Pen is a disposable pen invented by American wortmann, and the inventor of Ouyang Sheng's pen is a widely used writing tool. It was invented in1early 9th century. 1809, Britain issued the first batch of patent certificates about water storage pens, which marked the official birth of pens. In the early water storage pens, ink could not flow freely. When the writer presses the piston, the ink begins to flow. After writing for a while, he has to press it again, otherwise the ink will not flow out. Of course it's inconvenient to write like this. By 1884, wortmann, an employee of an American insurance company, invented a capillary ink supply method, which solved the above problems well. The end of this pen can be disassembled and ink can be injected with a small dropper. The earliest pen that can absorb ink by itself appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, using a piston to absorb ink. When using a bladder in a pen, insert an iron sheet into the gap to squeeze the bladder to absorb ink. At 1952, there appeared a snooker pen with a tube inserted in the ink to absorb water. The commonly used capillary pen was not invented until 1956. /kloc-The introduction and use of western pens in the 20th century made the Chinese brush, which had been used for more than 2,000 years, gradually retreat to the "second line", which triggered a revolution in the history of calligraphy in China and produced modern hard-pen calligraphy. But for a long time, people in China didn't know that hard pen is an ancient thing in China, and the shape and function of some hard pens are only one step away from modern pens. During the exploration and archaeological excavations in the last century, western explorers and archaeologists from China discovered more than 10 hard pens made of bamboo tubes, reed pipes, bamboo chips, red willows and other materials in the west of China. Among them, the most amazing ones are 1906' s Lu pen discovered by British Stein at Milan site in Ruoqiang county, Xinjiang, and 1972' s bamboo pen discovered by China archaeologists at Xixia site in Zhangyibao, Wuwei, Gansu. From the modeling point of view, these two kinds of pens are very similar, both of which are finely polished by wooden materials, with sharp tips and horse ears. It is hard to believe that there is a gap in the middle of the tongues of these two pens, which is double-pointed, similar to today's tongues. Li Zhengyu, a researcher at Dunhuang Research Institute and a member of the Academic Theory Committee of China Hard Pen Calligraphers Association, said: "The shape and principle of the pen tongue are basically the same as those of the modern pen tongue, which has created a precedent for modern pen tongue making technology." The split seam in the middle of the tongue increases the softness of the pen tip, weakens the stiffness, reduces the chance of cutting paper, opens up a channel for ink to seep down slowly, and makes writing smoother. According to archaeological records, three identical pens were unearthed at Milan site in Ruoqiang county, Xinjiang and Xixia site in Zhangyibao, Wuwei, Gansu, indicating that these pens were not orphans. Chronologically, the pens unearthed in these two sites were in the 3rd century and12nd century respectively, which were earlier than the earliest invention of modern pens 1600 and 700 years respectively. Unfortunately, the value and significance of these two kinds of pens have only been recognized by China scholars in recent years. In fact, this is not the earliest hard pen unearthed in China. 199 1 year, a miner found a Han dynasty enamel, two bronze arrows and a bamboo slip at the site of Gaowang Lane on the southeast bank of Halanaoer Lake in northwest Dunhuang City. 10 For many years, archaeologists have been using "the shape of a bamboo stick is unknown" to explain this bamboo artifact. As everyone knows, this is the earliest bamboo cone pen found in China so far, which has been nearly two thousand years. Li Zhengyu said that there is a record in the history books of China that "ancient pens are mostly made of bamboo", and this bamboo cone pen of Han Dynasty found in the site of Gaowangxiang in Dunhuang is such a kind. The shape of the pen is flat, with one end flush and the other sharp. Judging from the paint marks left on the nib, it has obviously been used for writing, which just proves the historical fact of "bamboo sticks dipped in paint to write" in ancient China. The earliest pen in the west was invented by an Englishman Xi Feili at the beginning of19th century. 1908, British Dick Osho designed a new fountain pen with ink stored in the pen holder (American wortmann also invented a similar pen in the same year). Because it is easy to carry and use, this pen is very popular in the world. The large-scale popularization and use of pens was the advent of Parker pens in the 20th century. 1932, the researchers of Parker Company in the United States invented the fountain pen with vacuum water absorption structure, which quickly became popular all over the world because of its simple operation and long use time. Li Zhengyu said that due to the lack of historical materials and the lack of in-depth research, people's understanding and research on China's ancient hard pens are still in the primary stage, and some hard pens discovered many years ago are still "locked" in museums around the country, which has been unknown for a long time. In addition, the relationship between China's ancient hard pen and modern western pen is still difficult to fully sort out, which needs further demonstration. However, Li Zhengyu believes that from the similarity of the shape and principle of the pen tongue, it can be seen that the ancient hard pen in China is closely related to the modern western pen, which is at least a reference for distant ancestors:
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