, Tang Dynasty poet. The word Mu Zhi. Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) people. Born in a famous family, his grandfather Du You was a famous prime minister and historian in the middle Tang Dynasty. In his later years, Du Mu lived in Fan Chuan Villa in the south of Chang 'an, which was later called "Du Weizi" and "Du Fanchuan".
Du Mu lived all his life in the late Tang Dynasty, when domestic troubles and foreign invasion deepened. He was concerned about state affairs since he was a child, and he cherished the ideal of saving the peril and restoring the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. At the age of 23, he wrote A Gong Fang Fu, taking the abuse of power and extravagance in the Qin Dynasty as a warning, which sounded the alarm for the rulers of this dynasty. As for Du Mu's date of birth and death, Qian Daxin's Record of Doubtful Years inferred from the epitaph written by Du Mu in Dazhong six years that his date of birth and death was Zhenyuan nineteen years (803) and Dazhong six years (852). But some scholars have verified that he died seven years later.
In the second year of Daiwa (828), he was awarded the title of librarian of Hong Wen Library. In the same year 10, he left Chang 'an, went to Jiangxi as the director of the general office of the government, and later transferred to Huainan as the manager and judge of Cui Dan's account. For more than ten years, traveling all over the country has broadened his horizons, prompting him to further devote himself to the study of practical use, and he is particularly interested in discussing politics and soldiers in "The Trace of Controlling the Rise and Fall of Chaos, the Matter of Assigning Soldiers, the Danger of Terrain, the Gains and Losses of Ancient People" (Li Zhongcheng's Book). The political commentary "Sin Yan" written by Huainan shogunate put forward the viewpoint of repairing the political affairs of Ming Dynasty and pacifying the buffer region. The famous poems were also written in this period.
After four years (839), he returned to Chang 'an, where he was appointed as Zuobuque, Catering Department and Bibi Department. After two years in Huichang (842), he successively served as the secretariat of Huangzhou, Chizhou and Zhou Mu. Local officials, on the other hand, often reform graft within their own power and exempt treacherous officials from exorbitant taxes. During Huichang period, Li Deyu, the prime minister, presided over the military activities to resist the Uighur rebellion that invaded Heping Anze Road. In order to realize his political ideas, Du Mu wrote a letter stating the general plan of using troops, which was adopted, and achieved the effect of "Lu Zeping, just like a pastoral policy" (The Biography of Du Mu in the New Tang Dynasty). It can be seen that he does have practical political talent.
In the third year of Dazhong (849), he returned to Korea as a foreign minister and editor of the history museum, and returned to Huzhou as a secretariat. A year later, he was transferred to Kao Gong Langzhong and Zhi Zhi Patent. Finally, the official wrote a book.
Born in Geng Jie, Du Mu disdained to please powerful people, was not proud of being an official, and held a sober critical attitude towards social politics. However, the repression of his ambition made him indulge in a dissolute, decadent and laissez-faire lifestyle, and some "love affairs" also circulated.
Literary Creation Du Mu's literary creation has many achievements, including poetry, prose and ancient prose. He advocated that "everything should be based on meaning, supplemented by qi, and defended with words and sentences" (a reply to Zhuang Chongshu), and he had a correct understanding of the relationship between the content and form of his works. He worships Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan most ("My Little Nephew Ayi's Poems in the Winter Solstice"), but he can absorb and melt the strengths of his predecessors and form his own special style. The poem "Dedicated to Poetry" says: "A person who works hard for poetry does not seek perfection, miraculous effect, customs, the present or ancient times." In Qing Dynasty, Hong also said that his "prose is different from Han and Liu, poetry is different from Yuan and Bai, and poetry is different from the four schools" (Beijiang Poetry Talk). Quan even praised him as "the first person after Tang Changqing" (Du Mu's theory).
Poetry creation is the most prominent aspect of Du Mu, which is as famous as Li Shangyin, another outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and is also called "Little Du Li". Influenced by Du Fu and Han Yu, his classical poems have a wide range of themes and bold brushwork. Long stories such as Drinking Alone in Counties and Villages emphasize the poet's ambition of "mending clothes all his life" to save things to save the world and express his inner gratitude. The Poem of Feeling for the Heart reflects the turbulent history of the buffer region in the decades after the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty. It has a magnificent picture and rich emotions, which can be read together with its lyrics (Zhou Shi Shi Hua by Weng Fanggang). Yu Ru's Du Qiuniang's poems and Zhang's poems are both sympathy for women's misfortune in feudal society. "Li Gan's Poems" praised a friend's integrity and honesty, also known as masterpieces. His modern poems are famous for their beautiful words and ups and downs. The seven-law "Early Wild Goose" expresses the nostalgia for the people in the northern frontier displaced by the Uighur invasion, and it has a graceful and lingering taste. After nine days, climbing the mountain, on the other hand, is unconstrained style, but it also contains deep sadness. Some lyric poems, such as "Bo Qinhuai", "Mountain Walk" and "Jiang Nanchun Jueju", can convey endless poetry with simple spoken language and concise line drawing, and have been told by the population all the time. The quatrains in history, such as Red Cliff, Four Noble Temples in Shangshan, and Three quatrains in Qing Palace, combine narration and discussion, and are often read in unexpected places. Of course, he also wrote some dissolute and frivolous works such as Farewell and Farewell, which are all negative parts.
Du Mu's poetry has a unique style. Liu Xizai compared his poetic style with Li Shangyin in "Art Outline", saying: "Du Fanchuan's poems are heroic and heroic, and Li Fannan's poems are affectionate." The difference between them is pointed out. The general trend of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty is gorgeous and dense, and Du Mu is influenced by the atmosphere of the times and also pays attention to the use of words. This tendency of fierce rhetoric, combined with his personal characteristics of "heroic and heroic", is elegant and magnificent. The predecessors used the word "handsome" to summarize this basic style (Hu Yinglin's poems), which is more pertinent.
Du Mu's articles are also unique in the late Tang Dynasty, which are "harmonious, profound and extensive, and cut into the world" ("Sikuquanshu Catalogue"). According to his preface to a bosom friend, his works, such as Yan, Sin Yan, Yuan Shiwei, A Book with Liu Situ, A Preface to Farewell History, and A Fang Gong Fu, are all based on reality and have political contents critical of current politics, especially the one of Sin Yan. In addition, the article "Newly Built Nanting in Hangzhou" also reflects the author's progressive thoughts on Buddhism. As for the language of the article, Du Mu insists on using prose, which is sharp and clear. With the popularity of parallel prose in the late Tang Dynasty, Du Mu inherited the tradition of ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. He also introduced the brushwork and sentence patterns of prose into Fu, and wrote a new style of "Three Fu" which integrates narrative, lyric and discussion, just like "A Fang Gong Fu", which broke through the trend of increasingly parallel and rhythmic Fu since the Six Dynasties and the early Tang Dynasty, and had an important impact on the development of Fu in later generations.
There is a 90-word "Eighty-six Words" written by Du Mu in the Collection of Respect for the Former. According to this, some people think that Du Mu was the first literati who used the long tune in folk songs as lyrics. However, according to later research, its style is not like that of the Tang Dynasty, and this matter is still inconclusive.
This episode and the proofreading New Record include 20 volumes of Du Mu's Fan, edited by his nephew Pei, and 450 poems. Later, people added 1 extra-volume collection, 1 other collections of Tian Jian in the Northern Song Dynasty, and * * * collected 170 poems, which were attached to the end of the book, but mixed with some other people's works. Fan's popular versions include Yang Shouchang-yuan's engraving of the Song Dynasty in the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, the four-part manuscript in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty and the shadow version printed by the new school published by 1978. The most widely circulated annotated book is Ren Feng's Biography of Fan Chuan's Poems. In addition, Du Mu once annotated Sun Zi 13, which was included in Sun Zi's Eleven Notes.
Du Mu's deeds can be found in the old and new Biographies of Tang Tales. Today, Miao Yue wrote Biography of Du Mu and Chronicle of Du Mu, which is enough for reference.