I believe anyone who knows history knows that Wu Zetian is the only orthodox female emperor in China history. In 690 AD, he changed "Tang" to "Zhou" and became the Emperor of Wu Zhou. Moreover, Wu Zetian is really governing the country when she is queen, not listening to politics behind the scenes. In any sense, it is no different from those male emperors. And why didn't there be a second female emperor after Wu Zetian in history?
The first point: the Tang Dynasty was quite open, and their openness was not only manifested in clothes or diplomacy, but also in thought. Women in the Tang Dynasty were allowed to be officials in the DPRK, and their status was also very high, which gave Wu Zetian many opportunities to participate in and discuss state affairs. After the Tang dynasty, because of the lesson of Wu Zetian as emperor. Therefore, the royal family after the Tang Dynasty clearly stipulated that the harem should not participate in politics. Moreover, after the Tang Dynasty, the family system in feudal society has been established relatively well. At this time, the status of women is far less than that of men, and people all advocate the idea that men are superior to women.
The second point: Zhongzong's long illness, coupled with incompetence. So Wu Zetian had an excuse to act as a political representative, and gradually some state affairs were handed over to Wu Zetian. Besides, Wu Zetian has been around the emperor for a long time, and she has many talents. In the long run, she is also handy in dealing with those state affairs. The strong women who appeared in the later Tang Dynasty were either short of talents or suppressed by their husbands. No second female emperor appeared.
The third point: her extraordinary ability and courage are beyond her reach. Wu Zetian can wipe out many royalty, and she can also let bygones be bygones and promote her opponents and enemies. She has such talents as Zhang Kampuchea, Yao Chong and Di Renjie. And those women of later generations can have the momentum and courage like Wu Zetian. Although the world disapproves, no one dares to walk from behind the scenes to the stage. Even Empress Dowager Cixi, who had been listening to politics for many years in the Qing Dynasty, did not dare to change her dynasty and become an emperor.
The fourth point: China history does not allow it, Confucianism does not allow it, and three obedience and four virtues do not allow it. After Tang Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Cheng and Zhu Dynasties, etc. Advocating that men are superior to women, patriarchal clan system is family law. Therefore, those strong women who appeared later, even if they wanted to be emperors, were not allowed in that era. If they become emperors, it will inevitably lead to social unrest and people's anxiety. And like Wu Zetian, there will be no second woman in the future. So since Wu Zetian, there has never been a second female emperor in history.
Naturally, it's because we've taken precautions. After Lv Hou's authoritarian incident, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty directly did a "mother-killing" thing. After Wu Zetian, it was natural to take various precautions against the so-called women's exclusive rights.
Second, the Tang Dynasty was actually the most enlightened dynasty in China. At that time, there were few restrictions on women and many people in power. Since the Song Dynasty, Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism has been very popular, and all kinds of "three obedience and four virtues" and so on, not to mention being an emperor, even holding power can make people criticize and arouse countless objections. In addition, women at that time basically recognized such moral concepts, the whole person.
Moreover, the education of boys and girls in ancient China was completely different, which can be said to be two sets of education systems. In girls' education system, there is basically no so-called mother country and world. Under such circumstances, girls are naturally incompetent.
Moreover, even for Wu Zetian, her road is very difficult. She experienced an identity change from a gifted scholar to a queen, then from a queen to a queen mother, and finally from a queen mother to a supreme ruler. As long as there is a problem at any step, waiting for her is the end of perdition.
Even so, in the end, she didn't pass the throne to people with the same surname, because it was too outrageous, and she herself fell out of power in the coup and finally died.
After Wu Zetian, why was there no female emperor in the ancient history of China?
There are many strong women in the history of China. These women, such as Empress Liu in the Northern Song Dynasty and Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing Dynasty, were far above 10,000 people, more powerful than the emperors at that time, but they all stopped there. Only Wu Zetian took a step forward and ascended the throne, becoming the only female emperor in the history of China. So since there is an example of Wu Zetian, why doesn't anyone learn from Wu Zetian and become a female emperor? Today, I will take you to analyze why this happens.
First, after the Tang Dynasty, there was no soil for women to be emperors.
The reason why Wu Zetian became emperor was directly related to the general environment at that time. In ancient China, son preference was very serious. However, this concept was changed in the Tang Dynasty. Although the equality between men and women has not been achieved, the status of women far exceeds that before.
After the Tang Dynasty, women were not allowed to go out and needed to stay in the boudoir until a certain age. But in the Tang Dynasty, women were free to go in and out, and they could also be officials. The Tang Dynasty was also the only dynasty in the history of China where women could be officials. For example, Shangguan Waner, a female official at that time, and Wu, a great calligrapher, etc. All these show that in the Tang Dynasty, when women's status improved, it was possible to get in touch with political art..
It was because of the relatively open mind in the Tang Dynasty that Wu Zetian became emperor, and her moral concept was not greatly hindered. However, since the Tang Dynasty, women's status has been declining and they have become victims of feudal culture. From this point alone, women lose their moral environment when they become emperors.
Second, history has proved that women are not fit to be emperors.
After Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, she encountered one of the biggest problems, that is, how to choose her successor. When the emperor created the inheritance, he hoped that his descendants would be emperors forever. But after Wu Zetian became emperor, there was no way to continue his throne. If she chooses the successor of the Li family, all her previous efforts will be in vain. And if she chooses an heir from her mother's family, officials in the Tang Dynasty will definitely strongly oppose it. Moreover, if Wu Zetian's family came to be the emperor, Wu Zetian's position would be even more embarrassing, and it would be impolite to let his nephew inherit the status of aunt.
In the end, Wu Zetian chose to establish the children of the Li family as the prince. This is also reflected from the side. In ancient times, there was no advantage for women to be emperors, and the problem of inheritance rights could not be fundamentally solved. If the supreme power cannot continue, it is meaningless to be an emperor.
To sum up, since Wu Zetian, women have lost the soil to be emperors, and after Wu Zetian became emperors, the serious problem of "to whom" was exposed. Let's look at Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing Dynasty. She is not inferior to Wu Zetian in ability, but why she doesn't call herself the emperor is because she knows the problems Wu Zetian faces, and she still has no way to solve them. So Empress Dowager Cixi is still willing to sit behind the bead curtain and sit firmly in the position of Empress Dowager Cixi.
Reference: Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Preface to Shangguan Shi's Epitaph, Book of Old Tang Dynasty and Book of New Tang Dynasty.
Wu Zetian was the only lady sovereign in the history of China, but no woman ascended the throne after her. In addition to the difficulty of women in power in feudal society, there are also reasons why the status of women in Tang Dynasty is relatively high and that of women in other dynasties is not high. During the Tang Dynasty, the economic and cultural level of China was unprecedentedly prosperous, and there were business contacts between international metropolises and many countries. At that time, people in the Tang Dynasty were more open-minded, not only imparting advanced knowledge and culture to other countries, but also learning from other countries' cultures, so the Tang Dynasty was a very open-minded and tolerant dynasty. Later, after Wu Zetian, the status of women in the Tang Dynasty was not low, and there were also women who wanted to be emperors, but they all failed, and some reasons were also because of Wu Zetian. Because Wu Zetian's claim to be emperor almost messed up the Tang Dynasty, which stimulated women's ruling ambition for a period of time, and many political changes took place. At that time, the Li royal family and people didn't have much affection for women in power. In addition, at that time, the Li royal family had excellent men in power, so there was only one female prince named Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty. Later, outstanding female politicians appeared in the history of China, such as Liu E in the Song Dynasty. She is the queen of Zhao Heng, Song Zhenzong. 1 1 After Zhao Zhen succeeded to the throne, she began to pay attention to politics. In the process of the replacement of the old and new imperial courts, she used her wisdom to stabilize Song Zhenzong's political affairs and laid a solid foundation for Song Zhenzong's future administration. She is a virtuous queen who can govern the country. She thought of imitating Wu Zetian as emperor many times, but she was rejected by the minister. Even Lu Zongdao, who was hand-picked by her, opposed her claim to the throne. Later, she had to give up. Therefore, it is impossible for women in other dynasties to have the opportunity to sit on the throne.
For this question, I want to analyze why Wu Zetian can be an emperor and why there is no female emperor after her.
1 Wu Zetian lives in an open social and political environment.
The Tang Dynasty was a fairly open dynasty, and people's openness was not only manifested in their clothes, but also in their open minds. Women in the Tang Dynasty were able to be officials in the DPRK, and their status at that time was also very high, which gave Wu Zetian many opportunities to participate in and discuss state affairs. We can look at the phenomenon of "dirty Tang" from another angle, so it is not difficult to understand that anything can happen in any era.
2. Tang Zhongzong Li Xian is sickly and incompetent.
When the son is incompetent, the mother has to worry about it, which happens to be Wu Zetian's leisure addiction. Wu Zetian has been around the emperor for a long time. She is capable. In the long run, she will be able to handle those state affairs easily.
3. Extraordinary ability to do things
Wu Zetian can kill her own children for her own ambition. This spirit is necessary for "map hegemony". Women can do this. How many can she find in the long history?
4. Personality charm that others can't reach
Let bygones be bygones, promote opponents and enemies, and have talents such as Zhang Kampuchea, Yao Chong and Di Renjie to set up their own think tanks in time to consolidate their power.
After Wu Zetian became Emperor Gaozong, she gradually mastered the supreme power of the Tang Dynasty. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, no one could control her. She listened to politics without authorization and had no intention of returning to politics. Every step of her life is for the female emperor. Success belongs to those who are prepared, that's right.
1. After the Tang Dynasty, the feudal society strengthened the propaganda of the idea that men are superior to women.
Because of Wu Zetian's experience as emperor. Therefore, the royal family after the Tang Dynasty clearly stipulated that the harem should not participate in politics. The harm of "consorts in politics" still has a great influence on future generations. Moreover, after the Tang Dynasty, the family system in feudal society has been established relatively well. At this time, the status of women is far less than that of men, and the social atmosphere of "men are superior to women" is gradually prevailing.
2. Mentally bound women's thoughts.
After the Tang Dynasty, especially after the rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty, social concepts tend to be conservative, advocating that women should abide by outdated concepts such as "three obedience and four virtues", "one-sided" and "women without talent are virtues", depriving women of their right to education, mentally binding women and making them completely subordinate to men. Women are asked to stay at the front door and the second door, and can only stay in the deep house compound to teach each other. What a great career! Alas! This is the social atmosphere, and women are not allowed to show their faces, otherwise they will be criticized and criticized by the whole world.
There was no female emperor after Wu Zetian, but there were two controversial female emperors before her. Can discuss
North shangweidi
Shang Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, known as "Yuan Nv" in history, is the daughter of Xu Yuan, Emperor Xiaoming of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the only flesh and blood with Pan Waili, Chonghua and Emperor Xiaoming.
It was supposed to be a princess, but the situation was dangerous, so her grandmother, Hu Taihou, who held the actual power of the empire, declared her a male (that is, a prince) with the title of Xiao Ming Emperor Wu Tai, and granted amnesty to the world. Soon, Emperor Xiaoming suddenly collapsed, and he became the only son of the first emperor in Yuanshi County, the "Prince" in infancy, and became the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty in name. Yuanshi County was deposed on the day he ascended the throne, but he did not actually ascend the throne, so it was not recorded in the history books.
Three days later, Hu Taihou killed her in order not to be known, and made Yuan Zhao, the son of Hui Yuan, emperor, and became a minor ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty. At the same time, add posthumous title's "business brother" to Miss Yuan.
This "Yuan Girl" didn't really ascend to the throne, and didn't even make a name in history. Therefore, it is debatable to call Miss Yuan the first female emperor in the history of China.
There is also a witch Chen Shuozhen who rebelled during the Tang Gaozong period. She was named Emperor Wenjia ... Because she was regarded as a rebellion during the period of national prosperity and civil security, not an uprising, it was controversial.
Because Wu Zetian became emperor, she occupied the best time, place and people.
The society of Tang Dynasty was tolerant, and the social status of women was very high. A woman can divorce or remarry. You can show your face. You can go into business and politics.
There are many women in North Korea. Such as Shangguan Waner.
Secondly, Li Zhi, Wu Zetian's husband, was in poor health and could not handle a large number of letters. Wu Zetian handled it for her. This has accumulated a lot of experience and contacts for Wu Zetian in politics.
Third, Wu Zetian herself is extremely talented and ruthless.
She can keep her position and kill her children. You can kill Li's relatives and fight for the throne. Then promote your opponent without blinking an eye. Be merciless to those who hinder them.
He also knows how to choose and employ people, and has hired a group of extremely talented people, such as Yao Chong and Di. So that the national system has not wavered, but has flourished. So Wu Zetian can sit on the position of emperor and grow old together.
After the Tang Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism prevailed. The concept that men are superior to women is dominant in society. Women's society has plummeted, and "three obedience and four virtues, three cardinal guides and five permanents" has been deeply rooted in people's hearts. Women are basically subordinate to men. "No way, no way. Don't laugh, don't look evil! "
The road for women to go from business to politics is blocked!
Even if the emperor died in the palace early, he wouldn't dare to take the world by storm to become an emperor. I can only be the empress dowager and listen to politics. Otherwise, it may hurt the family. You say, who can be the emperor? So! There is only one female emperor in the history of China, not one!
To answer this question, we must first analyze the factors that made Wu Zetian an emperor:
First, the opening of the Tang Dynasty gave women a certain status.
The Tang Dynasty is the strongest and most inclusive dynasty in the history of China. The imperial court attached great importance to many minority generals and ministers. Even the Li Shimin family is said to have a little Xianbei descent. The familiar Li Bai is also from a distant foreign country, and it is said that he also has foreign ancestry.
As the saying goes, holes are not necessarily blown by the wind, but these are just to prove the tolerance and strength of the Tang Dynasty. This tolerance and strength not only affected neighboring countries and regions, but also improved the social status of women in the Tang Dynasty. As we all know, some ladies in the Tang Dynasty were plump and beautiful, and their clothes were even more bold and wild. Zhang Da directed a golden flower film, which is said to restore the costumes of women in the Tang Dynasty. You can see what is really rough. . . . . . In the Tang Dynasty, the social atmosphere was highly open and the social status of women was high. Far from being comparable to the later Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The name of the world Tang people, Chinatown, was also born at this time.
Women in the Tang Dynasty had a high social and political status and were able to participate in some social and political activities. Women have a learning environment, learning opportunities and a stage to display their talents.
Second, Wu Zetian's personal talent and political accomplishment are very strong.
The Tang Dynasty was tolerant and open, so wealthy families and girls received education, and many talented women emerged, such as four famous talented women, Yu and Xue Tao.
Wu Zetian was born in the family of founding heroes, so she is not only beautiful, but also very educated! Talent!
This is very important!
In the era of Li Shimin, the rule of Zhenguan was called by history, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan! In 649, it was handed over to Li Zhi, Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi. Tang Gaozong continued the governance strategy of Emperor Taizong, and the Tang Dynasty entered a prosperous period. History calls it the symbol of eternal rule.
The point is that Li Zhi is peaceful by nature, and it is relatively easy to govern the world by doing nothing. He likes Wu Zetian very much, not only because she is beautiful, but also because she is very talented! Li Zhi appreciates it!
According to today's statement, Wu Zetian is a talented beauty OL, and her royal sister's children are full! This is enough for Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi, and Li Zhi is also good at it. When governing the country, Tang Gaozong often asked Wu Zetian, but later, he became dependent on Wu Zetian. This gradually developed Wu Zetian's political accomplishment and her political ambition.
Third, strong imperial support.
Li Zhi is gentle, and has seen Wu Zetian's political and governing abilities. So a few years after Li Zhi ascended the throne, she asked Wu Zetian when she was indecisive. Later, she almost became the shopkeeper of cutting and obeyed Wu Zetian's general plan. . In 660 ad, because of physical discomfort, I simply handed over the country to Wu Zetian for management! At this time, history says: double saints! This is equivalent to Li Zhi being the nominal emperor and Wu Zetian being the actual emperor.
Ministers have opinions! Your majesty, you are in poor health, and we! Huh? ! Right? ! Why is it managed by women? Back to the management's name?
The problem is, Tang Gaozong Li Zhi, he only believes in the beauty OL, the royal elder sister looks good, speaks well, and acts safely! The point is, Li Zhi thinks that even if she is in power, it is not a worry, because she can't rebel! This is the world of her husband and her son! Ministers, if you are in power and hold the sharp weapon of the country, then this throne will be unstable.
At this time, the Tang Dynasty flourished! Imperial power is extremely heavy. Although Tang Gaozong is lazy, he is the most powerful! He wants to use Wu Zetian to govern the country wholeheartedly, and ministers can only obey, and not only obey, but also call it "double saints."
In 649 AD, almost ten years after Tang Gaozong ascended the throne. Tang Gaozong gave the power of state governance to Wu Zetian!
Fourth, long-term real power management has created a solid foundation for the throne.
Not counting assisting Li Zhi in managing state affairs in the early stage, it began with the decentralization of Li Zhi in 660 AD! Died in Tang Gaozong in 683! Wu Zetian has been in charge of state affairs for 23 years! This means that for 23 years, Wu Zetian holds all the power of state affairs! Run the imperial power like an iron bucket, airtight! This is the most important point! ! ! Later, even if Tang Gaozong wanted to take back some power, he couldn't.
Five, ruthless and decisive killing!
When the Tang Dynasty was reopened, it was also a society where men were superior to women. Wu Zetian wants to reign, and the resistance is huge! So Wu Zetian used powerful ministers to set off blood shed and even her in-laws and son in the court. It can be seen that he is ruthless and decisive! You can see this from Baidu, the origin of historical idioms in China, and Lai Junchen, one of the most famous brutal officials in China history. It is no exaggeration to say that Wu Zetian's road to the throne is a bloody road!
Sixth, the ruling is correct, creating and perfecting the imperial examination system.
Wu Zetian's ruling level is still very high, whether she helped Tang Gaozong to be in power in the early stage or she was in power in the later stage.
The lives of ordinary people are still relatively good. As long as they are officials who support Wu Zetian, they can also give play to their talents. Wu Zetian's cruelty is aimed at those who influence her regime.
In addition to killing people, she also used another big killing trick! That is to create a comprehensive imperial examination system! In the past, being an official mostly recommended people with talents, which virtually formed various valve factions.
Wu Zetian is a woman without the support of the valve consortium. She needs her own strength! So we created and improved the civil and military imperial examination system in an all-round way! Scholars in the world, people who practice martial arts, all come to take the exam, and they are students of the son of heaven! All belong to Wu Zetian! This move can be described as invincible in political officialdom! Attracted the hearts of scholars and warriors all over the world. Scholars and warriors all over the world have mastered public opinion, backed by powerful families! After all, whether learning or practicing martial arts, most of them are affordable to the rich.
These people became Wu Zetian's loyal political team. Therefore, after Wu Zetian ascended the throne, there were few rebellions and basically no waves. Wu Zetian's throne, also sit tight!
The civil and military imperial examination system is the most influential and far-reaching point! It continued the whole feudal dynasty, that is, today's college entrance examination, and also implied the significance of the imperial examination, which originated from the imperial examination system.
There are many other reasons why Wu Zetian can be queen, not only the above six points, but also the above six points are indispensable!
After Wu Zetian, there are no more women in China politics, who can have the above six points at the same time!
And because Wu Zetian killed too many people, Wei Ruyun seized power and was killed by Princess Taiping and Li Longji. Then Princess Taiping was born with a desire for power and was killed by Li Longji!
Looking back, the Li royal family saw that three women headed by Wu Zetian killed the royal family, and the Manchu civil servants were also killed with blood, scarred! Wu Zetian killed someone but didn't ask whether it was good or bad, only asked to take sides! Opponents will not let go! Really hurt a lot of kindness. Therefore, the harem is not allowed to interfere in politics, so it is really valued by the royal family and civilian groups! After that, even the imperial power and civil service groups were fighting for power and profit, and the emperor also reused eunuchs, but the harem and consorts still dared not play politics easily.
Since then, women's status in society has become lower and lower, and even women's lack of talent is a virtue, which is popular. Political status will be weaker and weaker.
So after Wu Zetian, I went to Empress Dowager Cixi in Manchu Dynasty. There are no more women in politics.
Empress Dowager Cixi of Qing Dynasty. In the period of listening to politics, it was barely comparable to the era of Wu Zetian. It seems only one step away from the throne!
One step away, Wu Zetian spent 23 years!
However, the Manchu government has accumulated many disadvantages, and the power of the central government is gradually weakening! When the Boxer Rebellion broke out, the Manchu government declared war on the eight countries, and the governors of several southeast provinces actually denounced it as chaos! Refuse to listen to music! They also signed the Southeast Mutual Insurance Agreement. Punch Manchu government and Cixi in the face. Therefore, Cixi herself knew that she never dared to put forward her wild desires to ascend to the throne.
As far as this step is concerned, it is so far away for Cixi that it will never arrive.
At this point, after Wu Zetian, it is naturally impossible to produce a female emperor.
Why didn't a woman become emperor after Wu Zetian? After Wu Zetian, there were actually many female emperors-the Empress Chao. But the reason why she became the Empress Dowager instead of tearing the last piece of skin is because Wu Zetian has become the emperor, which completely exposed the problem of women being emperors-the issue of heirs. I forced myself to be emperor, and I fought with my children and grandchildren for a long time. Finally, the throne will be returned to my children and grandchildren. Isn't that interesting? As long as you are an honest emperor, we will be good to him, otherwise what can we do?
1. The phenomenon that men are superior to women is not allowed in a patriarchal society. There was a brief matriarchal society in human history, in which women dominated. However, with the development of productive forces, after mankind entered the agricultural era, because men's physical structure was stronger than women's, men gradually occupied a dominant position, and mankind entered a patriarchal society dominated by male power. In the patriarchal society, men are the main body in economy, politics and military affairs. And women are only in a secondary position. "Men dominate outside, women dominate inside" is the best embodiment. The core meaning of a patriarchal society is "men are superior to women". Therefore, the emperors who represented the highest power in the past dynasties were mainly men, and Wu Zetian was the only exception.
2. The inclusive and open social concept in the Tang Dynasty was the decisive factor for the emergence of the only female emperor. The Tang Dynasty was the most open and enlightened dynasty in China feudal society. At that time, the social atmosphere was eclectic and open-minded People of all groups get along on an equal footing, foreigners can even serve as court officials, and the status of women is also the highest in ancient history. Imagine, people can accept conference semifinals and foreigners as court officials, and it is not so difficult to accept women as emperors. Therefore, the female emperor only appeared in such an enlightened era as the Tang Dynasty.
Yuyang, our ambassador from An Lushan.
3. After the Tang Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism rose, and women became male accessories, which fundamentally put an end to the possibility of female emperors. After the Tang Dynasty, social concepts tended to be conservative, especially after the rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty, which advocated that women should abide by the old concepts such as "three obedience and four virtues", "loyalty in the heart" and "women without talents are virtues", deprived women of their right to education, and mentally bound them to be completely subordinate to men. When women are asked not to leave the front and second doors, they can only stay in the deep house to teach their husbands and children, which completely eliminates the possibility of female emperors.