his father, and became close friends. He entered Taixue at the age of 20 and wrote to Ouyang Xiu and presented "Current Affairs Policy". Ouyang Xiu saw his unique writing style and appreciated it very much. Ouyang Xiu said: "Thousands of people who have passed through my door are only happy to be alive." ("The Second Book of Ouyang Scholars") Since then, he has become famous all over the world. However, because he is good at strategy and argumentation, he is less interested in writing and writing, so he has been repeatedly criticized. Failed to try.
In the seventh year of Qingli (1047), his father died. As the second son (he still had an elder brother), he had to drop out of school and return to his hometown to serve his stepmother wholeheartedly. Zeng Gong was a close friend of Wang Anshi when he was young. After joining Ouyang Xiu, he recommended Wang Anshi to Ouyang Xiu. It was not until the second year of Jiayou's reign (1058) that Ouyang Xiu presided over the examination, insisting on focusing on ancient prose and policy theory, with poetry as a supplementary proposition. Zeng Gongcai, his younger brothers Zeng Mou, Zeng Bu and cousin Zeng Fu ranked first in the Jinshi.
In the fourth year of Jiayou's reign (1059), he served as a judicial officer in Taiping Prefecture (now Dangtu County, Anhui Province) and joined the army. He was famous for his understanding of laws and regulations and appropriate sentencing. In the fifth year, he was recommended by Ouyang Xiu to the capital as a collation of pavilions and pavilions and as a school administrator in Jixian. The school published "Warring States Policy", "Shuo Yuan", "New Preface", "Liang Shu", "Chen Shu" and "Tang Ling" , "Collection of Li Taibai", "Collected Poems of Bao Rong" and "Biography of Women" and other ancient books. He has done a lot of organizing work on the books of the past dynasties and written a large number of prefaces.
In the second year of Xining (1069), he served as a reviewer of "Records of Song Yingzong" and was soon sent to Yuezhou (today's Shaoxing, Zhejiang) as a general judge. Five years after Xining, he successively served as magistrate of Qizhou, Xiangzhou, Hongzhou, Fuzhou, Mingzhou, Bozhou and other prefectures. Be honest and dedicated to government, be diligent in political affairs, and care about people's livelihood and suffering. He implemented it according to the purpose of Wang Anshi's new law and combined with the actual situation. Dedicated to redressing injustice, maintaining public order, combating tyrants, providing disaster relief and preventing epidemics, building bridges across rivers, setting up posthouses, repairing cities, building schools, reducing official documents, rectifying officialdom, and abolishing exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes, they are deeply supported by the masses.
In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was appointed magistrate of Cangzhou (now Hebei). When passing through Kaifeng, the capital, Song Shenzong summoned him. Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty greatly appreciated his suggestion that "frugality is the key to financial management" and stayed on as the judge of the Third Class Court. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, the imperial court believed that "Zeng Gong's history was well-known as a scholar and should be used as a reference to the historical events of the Five Dynasties", so he was appointed as a historian, responsible for compiling and repairing the academy, and judging Taichang Temple and ceremonial affairs. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, he worshiped the people of Zhongshushe. In September of the same year, his mother died and he resigned from office. The following year, he died of illness in Jiangning Mansion (now Nanjing). He was later buried on the right side of Chongjue Temple at the source of Nanfeng. During Lizong's reign in the Southern Song Dynasty, he was given the posthumous title of "Wen Ding" and was known as "Mr. Nanfeng".
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Excerpt from encyclopedia!
Hope to adopt it! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !