My smile goes from the horizontal knife to the sky and stays in the liver and gallbladder. "Tan Sitong's songs have been sung for some time because of his deeds.
However, the most famous poems written by literati in prison are two poems by Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty.
About these two poems, there is such a source:
In the second year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1079), Su Shi was demoted to Huzhou.
The reason for his demotion is that he disapproves of Wang Anshi's new law.
Su Shi paid tribute to Song Shenzong as usual.
This is a red tape article, but he knows that he was released to the outside world and was tampered with by the suggestion of the new party. Therefore, the grievances in my heart can't help but write a slightly grumbling "knowing that it is difficult to catch up with newcomers when they are born;" Check the old man's troubles, or he can raise the king. "
At that time, Zhang Dun, Cai Que and others, North Korea's political opponents, accused Su Shi of mocking the reality of the imperial court in the name of "thanking the table", being arrogant, venting his dissatisfaction with the "new law" and demanding severe punishment.
, He, and others quoted Su Shi's Poems of Hangzhou Chronicle as evidence, saying that he "played with the imperial court and mocked state affairs", and even found some sentences from his other poems, which were taken out of context and convicted, such as: "Reading thousands of books without reading the law made you ignorant."
Originally, Su Shi said that he could not study hard and help the emperor become a saint like Yao Shun, but they pointed out that he was satirizing the emperor's inability to teach and supervise officials. For another example, "if the East China Sea has a clear idea, it should be taught to turn brine into mulberry fields", saying that he is accusing the water conservancy construction of being wrong.
In fact, Su Shi himself built water conservancy projects in Hangzhou. How could he think that was wrong? Another example is "Shao said that he forgot to understand the taste, and there was no salt in recent March", saying that he was sarcastically prohibiting people from selling salt.
In a word, it is determined that he dares to ridicule the emperor and the prime minister, and he is guilty of a heinous crime and should be sentenced to death.
So the court removed Su Shi from office, arrested him and sent him to Yushitai for trial.
At this time, Shen Kuo also came out to snitch, saying that Su Shi's poems had the meaning of mocking state affairs, and others took Su Shi's poems as evidence (the poem that made Su Shi feel unlucky was a poem that sang two lines of cypress: "There is no root in the grave, and the world only knows dragons." These two poems are accused of stabbing the emperor: "The emperor is like a dragon in the sky, but Su Shi wants to find a dragon under the grave. There is nothing better than this! " ) accused him of "disobedience" and wanted to kill him.
A major case involving 39 relatives and friends of Su Shi and more than 100 poems was shocked by Shen Kuo's informer.
This is the famous Wutai poetry case.
After Su Shi went to prison, his life and death were uncertain, and he was frightened several times a day.
While waiting for the final verdict, his son Mai Su went to the prison to bring him meals every day.
Because the father and son can't meet, they make an appointment in the dark: they usually only send vegetables and meat, and if there is bad news about the death penalty, they will send fish instead, so that they can make preparations early.
One day, because Mai Su ran out of money, he needed to borrow it, so he entrusted a friend to deliver food for Su Shi, but forgot to tell his friend the secret agreement.
It happened that that friend sent a smoked fish to Su Shi when he was delivering dinner that day.
Su Shi was shocked and thought that he was ill-fated, so he wrote two farewell poems for his brother Su Zhe with extreme sadness. One of them is: "the Lord is like the sky, and everything is spring, and the little minister is stupid and dies secretly."
It's even more tiring to pay off debts after a hundred years.
It is a castle peak where bones can be hidden. He is alone in the rain.
It is more important to be brothers with you in this life. Secondly: "The frosty night in Baitai is bleak, and the wind blows low.
The dream is like a deer around Yunshan, and the soul is like a chicken.
The rhinoceros horn on the forehead is really a gentleman, and the cows behind him are ashamed of their old age.
Where is the centenarian wandering? Tongxiang should be in the west of Zhejiang. "
After the poem was written, the jailer gave it to Emperor Zongshen according to the regulations.
Song Shenzong admired Su Shi's talent and didn't mean to kill him. He just wanted to take this opportunity to demoralize Su Shi.
After reading these two poems by Su Shi, I was very moved, but I couldn't help being impressed by such talent.
In addition, many people in the dynasty interceded for Su Shi, and Wang Anshi also advised Zongshen that it was inappropriate for the Holy Dynasty to punish celebrities, so Zongshen ordered Su Shi to be lenient and demoted as the deputy envoy of Huangzhoutuan Yong Lian.
The sensational Wutai Poetry Case ended, and Su Shi's two "Desperate Poems" were also widely circulated ... Shen Kuo (A.D. 103 1 ~ 1095) was born in Qiantang County, Hangzhou (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the Northern Song Dynasty, Han nationality.
Scientists and politicians in the Northern Song Dynasty.
1 year-old, moved south to Wuyishan and Jianyang generation in Fujian, and then lived in Youxi area in Fujian.
Injong was a scholar in the eighth year of Jiayou (AD 1063).
Zong Shen participated in Wang Anshi's political reform.
In the fifth year of Xining (A.D. 1072), he was promoted to supervisor of Tianbu, and the following year he went to Zhejiang to inspect water conservancy and officers.
In the eighth year of Xining (AD 1075), he sent envoys to Liao to refute Liao's land claims.
The following year, he served as a bachelor of Hanlin, and made the third secretary right, rectifying Shaanxi salt policy.
Later, Yanzhou (now Yan 'an, Shaanxi) was famous for strengthening its defense against Xixia.
In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Song Jun was defeated by Xixia in the battle of Yongle City and was demoted.
In his later years, he wrote a notebook masterpiece Meng Qian Bi Tan in Zhenjiang Meng Xi Park.
Shen Kuo's scientific achievements are manifold.
He devoted himself to astronomy and advocated a new calendar similar to today's solar calendar.
In physics, he recorded the principle of compass and various production methods; The existence of magnetic declination was discovered more than 400 years before Europe. The concave mirror imaging is also described.
Schematic diagram of magnetic declination
Principles; The law of * * * vibration is also studied.
In mathematics, he founded "gap product" (second-order arithmetic progression summation method) and "meeting circle" (knowing the diameter of the circle and the height of the bow, finding the chord and arc length of the bow).
In geology, he studied the formation of alluvial plain and water erosion, and put forward the name of oil for the first time.
In medicine, there are many records of effective prescriptions and many medical works.
In addition, he also recorded the scientific development and production technology at that time, such as movable type printing and metal smelting method invented by Bi Sheng.
There is also the Reform Movement of 1898: Yuan Shikai exposed the plan of the Reform Movement of 1898 to kill Cixi! ! This incident directly led to the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898! ! ! ! ... Yuan Shikai (1859 September 16- 19 16 June)
Weiting (also called Weiting), whose real name is Rong 'an, is a famous political figure in the modern history of China.
He was the leader of the northern warlords and became the first president of the Republic of China in the Revolution of 1911. During his reign, he actively developed industry, unified the monetary system and established a modern judicial and educational system.
But later, encouraged by Yang Du and other constitutionalists, the restoration of the emperor was overthrown.
He served as minister of military affairs in the Qing court and acting governor of North Korea.
1859, 16 In September, Yuan Shikai was born in Yuan Zhai, Wangmingkou Town, Xiangcheng City, Henan Province, a big landlord family with bureaucrats for generations.
Father and ancestors are mostly local strongmen.
Yuan Jiasan, the great uncle, started from the Anhui Yong Tuan overseers to suppress the Nian Army and served as the governor of grain transportation.
Father Yuan Baozhong is a local gentry.
Yuan's uncle once led troops in the A-3 army to patrol the salt road in the south of the Yangtze River.
Yuan Shikai adopted Baoqing as his heir since childhood. When I was a teenager, I followed my father to Jinan, Nanjing and other places to study.
After Baoqing's death, he went to Beijing to study with Jia Sanzi and assistant minister Yuan Baoheng.
1876 (the second year of Guangxu) and 1879, Yuan Shikai failed after having obtained the provincial examinations twice and decided to leave school and join the army.
188 1 May, Yuan Shikai went to Dengzhou, Shandong Province, and took refuge in Wu Changqing, Baoqing's sworn brother, as the business office of Jun Qing.
Wu Changqing is the commander-in-chief of the Huai Army, commanding the sixth battalion of the Qing Army to be stationed in Dengzhou, and supervising Shandong's defense.
The Yuan family began to flourish in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty. Yuan Shikai's uncle, Yuan Jiasan, served as the governor of grain transportation and participated in the movement to pacify the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army. He is an important general of the Huai army, and laid a good network foundation for Yuan Shikai and others to enter the official career in the future.
Yuan Shikai also joined the ranks in the Qing Dynasty, praising the Westernization Movement and the New Deal. He rose from a Taoist priest and governor to a military plane, and even to the Prime Minister of the Cabinet.
After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), the Republic of China was founded, and Yuan Shikai became the first president after the North-South negotiations. But in 19 16, he was brazenly restored as Emperor Hongxian, which aroused the crusade of the southern warlords. Under the leadership of Cai E, the former commander-in-chief of Yunnan, southern revolutionary soldiers formed a national defense army.
Qin Gui, self-evident ... Han nationality, was born in the fifth year of Emperor Zhezong Yuanyou (1090), died in the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Gaozong Shaoxing (1 155), and was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing).
Yue Fei is one of the top ten treacherous court officials in China's history. He is famous for being executed on trumped-up charges.
Song Huizong was a professor in Buzhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) for five years (115), and once served as the prefect of imperial academy.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, he served as an imperial envoy and was captured by the Jin people together with Song Huizong and Qin Zong.
After returning to the south, he served as a minister of rites and two prime ministers, and was in power for 19 years.
Scholar Qin Gui is also the founder of Songzi.
Today's newspapers are mostly in Song style.
Qin Gui is well-read and good at calligraphy. He summed up the advantages of predecessors' calligraphy, established his own family and created new fonts.
According to the general custom, it should be called "Qin-style figure". Because people hate his character and virtue, although he used the font he founded, it was renamed Songti.
Cai Jing ... Cai Jing (1047 ~ 1 126) was a traitor in the northern song dynasty.
Personality is often.
Xinghua Xianyou (now Fujian) people.
Cai Xiang, a politician and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty, was a fellow countryman.
Cai Jing is a staunch supporter and right-hand man of Wang Anshi's political reform.
In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as prime minister by Song Shenzong in the face of opposition from conservative ministers in the Qing Dynasty, and implemented political reform. The following year, Cai Jing of Xianyou County of Xinghua Army took the exam in Beijing, won the Jinshi, and began to enter the official career.
Later, according to "Reprinting the Biography of Xinghua Prefecture Governing Cai Jing" written during Hongzhi Period of Ming Dynasty, Cai Deng was the first, and "transferred the Qiantang commandant, pushed the official, and moved to Lang.
Let Liao return, and worship the Chinese book.
At that time, my brother was already a Scheeren, and the stories entered the official in order. Bian asked for something in Beijing, and his brother took charge of the book, and the court was honored. "
In just a few years, Cai Jing was highly valued by Song Shenzong, Song Huizong and Wang Anshi, from local officials to ministers in the DPRK.
Shi Heng and Yu Qian died in his hands ... Shi Heng (? ~ 1460), a native of Weinan (now Shaanxi) in the Ming Dynasty.
As an heir, he directed affairs for Kuan Hewei and was good at riding and shooting.
In orthodoxy, the governor knew each other and served as a general, assisting Zhu Mian in defending Datong.
Gradually, we will learn from each other.
Also first coach Datong, defeated, riding alone.
Demote officials, recruit soldiers and be effective.
In recognition of Yu Qian, he was in charge of the camp of the five armies, entered the right commander-in-chief and sealed Wu Qingbo.
Defend Beijing, and enter the Hou with merit.
In the first year of Jingtai (1450), General Pei Zhenshuo defeated the enemy Datong, granted the hereditary patent certificate, and added the Prince Taishi prefect regiment camp.
In order to appreciate Yu Qian's kindness to meet him, he asked the emperor to grant him a crown. Yu Qian accused him of favoritism and made friends with him.
Dai Zong was seriously ill, so he and Cao Jixiang welcomed the restoration of Yingzong, became loyal subjects of lord protector, and killed Yu Qian for personal regret.
In May of the first year of Tianshun (1457), seventeen ambassadors, including Yang Xuan and Zhang Peng, wrote a letter to impeach Cao Jixiang and Shi Heng, which was framed by Shi Heng and Cao Jixiang as "cronyism and xenophobia", and Yang Xuan and Zhang Peng were jailed.
Right suggestion Geng Jiuchou and deputy suggestion Luo Qi were framed by Shi Heng and imprisoned and demoted.
In the fourth year of Tianshun (1460), Shi Heng cultivated henchmen and intervened in state affairs. In addition, Yu Qian's advocate Li Xian protested. The emperor saw Shi Heng's arrogance and extravagance, so he did his job.
Later, with the misconduct of nephew Shi Biao, he was sent to prison, rebelled by law, and lost his family.
Zhao Gao and Zhao Gao, originally distant relatives of Qin imperial clan [1] (referring to distant relatives of Zhao imperial clan), entered Qin Gong as eunuchs (referring to Zhao Gao as a "eunuch" misinterpreted by later generations), served as officials of CRRC House and Fuxi, and were "in charge for more than 20 years".
After the death of Qin Shihuang [2][3], he conspired with Prime Minister Lisi to forge the imperial edict, forcing Zhao, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang, to commit suicide, and set up Hai, the youngest son of the Emperor, as emperor, donor and doctor.
During his tenure, he monopolized power, used power for personal gain, taxed more, and his administration was more harsh.
In 207 BC, he designed and killed Li Si, and then he was the prime minister of Qin State.
The following year, he forced Qin Ershi to commit suicide and established another Zhao Ziying.
He was quickly killed by Zi Ying, killing all three tribes.
In addition, Zhao Gao was also a great calligrapher in Qin and Han Dynasties. Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "Zhao Gao wrote" Love Calendar ",took the stone script and sealed it, or it was quite preserved." There are 59 calligraphers in Wang Qing's Annals of Ancient and Modern Characters, including Zhao Gao.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Xin called Zhao Gao a "good seal character" in "The Name of Ancient Books".
Shu Duan of Tang Dynasty was published in Da Zhuan: "Zhao Gao is good at seal cutting.
Hu Nvshu, the youngest son of the first emperor. "The author of Love Calendar has six chapters.
Wei Zhongxian Wei Zhongxian (1568 ~ 1627) was originally named Li Jinzhong.
China was a eunuch in the late Ming Dynasty.
A native of Suning (now Hebei) in northern Zhili.
Born in the street, he was forced to become a eunuch in the palace because of gambling debts. He made friends with Wang An, the eunuch of Taiuterus, and was protected by him.
Later, I met Zhu Youxiao, the great grandson of the emperor, and had dinner with her.
For the emperor's eldest grandson, he did his best to flatter him and lured him to give a banquet, which won his favor.
In the first year of Taichang (AD 1620), Zhu Youxiao acceded to the throne as Xizong.
Wei was promoted to eunuch.
Ming Xizong is a "carpenter genius", who likes the work of cutting paint with a knife, saw and axe, and "makes it every day". "Every time you build it, you can forget to eat and sleep, and you can't sleep in cold and summer."
He personally built a small palace in the yard, just like a shriveled Qing palace. It is not more than three or four feet high, but it is subtle and ingenious.
Wei Zhongxian always took advantage of his opportunity to concentrate on carpentry and invited him to read an important paper. Xizong casually said, "I see! Your generation is good at this. "
Wei Zhongxian gradually became good at politics.
At that time, Zhao Nanxing, the official minister of the Party, rejected the objection in court, so the non-party was very angry and made friends with Wei Zhongxian.
1624, Wei Zhongxian was impeached by Yang Lian, but he survived, so he began to persecute and suppress Lindong party member on a large scale. In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Wei Zhongxian used the Xiong Tingbi incident to frame Zuo Guangdou, Yang Lian, Zhou Qiyuan, Zhou Shunchang, Miao Changqi and others of Lindong Party for taking bribes and plundered Lindong party member.
In the sixth year of the Apocalypse, Wei Zhongxian killed Gao Panlong, Zhou Zongjian, Huang Zunsu, Li Yingsheng and others, and Donglin Academy was completely dismantled and closed for lectures.
At this point, the Lindong Party was completely wiped out by the eunuch forces, and Lindong was "connected, and the head was over."
Wei Zhongxian was trusted by the Emperor's wet nurse, Hakka. He was named "Nine Years Old" and raised many adopted sons among the people, such as "Five Tigers", "Five Dogs", "Ten Children" and "Forty Grandsons".
In his heyday, local officials flattered him and set up shrines for him.
Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen, was impeached and exiled to Fengyang after he ascended the throne in 1627, and committed suicide on the way.
Wang Jingwei, whose real name is Wang Zhaoming (65438+0883-1944 65438+10/0), is called "Wang Jingwei" because of his new word season and pen name.
Originally from Wuyuan, Jiangxi, and Sanshui, Guangdong (now Foshan). He tried to assassinate Regent Zai Feng, and later took refuge in Japan during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and became a traitor.
His wife is Chen Bijun.
There are still many such figures.