2. Interpretation of the Revelation of Bao Tong
3. On "Xianfeng Yuanbao"
4. A Brief Comment on "Xining Bao Tong"
5. Brief Discussion on "All-round Protection of Jiangxi Wind"
6. Introduction to Yuan You Bao Tong
7. Brief Discussion on "Shengsong Yuanbao"
8. A Brief Introduction to Zheng He and Bao Tong
9. Brief Analysis of "Xining Heavy Treasure"
10, the origin of "Confucius Brothers"
1 1. What is ancient monetarism?
1. What are "Xiaoping" and "Folding"
Xiaoping is the title of the shape and size of ancient square hole coins, which is based on the coins of the Song Dynasty. Since the Song Dynasty, the shapes of ancient Chinese coins tend to be complicated. In order to distinguish the size of money, numerologists divided the money in Song Dynasty into Xiaoping, Discount 2, Discount 3, Discount 5 and Discount 15. Generally, it is about φ2.4cm in diameter and weighs about 3-4g. Other generations of square hole money are compared with the shape of Song money. Money in the Song Dynasty is uneven in shape because of its casting time, wide casting area and the same shape, so it is not allowed to get stuck in its diameter and weight.
[Discount] Price/performance ratio is the value of metal coins. There are two kinds: marked and unmarked. If you don't indicate the number of folds, you have to rely on your own senses or conventions. page heading
2. Interpretation of the Revelation of Bao Tong
In the column of exploring exotic products, there are apocalyptic Bao Tong nouns, including peasant uprising and military money at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In the 18th year of Yuan Shun Di (A.D. 1358), Xu Shouhui, the leader of the Rebel Army, changed the yuan to "Apocalypse" and cast "Apocalypse Bao Tong" copper coins. Regular script reading, bare back. There are Xiaoping, discount 2, discount 3 and so on. And this character is different from Revelation Bao Tong written by Ming Xizong, commonly known as "Xu Tianqi". (2) Ming and Xizong were cast in the first year of the apocalypse. Copper, regular script reading. There are also Xiaoping, discount 2, discount 13 and so on. Remember the stars and the moon, remember the land, remember the weight, and the government's discipline is endless, which has revealed the image of eschatology. page heading
3. On "Xianfeng Yuanbao"
Qing Xianfeng emperor coin. In the third year of Xianfeng (A.D. 1853), it was cast after November to pay for the huge military expenditure. Red brass, less copper. Read regular script Qian Mianwen, recite the name of "Baokesi" bureau on the left and right, and write down the value. There are words like "when eighty", "when hundred", "when two hundred", "when three hundred", "when five hundred", "when thousand" and "true library". "When Eighty" is limited to Xinjiang Dihua Bureau. "When 200" and "When 300" are limited to Baoquan Bureau. In addition to Baoyuan and Baoquan, there are Baohe Bureau, Baoshan Bureau and Baogong Bureau. Xinjiang "Baoyi" Bureau has a kind of "when 500". However, Baoguang, Qian Bao, Baoyun, Dongbao, Gui Bao, Baonan, Changbao, Baoan, Jinbao and Baodi all have more than 100 large companies. In July of four years, I stopped playing 500 and became 1000 yuan.
4. A Brief Comment on "Xining Bao Tong"
Iron money in the northern song dynasty. Song Shenzong Zhao Zhuan Xining eight years (AD 1075) was thrown into Shaanxi Tieqian Prison. Spin reading in regular script. Those with bare backs and tattoos on their backs. There are several types of large communities in Qian Jing. There are copper coins unearthed, but the number is very small, or iron mother.
5. Brief Discussion on "All-round Protection of Jiangxi Wind"
(1) Tang dynasty coins. In the first year of Emperor Gaozong Ganfeng (AD 666), it was cast as Ganfeng Quanbao. Take one as "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" and ten as "Tong Xiaoping", and read the official script with a bare back. In the following year, we used "dry seal spring treasure" to read the same secular, not to keep it, not to continue casting. It is the people who are used to kaiyuan money and treat one as kaiyuan ten. This is the lack of credit, so the people are not willing to use it. ② Ten Kingdoms, Chu Wuwang and Ma Yin were cast in the Tiancheng period of the late Tang Dynasty (926-929 AD). There are two kinds of copper and iron, up to five kinds, which can be read in official books. On the back are the words "Paradise", "Ce Tian" and "Tianfu", and the story of "Ce Tian House" is quoted.
6. Introduction to Yuan You Bao Tong
(1) In the Northern Song Dynasty, the reign of Emperor Zhezong Zhao Xu Yuan (A.D. 1086- 1093). Four literally read, seal script, running script, spread in Sima Guang, Su Dongpo and others. There are stars and the moon on the back, which are unusual, such as above, below and on the left. The word "Shaanxi" on the back was cast by Yuan You in Shaanxi in August of eight years. There are also Xiaoping, copper coins and iron coins. Two iron coins are more than two copper coins. ② Japanese yen. It was cast in the eighth year of Tianzheng in Masamachi, Japan (AD 1580). Qian Wen's seal script, seal script and slender calligraphy and painting are just a kind of Xiaoping. There is a bare back with the word "leaf" on the back and the word "one" on the back. (3) Annan to test. Xiao Pingbei, seal script, rotary reading, slender strokes.
7. Brief Discussion on "Shengsong Yuanbao"
(1) Evonne, Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, was cast in the first year of Guo Jing, Zhong Jian (A.D.11kloc-0/), and later it was newly cast. There are two kinds of copper and iron coins: Xiaoping and Folding Ear Coin. There are five kinds of iron money. Xiaoping and Zheer are mostly seal scripts and running scripts, and there are very few officials. There are many bare backs and patterns. (2) Annan money. I don't know the age or the emperor.
8. A Brief Introduction to Zheng He and Bao Tong
① Northern Song Dynasty currency. Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was cast in the first year of Zhao Ji's reign (A.D.111). There are two forms of copper, iron money and silver money, Xiaoping and folding. There are three kinds of calligraphy: seal script, regular script and official script. Seal script and official script are paired, and seal script and official script are paired and bare-backed. Judging from the size of the capital path and the width of the boundary, there are several types. (2) Suspected Japanese to be tested. Tong Xiaoping, regular script reading, Guang Guo. Left star and right moon pattern on the back. (3) Annan to be tested, copper and lead. Regular script reading, wide Guo Guangbei, I don't know the age and the emperor.
9. Brief Analysis of "Xining Heavy Treasure"
Northern Song Dynasty coins. It was cast in Xining, Zhaozhuan, Song Shenzong for four years (A.D. 107 1). It was opened in June, 1996 and invested in June, 1999. There are three styles of calligraphy: seal script, official script and capitalization, with wide back and light back, rich diameter, font size and wide and narrow border.
10, the origin of "Confucius Brothers"
In the Western Jin Dynasty, Lu Bao wrote "On the God of Money" to satirize the shortcomings of the times, and proposed that money was the eldest brother and the word was "Confucius". We love each other like brothers, which is also a kind of banter and irony to corrupt officials, scholar-officials and ordinary scholars at that time. Later generations took Confucius as the name of money. The province is called "Kong Fang" and "Kong Brothers".
1 1. What is ancient monetarism?
The study of ancient money is a branch of epigraphy. Taking historical currency as the research object, through the research on the shape, material, characters, patterns, unearthed place, time, quantity and cellar way of currency, combined with historical materials, this paper explores the law of currency's emergence, development and evolution, as well as its economic, social and political system, production technology and other issues.
How to identify ancient coins
To improve the appraisal level of ancient coins, we must first carefully analyze and study the counterfeiting law of ancient coins.
In terms of time, the more ancient coins are copied, the more attractive the older the varieties are.
For example, there are not many hollow fabrics unearthed, and the domestic and international markets are expensive, so there are many fakes. Round feet and three-hole cloth developed on the basis of round feet are rare, so there are many fakes.
From the perspective of casting and survival, it imitates precious and rare ancient coins.
For example, in Jin Cuodao during the period of Wang Mang, the words "razed 5,000 with one knife" were cast on the money, in which the word "one knife" was misspelled with gold, and the word "one knife" in fakes was usually prominent, including copper and gold powder. Kaiping Bao Tong in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Tiancheng Yuanbao and Qixiang Baotong in the Qing Dynasty are extremely precious, and there are many fakes.
Choose the shape of coins and imitate some coins with special shapes.
For example, ordinary money has stars and moon patterns on the back. Or two ordinary staggered backs are thinned and glued together, which becomes a tied back money. In short, the most common features will be changed into special varieties to cater to the curiosity of coin lovers.
How to identify the authenticity of ancient coins?
Firstly, the origin and evolution of currency characters are investigated. The characters of ancient coins often have a unique local color. Especially since the Han and Tang Dynasties, official coins and facial expressions have been written by calligraphers and emperors, which has a unique writing style. For example, Kaiyuan Bao Tong in the Tang Dynasty was written by Ou Yangxun. Therefore, mastering the charm and charm of characters is one of the keys to identify ancient coins. Because fakes imitate others, they are often careful everywhere, and their techniques are extremely unnatural and far-fetched, and the charm of words is naturally greatly reduced.
Second, examine the color and composition of coins. The rust of real money is combined with copper, and the so-called "rust color goes to the bone" is not easy to fall off. The rust of counterfeit money floats on the surface and falls off when it is wiped with vinegar. In addition, due to the age of real money, the internal composition has changed, so the general weight will be greatly reduced, and the light and heavy can be distinguished.
Third, distinguish the authenticity of ancient coins from the sound.
Because of the age of ancient coins, there is no anger of new copper. After copper is oxidized, there is no sound. Newly minted counterfeit money often makes a crisp sound when it is struck. In addition, there is a kind of counterfeit money, which is formed by bonding two thin copper sheets, and a layer of fake rust is piled up at the bonding place to cover the gap. This coin will mute when it is tapped.
To identify ancient coins, we should check them against the real objects as much as possible. In addition, we should continue to learn, enrich our historical culture and professional knowledge, be good at summing up experiences and lessons, and constantly improve our ability to distinguish authenticity in practice.