The Forbidden City, formerly known as the Forbidden City, was the imperial palace of China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Located in the center of Beijing's central axis, it is the essence of ancient palace architecture in China. The Forbidden City in Beijing is centered on three halls, covering an area of 720,000 square meters, with a construction area of about10.5 million square meters. There are more than 70 palaces and 9000 houses. It is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient wooden buildings in the world.
The construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing began in the fourth year of Yongle (1406), based on the Forbidden City in Nanjing, and was completed in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420). It is a rectangular city with a length of 96 1 m from north to south and a width of 753 m from east to west. Surrounded by a wall with a height of 10 meter, there is a moat with a width of 52 meters outside the city. The architecture of the Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court.
The center of the outer court is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, which are collectively called the three halls, and are the places where the country holds ceremonies. The center of the Forbidden City is Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, collectively referred to as the last three palaces, which are the main palaces where emperors and empresses live.
2. The Great Wall
The Great Wall, also known as the Great Wall of Wan Li, is an ancient military defense project in China. It is a tall, solid and continuous long wall, which is used to limit the enemy's actions. The Great Wall is not a simple isolated wall, but a defense system with the wall as the main body and a large number of cities, obstacles, pavilions and landmarks.
The history of the construction of the Great Wall can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the famous allusion "bonfire drama princes" occurred in Haojing, the capital (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) originated from this. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, countries competed for hegemony and defended each other, and the construction of the Great Wall entered its first climax, but the construction length at this time was relatively short.
After Qin destroyed the six countries and unified the world, Qin Shihuang connected and restored the Great Wall of the Warring States Period, which was called the Great Wall of Wan Li? . The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty to overhaul the Great Wall, and most of the Great Wall seen by people today was built at this time.
Great Wall resources are mainly distributed in Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Shaanxi Province is the province with the richest resources of the Great Wall in China, with a total length of 1838 km.
According to the results of the national Great Wall resources survey conducted by cultural relics and surveying and mapping departments, the total length of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty was 885 1.8km, and it was more than 1 1,000 km in Qin and Han Dynasties and its early period, and the total length was more than 2 1 1,000 km.
3. Longmen grottoes
Longmen Grottoes is one of the treasures of stone carving art in China. It is now a world cultural heritage, a national key cultural relic protection unit and a national AAAAA-level tourist attraction. It is located in Longmen Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain on both sides of the Yihe River in Luolong District, Luoyang City, Henan Province. Longmen Grottoes, Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes are also called the four major grottoes in China.
Longmen Grottoes were excavated during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. After more than 400 years of continuous large-scale construction in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, the length from north to south was 1 km. Today, there are 2345 grottoes and more than 65438+ ten thousand statues here. Among them, Longmen Twenty is the essence of Weibei calligraphy, and Chu Suiliang's A Que Buddhist Shrine Monument is a model of regular script art in the early Tang Dynasty.
Longmen Grottoes lasted for a long time, spanning many dynasties. They reflect the development and changes of China ancient politics, economy, religion, culture and many other fields from different aspects with a large number of physical images and written materials, and have made great contributions to the innovation and development of China Grottoes. In 2000, it was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO.
4. Suzhou gardens
Suzhou Classical Garden, referred to as Suzhou Garden for short, is a world cultural heritage, a national AAAAA tourist attraction and one of the top ten scenic spots in China. Suzhou classical gardens are known as "the city of gardens", and enjoy the reputation of "Jiangnan gardens are the best in the world, Suzhou gardens are the best in the south of the Yangtze River" and "rebuilding Gankun is within a stone's throw".
Suzhou classical gardens began in Gusu, the capital of the Kingdom of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Five Dynasties, matured in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. By the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 65,438+070 gardens of various colors in Suzhou. At present, there are more than 60 complete gardens and 65,438+09 open to the outside world, including Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden and Yiyuan Garden.
Suzhou classical gardens have their unique historical position and value in the history of world gardening. Suzhou classical gardens, with their superb freehand brushwork techniques, contain strong China traditional thoughts and cultural connotations. It is a model of oriental civilization gardening art, a leader and pride of China garden culture, and an outstanding representative of China gardens.
5. Temple of Heaven
The Temple of Heaven is in the south of Beijing, to the east of Yongdingmennei Street in Dongcheng District. Covers an area of about 2.73 million square meters. The Temple of Heaven was founded in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420), and was rebuilt and rebuilt during the reign of Qing Qianlong and Guangxu. It is the place where emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties offered sacrifices to the emperor and prayed for a bumper harvest of grain.
The Temple of Heaven is the floorboard of two altars, Qiuqiu and Gucci. It has double altar walls, forming an inner and outer altar. The altar wall is round in the south and round in the north, which symbolizes the round place. The main building is in the inner altar, the ball altar is in the south and the valley prayer altar is in the north. The two altars are on the same north-south axis, separated by a wall. The main buildings of the ball arena include the ball arena, the Imperial Palace, etc. The main buildings of the Valley Altar include the Hall of Praying for the Year, the Palace and the Gate of Praying for the Year.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Forbidden City
Baidu encyclopedia-great wall
Baidu encyclopedia-Longmen grottoes
Baidu encyclopedia-Suzhou garden
Baidu encyclopedia-Tiantan